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題名 智庫與美國外交政策
Think Tanks and US Foreign Policy作者 康嘉棋
Kang, Chia Chi貢獻者 姜家雄
康嘉棋
Kang, Chia Chi關鍵詞 智庫
美國外交政策
think tanks
US foreign policy日期 2002 上傳時間 14-Nov-2016 16:22:59 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文探討智庫的定義及起源，並依其性質與功能將美國的智庫做分類，另介紹著名的美國外交智庫。本論文亦說明美國外交政策的決策環境，探討為何智庫得以參與美國外交政策，以及參與決策過程的方式，並討論智庫在決策過程中所扮演的角色以及智庫在美國興盛的原因。最後分析智庫在發展上可能受到的限制，及探討智庫如何因應未來的挑戰。
This paper explores the definition and origin of think tanks, classifies American think tanks according to their nature and functions, and introduces some famous think tanks on US foreign policy. This paper also explains the decision-making environment of US foreign policy, discusses why think tanks can participate in the making of US foreign policy, and examines the roles of think tanks in the decision-making process and the reasons why think tanks flourish in the United States. This paper also tries to find out the development restrictions of American think tanks and explores how they meet future challenges.參考文獻 Abelson, Donald E. American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996. . “Do Think Tanks Matter? Opportunities, Constraints and Incentives for Think Tanks in Canada and the United States.” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 213-236. . “Think Tanks in the United States.” In Think Tanks across Nations, ed. Diane Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett, 109-130. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.Abelson, Donald E. and Christine M. Carberry. “Following Suit or Falling Behind? A Comparative Analysis of Think Tanks in Canada and the United States.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 31 (September 1998): 525-555. . “Policy Experts in Presidential Campaigns: A Model of Think Tank Recruitment.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27, no. 4 (1997): 679-697.Abelson, Donald E. and Evert A. Lindquist. “Think Tanks in North America.” In Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver, 39-45. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.Ashbee, Edward and Nigel Ashford. US Politics Today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books, 1973.Benveniste, Guy. The Politics of Expertise. San Francisco: Boyd & Frasers, 1977.Berman, Edward H. The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy. New York: State University of New York Press, 1988.Critchlow, Donald T. The Brookings Institution, 1916-1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.Cummings, Milton C. Democracy under Pressure: An Introduction to the American Political System, 8th ed. Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997.Currie, Davis P. The Constitution of the United States: A Primer for the Peace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.Day, Alan J., ed. Think Tanks: An International Directory. Essex: Longman Current Affairs, 1994.Dickson, Paul. Think Tanks. New York: Atheneum, 1971.Dobson, Alan P. and Steve Marsh. US Foreign Policy Since 1945. New York: Routledge, 2001.Domhoff, G. William. “Where do Government Experts Come from? The CEA and the Policy-Planning Network.” In Power Elites and Organizations, ed. G. William Domhoff and Thomas R. Dye, 175-194. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987.Dror, Yehezkel. “Required Breakthroughs in Think Tanks.” Policy Sciences 16 (February 1984): 199-225. . “Think Tanks: A New Invention in Government.” In Making Bureaucracies Work, ed. Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton, 139-152. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980.Dye, Thomas R. “Organizing Power for Policy Planning: The View from the Brookings Institution.” In Power Elites and Organizations, ed. G. William Domhoff and Thomas R. Dye, 169-188. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987.Easterbrook, Gregg. “Ideas Move Nations.” The Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 66-80.Feulner, Edwin. “The Heritage Foundation.” In Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver, 63-75. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.Fisher, Frank. “Policy Discourse and the Politics of Washington Think Tanks.” In The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, ed. Frank Fischer and John Forester, 21-41. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993. Galbraith, John Kenneth. The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.Gellner, Winand. “Political Think-Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S.-Institutional Setting.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1995): 497-510. . “The Politics of Policy: Political Think Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S. Institutional Environment.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (Summer 1995): 497-510.Gerston, Larry N. American Government: Politics, Process, and Policies. Belmont, Calif.: Woodsworth, 1993.Gilder, George. Wealth and Poverty. New York: Bantam, 1981.Guttman, Daniel and Barry Willner. The Shadow Government. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976.Hastedy, Glenn P. American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, Future, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2000.Hellebust, Lynn, ed. Think Tank Directory: A Guide to Nonprofit Public Policy Research Organizations. Topeka, KS: Government Research Service, 1996.Herken, Gregg. Counsels of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985.Higgott, Richard and Diane Stone. “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA.” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 15-34.Hodgkinson, Virginia Ann. The Future of the Nonprofit Sector: Challenges, Changes, and Policy Considerations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989.Hollings, Robert L. Nonprofit Public Policy Research Organization: A Sourcebook on Think Tanks in Government. Vol. 7, Organizations and Interest Groups. New York: Garland, 1993.Jacobson, Louis. “Tanks on the roll.” National Journal 27 (July 1995): 1767-1771.James, Simon. “The Idea Brokers: The Impact of Think Tanks on British Government.” Public Administration 71 (winter 1993): 491-506.Jenkins, J. C. “Nonprofit Organizations and Policy Advocacy.” In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, ed. Walter W. Powell, 397-415. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.Kaplan, Fred. The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.Katz, Jeffrey L. “The Conservative Idea Machine.” Governing 5, no. 5 (February 1992): 51-55.Kingdon, John W. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little Brown, 1984.Landers, Robert K. “Think Tanks: The New Partisans?” Editorial Research Reports, (20 June 1986): 455-472.McGann, James G. “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry.” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 733-740. . The Competition for Dollars, Scholars and Influence, in the Public Policy Research Industry. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1995.Nathan, James A. and James K. Oliver. Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.Orlans, Harold. The Nonprofit Research Institute: Its Origins, Operation, Problems and Prospects. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.Perloff, James. The Shadows of Power: The Council on Foreign Relations and the American Decline. Boston: Western Islands, 1988. Peschek, Joseph G. Policy-planning Organizations: Elite Agendas and America`s Rightward Turn. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.Reeves, Richard. The Reagan Detour. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.Ricci, David M. The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Rivlin, Alice M. “Policy Analysis at the Brookings Institution.” In Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think, ed. Carol H. Weiss, 21-38. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications, 1992.Roberts, Brad, Stanton H. Burnett, and Murray Weidenbaum. “Think Tanks in a New World.” Washington Quarterly 16 (winter 1993): 169-182.Rosenau, James N. The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press, 1971.Saloma, John S. Ominous Politics: The New Conservative Labyrinth. New York: Hill and Wang, 1984.Salamon, Lester M. America`s Nonprofit Sector: A Primer, 2nd ed. New York: Foundation Center, 1999.Santoro, Carlo Maria. Diffidence and Ambition: The Intellectual Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.Saunders, Charles B. Jr. The Brookings Institution: A Fifty Year History. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1966.Schulzinger, Robert D. The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.Sealander, Judith. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy From the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.Shoup, Laurence H. The Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.Smith, Bruce L. R. The Advisers: Scientists in the Policy Process. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1992. . The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.Smith, James Allen. Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1962-1992. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993. . The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: The Free Press, 1991. . “Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas.” In The Spread of Economic Ideas, ed. David Colander and A. W. Coats, 175-194. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Soley, Lawrence. “Right Thinking Conservative Think Tanks.” Dissent 38 (summer 1991): 418-420.Solomon, Burt. “Ferment at Brookings: The Stodgy Granddaddy of Think Tanks is Seeking a Higher Profile in the Washington Policy Wars; but can it Make a Splash without Sacrificing Scholarly Rigor?” National Journal 29 (October 1997): 2080-2083.Starling, Grover. Strategies for Policy Making. Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1988.Starobin, Paul. “Rethinking Brookings: The Brookings Institution is the Granddaddy of the Washington Think-tank World; but that World is Changing, and Brookings`s Role in an Age of Transition is Far from Clear.” National Journal 27 (July 1995): 1875-1879.Stefancic, Jean and Richard Delgado. No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations Changes America’s Social Agenda. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996.Stone, Diane. Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process. Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass, 1996. . “From the Margins of Politics: The Influence of Think-Tanks in Britain.” West European Politics 19 (October 1996): 675-692. . “Introduction to the Symposium: The Changing Think Tank Landscape.” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 149-152. . “The Policy Roles of Private Research Institutes in Global Politics.” In Private Organizations in Global Politics, ed. Karsten Ronit and Volker Schneider, 187-207. New York: Routledge, 2000. . “Think Tank Transnationalisation and Non-profit Analysis, Advice and Advocacy.” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 153-172.Stone, Diane, Andrew Denham, and Mark Garnett, ed. Think Tanks across Nations: A Comparative Approach. New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1998.Stone, Diane and Mark Garnett. “Introduction: Think Tanks, Policy Advice and Governance.” In Think Tanks across Nations: A Comparative Approach, ed. Diane Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett, 1-10. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.The American Enterprise Institute. Annual Report 2001. Washington, DC: the American Enterprise Institute, 2001.The Brookings Institution. 2001 Annual Report. Washington, DC: the Brookings Institution, 2001.“The Good Think-Tank Guide: The Joys of Detached Involvement.” Economist 321 (December 1991): 49-53.The Heritage Foundation. 2001 Annual Report. Washington, DC: the Heritage Foundation, 2001.The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace: Seventy-Five Years of Its History. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1989.The RAND Corporation. Annual Report 2001. Santa Monica, Calif.: the RAND Corporation, 2001.“Think Tanks: The Carousels of Power.” Economist 319 (May 1991): 23-24.“Two "Think Tanks" with Growing Impact: Sometimes called "Governments in Exile," the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute Feed Ideas and People to Washington.” U.S. News and World Report 85 (September 1978): 47-48.Wallace, William. “Between Two Worlds: Think-tanks and Foreign Policy.” In Two Worlds of International Relations: Academics, Practitioners and the Trade in Ideas, ed. Christopher Hill and Pamela Beshoff, 145-167. New York: Routledge, 1994.Weaver, R. Kent. “The Changing World of Think Tanks.” PS: Political Science & Politics 22 (September 1989): 563-578.Weaver, R. Kent and James G. McGann. “Think Tanks and Civil Societies in a Time of Change.” In Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver, 1-15. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.Weiss, Carol H. Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992.Wiarda, Howard J. Foreign Policy without Illusion: How Foreign Policy-Making Works and Fails to Work in the United States. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown Higher Education, 1990.Williams, Barbara R. and Malcolm A. Palmatier. “The RAND Corporation.” In Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think, ed. Carol H. Weiss, 51-67. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992.Wise, Lois Recascino and Robert Agranoff. “Organizational Characteristics and Productivity Measurement.” Public Productivity & Management Review 15 (fall 1991): 1-17.Wyszomirski, Margaret Jane. “Lobbying Reform and Nonprofit Organizations: Policy Images and Constituent Policy.” Policy Studies Journal 26 (autumn 1998): 512-525. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
88253035資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088253035 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 康嘉棋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kang, Chia Chi en_US dc.creator (作者) 康嘉棋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Kang, Chia Chi en_US dc.date (日期) 2002 en_US dc.date.accessioned 14-Nov-2016 16:22:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 14-Nov-2016 16:22:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Nov-2016 16:22:59 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0088253035 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/104011 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 88253035 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文探討智庫的定義及起源，並依其性質與功能將美國的智庫做分類，另介紹著名的美國外交智庫。本論文亦說明美國外交政策的決策環境，探討為何智庫得以參與美國外交政策，以及參與決策過程的方式，並討論智庫在決策過程中所扮演的角色以及智庫在美國興盛的原因。最後分析智庫在發展上可能受到的限制，及探討智庫如何因應未來的挑戰。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This paper explores the definition and origin of think tanks, classifies American think tanks according to their nature and functions, and introduces some famous think tanks on US foreign policy. This paper also explains the decision-making environment of US foreign policy, discusses why think tanks can participate in the making of US foreign policy, and examines the roles of think tanks in the decision-making process and the reasons why think tanks flourish in the United States. This paper also tries to find out the development restrictions of American think tanks and explores how they meet future challenges. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 8第一節 研究動機 8第二節 研究目的 10第三節 研究範圍與限制 11第二章 文獻探討 13第一節 智庫的發展背景 13第二節 智庫的分類 15第三節 其他 17第四節 文獻不足之處 18第五節 研究方法 19第三章 智庫意涵的探討 20第一節 智庫的定義 20第二節 美國智庫的源起 27第三節 智庫的歷史發展與類別 38第四節 美國外交智庫的介紹 52第四章 美國外交政策決策機構 90第一節 美國憲政體制 90第二節 國會 91第三節 總統 112第四節 參與外交政策的其他主要行政機構 126第五章 智庫參與美國外交政策的途徑 144第一節 政府途徑 144第二節 非政府途徑 151第三節 智庫在決策過程中的角色 166第四節 智庫在美國興盛的原因 181第六章 智庫發揮影響力的限制因素 186第一節 外部因素 187第二節 內部因素 194第三節 未來的挑戰 204第七章 結論 209參考文獻 212附件 224 zh_TW dc.format.extent 47006702 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088253035 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 智庫 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國外交政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) think tanks en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) US foreign policy en_US dc.title (題名) 智庫與美國外交政策 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Think Tanks and US Foreign Policy en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abelson, Donald E. American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996. . “Do Think Tanks Matter? Opportunities, Constraints and Incentives for Think Tanks in Canada and the United States.” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 213-236. . “Think Tanks in the United States.” In Think Tanks across Nations, ed. Diane Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett, 109-130. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.Abelson, Donald E. and Christine M. Carberry. “Following Suit or Falling Behind? A Comparative Analysis of Think Tanks in Canada and the United States.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 31 (September 1998): 525-555. . “Policy Experts in Presidential Campaigns: A Model of Think Tank Recruitment.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27, no. 4 (1997): 679-697.Abelson, Donald E. and Evert A. Lindquist. “Think Tanks in North America.” In Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver, 39-45. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.Ashbee, Edward and Nigel Ashford. US Politics Today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books, 1973.Benveniste, Guy. The Politics of Expertise. San Francisco: Boyd & Frasers, 1977.Berman, Edward H. The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy. New York: State University of New York Press, 1988.Critchlow, Donald T. The Brookings Institution, 1916-1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.Cummings, Milton C. Democracy under Pressure: An Introduction to the American Political System, 8th ed. Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997.Currie, Davis P. The Constitution of the United States: A Primer for the Peace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.Day, Alan J., ed. Think Tanks: An International Directory. Essex: Longman Current Affairs, 1994.Dickson, Paul. Think Tanks. New York: Atheneum, 1971.Dobson, Alan P. and Steve Marsh. US Foreign Policy Since 1945. New York: Routledge, 2001.Domhoff, G. William. “Where do Government Experts Come from? The CEA and the Policy-Planning Network.” In Power Elites and Organizations, ed. G. William Domhoff and Thomas R. Dye, 175-194. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987.Dror, Yehezkel. “Required Breakthroughs in Think Tanks.” Policy Sciences 16 (February 1984): 199-225. . “Think Tanks: A New Invention in Government.” In Making Bureaucracies Work, ed. Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton, 139-152. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980.Dye, Thomas R. “Organizing Power for Policy Planning: The View from the Brookings Institution.” In Power Elites and Organizations, ed. G. William Domhoff and Thomas R. Dye, 169-188. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987.Easterbrook, Gregg. “Ideas Move Nations.” The Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 66-80.Feulner, Edwin. “The Heritage Foundation.” In Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver, 63-75. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.Fisher, Frank. “Policy Discourse and the Politics of Washington Think Tanks.” In The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, ed. Frank Fischer and John Forester, 21-41. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993. Galbraith, John Kenneth. The New Industrial State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.Gellner, Winand. “Political Think-Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S.-Institutional Setting.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1995): 497-510. . “The Politics of Policy: Political Think Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S. Institutional Environment.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (Summer 1995): 497-510.Gerston, Larry N. American Government: Politics, Process, and Policies. Belmont, Calif.: Woodsworth, 1993.Gilder, George. Wealth and Poverty. New York: Bantam, 1981.Guttman, Daniel and Barry Willner. The Shadow Government. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976.Hastedy, Glenn P. American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, Future, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2000.Hellebust, Lynn, ed. Think Tank Directory: A Guide to Nonprofit Public Policy Research Organizations. Topeka, KS: Government Research Service, 1996.Herken, Gregg. Counsels of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985.Higgott, Richard and Diane Stone. “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA.” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 15-34.Hodgkinson, Virginia Ann. The Future of the Nonprofit Sector: Challenges, Changes, and Policy Considerations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989.Hollings, Robert L. Nonprofit Public Policy Research Organization: A Sourcebook on Think Tanks in Government. Vol. 7, Organizations and Interest Groups. New York: Garland, 1993.Jacobson, Louis. “Tanks on the roll.” National Journal 27 (July 1995): 1767-1771.James, Simon. “The Idea Brokers: The Impact of Think Tanks on British Government.” Public Administration 71 (winter 1993): 491-506.Jenkins, J. C. “Nonprofit Organizations and Policy Advocacy.” In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, ed. Walter W. Powell, 397-415. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.Kaplan, Fred. The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.Katz, Jeffrey L. “The Conservative Idea Machine.” Governing 5, no. 5 (February 1992): 51-55.Kingdon, John W. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little Brown, 1984.Landers, Robert K. “Think Tanks: The New Partisans?” Editorial Research Reports, (20 June 1986): 455-472.McGann, James G. “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry.” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 733-740. . The Competition for Dollars, Scholars and Influence, in the Public Policy Research Industry. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1995.Nathan, James A. and James K. Oliver. Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.Orlans, Harold. The Nonprofit Research Institute: Its Origins, Operation, Problems and Prospects. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.Perloff, James. The Shadows of Power: The Council on Foreign Relations and the American Decline. Boston: Western Islands, 1988. Peschek, Joseph G. Policy-planning Organizations: Elite Agendas and America`s Rightward Turn. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.Reeves, Richard. The Reagan Detour. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.Ricci, David M. The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Rivlin, Alice M. “Policy Analysis at the Brookings Institution.” In Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think, ed. Carol H. Weiss, 21-38. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications, 1992.Roberts, Brad, Stanton H. Burnett, and Murray Weidenbaum. “Think Tanks in a New World.” Washington Quarterly 16 (winter 1993): 169-182.Rosenau, James N. The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press, 1971.Saloma, John S. Ominous Politics: The New Conservative Labyrinth. New York: Hill and Wang, 1984.Salamon, Lester M. America`s Nonprofit Sector: A Primer, 2nd ed. New York: Foundation Center, 1999.Santoro, Carlo Maria. Diffidence and Ambition: The Intellectual Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.Saunders, Charles B. Jr. The Brookings Institution: A Fifty Year History. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1966.Schulzinger, Robert D. The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.Sealander, Judith. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy From the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.Shoup, Laurence H. The Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.Smith, Bruce L. R. The Advisers: Scientists in the Policy Process. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1992. . The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.Smith, James Allen. Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1962-1992. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993. . The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: The Free Press, 1991. . “Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas.” In The Spread of Economic Ideas, ed. 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