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題名 中國菁英政治中的女性流動
Promotion under the Glass Ceiling? Female Elite Mobility in Chinese Politics, 1997-2017作者 顧梅 貢獻者 寇健文
Kou, Chien Wen
顧梅關鍵詞 性別
中國的精英階層
流動性
屬性
制度化
中國政治
gender
Chinese elite
mobility
attributes
institutionalization
Chinese politics日期 2016 上傳時間 3-Oct-2016 14:37:07 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文從中國精英政治的性別角度提出女性幹部遷調分析，並提供如何突破有關中國的政治體制內的女性棈英幹部被稱為“玻璃天花板”的資訊。本文意旨在專業鑑別女性幹部的特質或屬性，來找其可能的連結，如果有這些特質的話，如何在中國政治逐步制度化的範圍內，分析出這些特質和女性幹部的遷調速率之關係。
This thesis is an analysis of mobility in Chinese elite politics from a gender perspective and provides information on the women who break the so-called “glass ceiling” within the Chinese political system. It aims specifically to identify the prevailing characteristics or attributes of female elite cadres to find possible links, if any, between these characteristics and their mobility rates, within the context of increasing institutionalization of Chinese politics.參考文獻 Afshar, H. (1996). Women and politics in the Third World. London: Routledge.Alvarez, M. (1998). Mujer y poder en Cuba. Temas Vol 14, 13-25.Bian, Y., Shu, X., & Logan, J. (2001). Communist Party Membership and Regime Dynamics in China. Social Forces, 805-841.Bo, Z. (2002). Chinese Provincial Leaders: Economic Performance and Political Mobility since 1949. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Bo, Z. (2007). China´s elite politics. Political transition and power balancing. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.Bryant, G. (1984). The Working Woman Report: Succeeding in Business in the 80s. New York: Simon and Schuster.Chow, G. (2004). Economic reform and growth in China. Annals of economics and finances, 803-841.Chow, N.-L., Zhang, N., & Wang, J. (2004). Women´s Studies and and Sociology of Women/Gender in Contemporary China. Gender & Society, 161-188.Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The Glass Ceiling effect. Oxford Journals, Vol. 80, Issue 2, 655-681.D´Ancona, C. (2001). Metodologia cuantitativa: estrategias y tecnicas de investigación social. Madrid : Síntesis.Davin, D. (1976). Woman-work: women and the Party in Revolutionary China. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Diaz, E., & Caram, T. (1996). Mujer Cubana, Desarrollo Social y Participacion. Revista Mundial de Sociologia, No.2.Dickson, B. (2010). Dilemmas of party adaptation. In P. Hays, & S. Rosen, Chinese politics.State, society and the market (p. 22-40). USA: RoutledgeDittmer, L. (1995). Chinese informal politics. The China Journal, No. 34.Dreyer, J. T. (2000). China´s political system: modernization and tradition. Boston: Pearson Longman.Dye, T. R. (1976). Who´s running America? En T. R. Dye, Who´s running America? (pág. 12). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Gilbert, S. (1973). The emancipation of Chinese Women. World Politics, 55-79.Gilmartin, C. (1993). Gender in the formation of a Communist body politic. Modern China, 299-329.Goldstein, A. (1994). Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC. The China Quarterly, 714-730.Goodman, D. (2004). Why women count: Chinese women anf leadership of reform. In Chinese women: living and working (p. 19-41). London: In McLaren .Guo, X., & Zhao, L. (2009). Women´s Political Participation in China. East Asian Policy, 50-60.Guo, X., & Zheng, Y. (2008). Women´s political participation in China. China Policy Institute, 1-13.Hershatter, G. (2004). Women in Chinas Long Twentieth Century. Journal of Asian Studies, 991-1065.Hoffmann-Lange, U. (2006). Methodological developments in elite research. The 20th IPSA World Congress. Fukuoka.Howell, J. (1998). Gender, Civil Society and the State in China. In V. Randall, & G. Waylen, Gender, Politics and the State (p. 166-184 ). London : Routledge.Howell, J. (2002). Women´s political participation in China: struggling to hold up half the sky. Parliamentary Affairs, 46.Howell, J. (2003). Women´s organizations and civil society in China. International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 5, No. 2, 191-215.Jie, T., Bijun , Z., & Mow, S. (2004). Holding up half the sky: Chinese women past, present, and future. New York: Feminist Press.Kou, C.-w. (2011). Elite Recruitment and the duality of the Chinese party-state: the mobility of Western-educted returnee elites in China, 1978-2008. In C.-w. Kou, In search of China´s development model: beyond the Beijing consensus (p. 166-185). London: Routledge.Kou, C.-w., & Zang, X. (2014). Choosing China´s leaders. London: Routledge.Landry, P. F. (2008). Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party`s Control of Local Elites in Post-Mao Era. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Lawerence, S. V., & Martin, M. F. (2013). Understanding China’s political system. Washington: Congressional Research Service.Lee, H. Y. (1991). From revolutionary cadres to party technocrats in socialist China. In H. Y. Lee, From revolutionary cadres to party technocrats in socialist China (p. 27). Berkeley: University of California Press.Li, B., & Walder, A. (2001). Career Advancement as Party Patronage: Sponsored Mobility into the Chinese Administrative Elite, 1949-1996. American Journal of Sociology , 1371-1408.Li, C. (2001). China´s leaders. The next generation. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield publishers.Li, C. (2012). The battle for China´s top nine leadership post. The Washington Quarterly, 133.Li, C., & Bachman, D. (1989). Localism, Elitism and Inmobilism. Elite Formation and Social Change in Post-Mao China. World Politics, Vol. 42, No. 1, 64-94.Li, C., & White, L. (1988). The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers. Asian Survey, 371-399.Li, X., & Zhang, X. (1994). Creating a space for Women: Women`s Studies in China in the 1980s. Signs, Vol. 20 No. 1 137-151.Markham, S. (2013). Women as agents of change: having a voice in society and influencing policy. Women´s Voice Agency and Participation Research Series, 2-20.McAdam, D. (2004). Conceptual origins, current problems, future directions. In D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, & M. Zald, Comparative perspectives in social movements (p. 23-40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Michels, R. (2009). Political parties. A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. New Jersey: Transaction publishers.Miller, A. (2008). Institutionalization and the changing dynamics of Chinese leadership politics. In China´s Changing political landscape: prospects of democracy (p. 61-79). Washington: In Li Cheng.Mills, C. W. (2000). The power elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Montgomery, K., & Matland, R. (2003). Women´s access to political power in post-communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University of Press.Mosca, G. (2004). La clase política. México: Fondo de cultura económica.Nathan, A. (1973). A factional model for CCP politics. China Quarterly , No. 53, 34-66.Nathan, A. (2003). Authoritarian resilience. Journal of democracy, 6-17.Nathan, A., & Tsai, K. (1995). Factionalism: A New Institutionalist Restatement. The China Journal, No. 34.Pareto, W. (1991). The rise and fall of elites. An application of theoretical sociology. New Jersey: Transaction publishers.Perry, G. (2005). Political elites. Essex: ECPR Press.Pieke, F. N. (2009). The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today´s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Pittinski, T., & Zhu, C. (2005). Contemporary Public Leadership in China: A Research review and Consideration. The Leadership Quarterly, 921-939.Putnam, R. D. (1976). The comparative study of political elites. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Pye, L. (1995). Factions and the Politics of Guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese Admnistrative and Political Behaviour. The China Journal, No. 34.Randall, V. (1998). Gender and power. Women engage the state. In V. Randall, & R. Waylen, Gender, politics and the state (p. 185-204). London: Routledge.Rootes, C. A. (1999). Political Opportunity Structures: promises, problems and prospects. La Lettre de la maison Française d’Oxford, 1-14.Rosen, S. (1995). Women and political participation in China. Pacific Affairs, 315-341.Sapiro, V. (1981). Research Frontier Essay: When are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women. The American Political Science Review, 701-716.Shambaugh, D. (2008). Training China`s Political Elite: The Party School System. The China Quarterly, 827-844.Shih, V., Christopher, A., & Liu, M. (2012). Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China. American Political Science Review, 166-187.Sissokho, O. (2014). Women ´s political participation in Chinese elite politics. Master thesis.Stephen, S. (2013). Women`s Work: Gender Equality and the role of Women in Building Cuba`s Future. Washington D.C.: The Center for Democracy in the Americas.Su, F. (2006). Gender inequality in Chinese politics: an empirical analysis of provincial elites. Politics & Gender 2, 143-163.Sullivan, L. R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press.Teiwes, F. C. ( 2015). The study of elite political conflict in the PRC: politics inside the ¨black box¨. In D. S. Goodman, Handbook of the politics of China. (p. 21-41). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub .Tsai, K. (1996). Women and the state in post-1949 rural China. Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 49, No. 2.Tsou, T. (1995). Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power Politics or a Game to Win All? The China Journal, No. 34.Walder, A. (1995). Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order. American Sociological Review, 309-328.Wallis, C. (2006). Chinese women in the official Chinese press: discursive constructions of gender in service to the state. Westminster papers in communication and culture. Wang, J. (1994). Administrative Reform in the PRC since 1978. En L. Dong, Administrative Reform in the PRC since 1978 (págs. 155-176). Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS).Wilson, M. C. (2007). Closing the leadership gap. New York: Penguin books.Wolchik, S. (1989). Women and the state in Eastern Europe and the Sovier Union. In S. Charlton, J. Everett, & K. Staudt, Women, the state, and development (p. 44-66). New York: State University of New York Press.Yahuda, M. (1979). Political Generations in China. China Quarterly , 793-805.Yu, Y.-W., & Liu, S.-Y. (2010). Holding up half the sky? Are Chinese women given equal rights in political participation? IDAS Symposium: The rising Asia-Pacific region:opportunities and challenges for cooperation (p. 300-315). Taipei: National Cheng chi University.Zang, X. (1998). Elite transformation and recruitment in post-MaoChina. Jornal of Political and Military Sociology, 39-57.Zang, X. (2004). Elite dualism and leadership selection in China. London: Routledge.Zang, X. (2005). Institutionalization and Elite Behavior in Reform China. Issues and Studies, 204-217.Zeng, B. (2014). Women´s political participation in China: Improved or not? Journal of Women´s studies, 136-150.Zheng, S. (2005). The New Era in Chinese Elite Politics. Issues and Studies: An International Quarterly on China, Taiwan and East Asian Affairs, 190-202.Zheng, W. (1996). A Historic Turning Point for the Women`s Movement in China. Signs , Vol. 22 No. 1 192-199.Zhou, X. (2010). Partial Reform and the Chinese Bureaucracy in the Post-Mao Era. In Y. Zheng, Y. Lu, & T. White, Politics of Modern China (p. 266-292). London: Routledge.Zuckerman, E., Blikberg, A., & Cao, M. (2000). China Country Gender Review. Washington D.C.: World Bank.Websites and online resourcesAll-China women´s federation. (December 17, 2014). Retrieved from All-China women´s federation: http://www.womenofchina.cn/about.htmChina Today. (April 20, 2016). Retrieved from China Today: http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/China Vitae. (May 16, 2016). Retrieved from China Vitae: http://www.chinavitae.com/China.org.cn. ( February16, 2015). Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/state_structure/64573.htmChinese Political Elites Database. (April 2, 2016). Retrieved from Chinese Political Elites Database: http://cped.nccu.edu.tw/Freedom House reports. (December 18, 2014). Freedom House reports: http://www.freedomhouse.org/reportsK-Means Clustering. (January 25, 2015). Retrieved from K-Means Clustering: http://www.saedsayad.com/clustering_kmeans.htmLaerd Dissertation. (March 22, 2016). Retrieved from Laerd Dissertation: http://dissertation.laerd.com/extraneous-and-confounding-variables-p3.phpReuters, T. (February 16, 2015). Connected PRC. Retrieved from: http://china.fathom.info/The Economist. (September 12, 2014). Retrieved from The Economist: http://www.economist.com/news/china/21567427-who-really-holds-power-china-vertical-meets-horizontalXinhua. (August 26, 2016). All China Women Federation. Retrieved from All China Women Federation: http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/0/821.htm?q=female+cadres+number&type= 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
1019260381資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1019260381 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 寇健文 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Kou, Chien Wen en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 顧梅 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 顧梅 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2016 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Oct-2016 14:37:07 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Oct-2016 14:37:07 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Oct-2016 14:37:07 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1019260381 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/102504 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 1019260381 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文從中國精英政治的性別角度提出女性幹部遷調分析，並提供如何突破有關中國的政治體制內的女性棈英幹部被稱為“玻璃天花板”的資訊。本文意旨在專業鑑別女性幹部的特質或屬性，來找其可能的連結，如果有這些特質的話，如何在中國政治逐步制度化的範圍內，分析出這些特質和女性幹部的遷調速率之關係。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis is an analysis of mobility in Chinese elite politics from a gender perspective and provides information on the women who break the so-called “glass ceiling” within the Chinese political system. It aims specifically to identify the prevailing characteristics or attributes of female elite cadres to find possible links, if any, between these characteristics and their mobility rates, within the context of increasing institutionalization of Chinese politics. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11.1. Research question and its importance 11.2 Literature review 51.2.1 Studies on Chinese elite politics 51.2.2 Chinese political elite and mobility 61.2.3 Female Chinese political elite and mobility 81.2.4 A comparative study: female elite mobility in other countries 121.3 Main argument 141.4 Research design 151.4.1 Case selection 151.4.2 Data sources 201.4.3 Research method 211.4.4 Research limitations 241.5 Structure of the thesis 25CHAPTER 2: MAIN ARGUMENT 262.1 From hypothesis to definition of variables 262.2 Variables and their operationalization 28CHAPTER 3: INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND CONNECTIONS IN CHINESE ELITE POLITICS 363.1 Institutionalization context in Chinese elite politics 363.2 Connections and its importance on Chinese elite politics 43CHAPTER 4: ATTRIBUTES AND MOBILITY OF FEMALE ELITE IN CHINESE POLITICS 45 4.1 A descriptive statistical analysis (univariate)454.1.1 Some features on attributes of female elite in Chinese politics 454.1.2 Mobility rate: a general overview 514.1.3 Relevant cases 55CHAPTER 5: TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTRIBUTES OF CHINESE FEMALE ELITE AND TYPES OF MOBILITY 565.1 An inferential statistical analysis (bivariate) 565.1.1 Test of independence 565.1.2 Others statistical methods of data analysis 69CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 706.1 Answering the research question and secondary information 706.2 Double glass ceiling 72REFERENCES 75APPENDIX A 86APPENDIX B 87APPENDIX C 88 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1601210 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1019260381 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國的精英階層 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 流動性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 屬性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 制度化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國政治 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) gender en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese elite en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) mobility en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) attributes en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) institutionalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese politics en_US dc.title (題名) 中國菁英政治中的女性流動 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Promotion under the Glass Ceiling? Female Elite Mobility in Chinese Politics, 1997-2017 en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Afshar, H. (1996). Women and politics in the Third World. London: Routledge.Alvarez, M. (1998). Mujer y poder en Cuba. Temas Vol 14, 13-25.Bian, Y., Shu, X., & Logan, J. (2001). Communist Party Membership and Regime Dynamics in China. Social Forces, 805-841.Bo, Z. (2002). Chinese Provincial Leaders: Economic Performance and Political Mobility since 1949. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Bo, Z. (2007). China´s elite politics. Political transition and power balancing. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.Bryant, G. (1984). The Working Woman Report: Succeeding in Business in the 80s. New York: Simon and Schuster.Chow, G. (2004). Economic reform and growth in China. Annals of economics and finances, 803-841.Chow, N.-L., Zhang, N., & Wang, J. (2004). Women´s Studies and and Sociology of Women/Gender in Contemporary China. Gender & Society, 161-188.Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The Glass Ceiling effect. Oxford Journals, Vol. 80, Issue 2, 655-681.D´Ancona, C. (2001). Metodologia cuantitativa: estrategias y tecnicas de investigación social. Madrid : Síntesis.Davin, D. (1976). Woman-work: women and the Party in Revolutionary China. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Diaz, E., & Caram, T. (1996). Mujer Cubana, Desarrollo Social y Participacion. Revista Mundial de Sociologia, No.2.Dickson, B. (2010). Dilemmas of party adaptation. In P. Hays, & S. Rosen, Chinese politics.State, society and the market (p. 22-40). USA: RoutledgeDittmer, L. (1995). Chinese informal politics. The China Journal, No. 34.Dreyer, J. T. (2000). China´s political system: modernization and tradition. Boston: Pearson Longman.Dye, T. R. (1976). Who´s running America? En T. R. Dye, Who´s running America? (pág. 12). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Gilbert, S. (1973). The emancipation of Chinese Women. World Politics, 55-79.Gilmartin, C. (1993). Gender in the formation of a Communist body politic. Modern China, 299-329.Goldstein, A. (1994). Trends in the study of political elites and institutions in the PRC. The China Quarterly, 714-730.Goodman, D. (2004). Why women count: Chinese women anf leadership of reform. In Chinese women: living and working (p. 19-41). London: In McLaren .Guo, X., & Zhao, L. (2009). Women´s Political Participation in China. East Asian Policy, 50-60.Guo, X., & Zheng, Y. (2008). Women´s political participation in China. China Policy Institute, 1-13.Hershatter, G. (2004). Women in Chinas Long Twentieth Century. Journal of Asian Studies, 991-1065.Hoffmann-Lange, U. (2006). Methodological developments in elite research. The 20th IPSA World Congress. Fukuoka.Howell, J. (1998). Gender, Civil Society and the State in China. In V. Randall, & G. Waylen, Gender, Politics and the State (p. 166-184 ). London : Routledge.Howell, J. (2002). Women´s political participation in China: struggling to hold up half the sky. Parliamentary Affairs, 46.Howell, J. (2003). Women´s organizations and civil society in China. International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 5, No. 2, 191-215.Jie, T., Bijun , Z., & Mow, S. (2004). Holding up half the sky: Chinese women past, present, and future. New York: Feminist Press.Kou, C.-w. (2011). Elite Recruitment and the duality of the Chinese party-state: the mobility of Western-educted returnee elites in China, 1978-2008. In C.-w. Kou, In search of China´s development model: beyond the Beijing consensus (p. 166-185). London: Routledge.Kou, C.-w., & Zang, X. (2014). Choosing China´s leaders. London: Routledge.Landry, P. F. (2008). Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party`s Control of Local Elites in Post-Mao Era. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Lawerence, S. V., & Martin, M. F. (2013). Understanding China’s political system. Washington: Congressional Research Service.Lee, H. Y. (1991). From revolutionary cadres to party technocrats in socialist China. In H. Y. Lee, From revolutionary cadres to party technocrats in socialist China (p. 27). Berkeley: University of California Press.Li, B., & Walder, A. (2001). Career Advancement as Party Patronage: Sponsored Mobility into the Chinese Administrative Elite, 1949-1996. American Journal of Sociology , 1371-1408.Li, C. (2001). China´s leaders. The next generation. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield publishers.Li, C. (2012). The battle for China´s top nine leadership post. The Washington Quarterly, 133.Li, C., & Bachman, D. (1989). Localism, Elitism and Inmobilism. Elite Formation and Social Change in Post-Mao China. World Politics, Vol. 42, No. 1, 64-94.Li, C., & White, L. (1988). The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: from mobilizers to managers. Asian Survey, 371-399.Li, X., & Zhang, X. (1994). Creating a space for Women: Women`s Studies in China in the 1980s. Signs, Vol. 20 No. 1 137-151.Markham, S. (2013). Women as agents of change: having a voice in society and influencing policy. Women´s Voice Agency and Participation Research Series, 2-20.McAdam, D. (2004). Conceptual origins, current problems, future directions. In D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, & M. Zald, Comparative perspectives in social movements (p. 23-40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Michels, R. (2009). Political parties. A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. New Jersey: Transaction publishers.Miller, A. (2008). Institutionalization and the changing dynamics of Chinese leadership politics. In China´s Changing political landscape: prospects of democracy (p. 61-79). Washington: In Li Cheng.Mills, C. W. (2000). The power elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Montgomery, K., & Matland, R. (2003). Women´s access to political power in post-communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University of Press.Mosca, G. (2004). La clase política. México: Fondo de cultura económica.Nathan, A. (1973). A factional model for CCP politics. China Quarterly , No. 53, 34-66.Nathan, A. (2003). Authoritarian resilience. Journal of democracy, 6-17.Nathan, A., & Tsai, K. (1995). Factionalism: A New Institutionalist Restatement. The China Journal, No. 34.Pareto, W. (1991). The rise and fall of elites. An application of theoretical sociology. New Jersey: Transaction publishers.Perry, G. (2005). Political elites. Essex: ECPR Press.Pieke, F. N. (2009). The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today´s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Pittinski, T., & Zhu, C. (2005). Contemporary Public Leadership in China: A Research review and Consideration. The Leadership Quarterly, 921-939.Putnam, R. D. (1976). The comparative study of political elites. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Pye, L. (1995). Factions and the Politics of Guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese Admnistrative and Political Behaviour. The China Journal, No. 34.Randall, V. (1998). Gender and power. Women engage the state. In V. Randall, & R. Waylen, Gender, politics and the state (p. 185-204). London: Routledge.Rootes, C. A. (1999). Political Opportunity Structures: promises, problems and prospects. La Lettre de la maison Française d’Oxford, 1-14.Rosen, S. (1995). Women and political participation in China. Pacific Affairs, 315-341.Sapiro, V. (1981). Research Frontier Essay: When are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women. The American Political Science Review, 701-716.Shambaugh, D. (2008). Training China`s Political Elite: The Party School System. The China Quarterly, 827-844.Shih, V., Christopher, A., & Liu, M. (2012). Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China. American Political Science Review, 166-187.Sissokho, O. (2014). Women ´s political participation in Chinese elite politics. Master thesis.Stephen, S. (2013). Women`s Work: Gender Equality and the role of Women in Building Cuba`s Future. Washington D.C.: The Center for Democracy in the Americas.Su, F. (2006). Gender inequality in Chinese politics: an empirical analysis of provincial elites. Politics & Gender 2, 143-163.Sullivan, L. R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press.Teiwes, F. C. ( 2015). The study of elite political conflict in the PRC: politics inside the ¨black box¨. In D. S. Goodman, Handbook of the politics of China. (p. 21-41). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub .Tsai, K. (1996). Women and the state in post-1949 rural China. Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 49, No. 2.Tsou, T. (1995). Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power Politics or a Game to Win All? The China Journal, No. 34.Walder, A. (1995). Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order. American Sociological Review, 309-328.Wallis, C. (2006). Chinese women in the official Chinese press: discursive constructions of gender in service to the state. Westminster papers in communication and culture. Wang, J. (1994). Administrative Reform in the PRC since 1978. En L. Dong, Administrative Reform in the PRC since 1978 (págs. 155-176). Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS).Wilson, M. C. (2007). Closing the leadership gap. New York: Penguin books.Wolchik, S. (1989). Women and the state in Eastern Europe and the Sovier Union. In S. Charlton, J. Everett, & K. Staudt, Women, the state, and development (p. 44-66). New York: State University of New York Press.Yahuda, M. (1979). Political Generations in China. China Quarterly , 793-805.Yu, Y.-W., & Liu, S.-Y. (2010). Holding up half the sky? Are Chinese women given equal rights in political participation? IDAS Symposium: The rising Asia-Pacific region:opportunities and challenges for cooperation (p. 300-315). 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