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題名 Facebook朋友品牌分享貼文效果:理想自我形象、品牌形象與朋友形象之交互效果探討
Effects of interactions between ideal self image, brand image and friend image congruence on Facebook shared posts
作者 陳翊甄
Chen, Yi Chen
貢獻者 張郁敏
Chang, Yuh Miin
陳翊甄
Chen, Yi Chen
關鍵詞 自我一致性
朋友時尚形象
精品
社會比較理論
平衡理論
Self congruity
Friend image
Luxury goods
Social comparison theory
Balance theory
日期 2016
上傳時間 4-Jan-2017 12:07:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 近年社群網站Facebook成為品牌宣傳的新渠道,不同地域、年齡、社會階層或消費水準的人都可以不受實體店面的侷限,透過朋友的分享輕鬆接觸到各時尚精品品牌的資訊。於是精品品牌如何在社群人際間的傳遞過程掌握其品牌形象,還有後續構成的品牌效果是本研究欲探討的重點。
本研究以自我一致性、社會比較的角度切入,輔以平衡理論的觀點進一步檢視消費者觀看社群媒體中的朋友分享貼文是否受到品牌、朋友時尚形象與理想自我一致性高低程度不同而影響其品牌態度與購買意願。
本研究以實驗法進行,研究結果如下:

一、消費者在Facebook動態中看到時尚品牌的朋友品牌分享貼文後,品牌形象與消費者理想自我一致高會比一致低,產生更正面的品牌態度,但對購買意願無顯著影響。
二、知覺品質中介「品牌形象與理想自我一致性」對品牌態度的影響; 但對購買意願無中介效果。
三、 「朋友時尚形象與理想自我形象一致性」高低並不會影響品牌與消費者理想自我形象一致性高低對品牌態度。
參考文獻 Aaker, J.L. (1997), “Dimensions of brand personality”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 36, pp. 346-156.
Aaker, Jennifer L. (1999),“TheMalleableSelf:TheRoleofSelf-Expressionin Persuasion,” Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (February), 45– 57.
Ambady, N., & Skowronski, J. (Eds.). (2008). First impressions. New York: Guilford.
Bearden, William O. and Michael J. Etzel (1982), "Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions," Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (September), 183-94.
Beatty, Alexa M. Givan, George R. Franke, and Kristy E. Reynolds (2015). "Social Store Identity and Adolescent Females` Store Attitudes and Behaviors." Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice 23(1): 38-56.
Beerli, A., Meneses, G.D., Gil, S.M., 2007. Self-congruity and destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research 34 (3), 571–587.
Bhuian, E. N. (1997). Marketing cues and perceived quality: Perception of Saudi consumers toward products of the U.S., Japan, Germany, Italy, U. K. & France. Journal of Quality Management, 2(2), 217-235.
Bolton, L. E., & Reed, A., II (2004). Sticky priors and identification based judgments.
Journal of Marketing Research, 41, 397–410.
Campbell, Margaret C. and Amna Kirmani (2000), "Consumers` Use of Persuasion Knowledge: The Effects of Accessibility and Cognitive Capacity on Perceptions of an Influence Agent," Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (1), 69-83.
Chen, Bernard C.Y. Tan, Klarissa T. Chang. (2009) “Advertising Effectiveness on Social Network Sites.” International Conference on Information Systems.
Chon, K. S. (1992). Self-image destination image congruity. Annals of Tourism
Research, 19, 360e376.
Choi, S. M., & Rifon, N. J. (2012). It is a match: The impact of congruence between celebrity image and consumer ideal self on endorsement effectiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 29, 639–650.
Erdog ̆mus ̧, I. and Büdeyri-Turan, I. (2012), “The role of personality congruence, perceived quality and prestige on ready-to-wear brand loyalty”, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 399-417.
Escalas, Jennifer Edson and James R. Bettman (2003), "You Are What They Eat: The Influence of Reference Groups on Con- sumers` Connections to Brands," Journal of Consumer Psy- chology, 3 (3), 339-48.
Escalas J.E. & J.R. Bettman (2005). Self Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 378-389.
Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2003). You are what they eat: The influence of reference groups on consumers’ con- nections to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, 339–348.
Festinger, L. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7 117-140.
Funder, D.C. (1999). Personality judgment: A realistic approach to person perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Gardner, B.B. and Levy, S.J. (1955), “The product and the brand”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 33, pp. 33-9.
Goh, H. K., & Litvin, S. W. (2000). Destination preference and self-congruity. In Travel and Tourism Research Association annual conference proceedings, San Fernando Valley, CA, June 11e14 (pp. 197e203).
Garretson, J. A., & Niedrich, R. W. (2004). Spokes-characters: Creating character trust and positive brand attitudes. Journal of Advertising, 33(2), 25-36.
Hall, J.A., & Bernieri, F.J. (Eds.). (2001). Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement. New York: Erlbaum.
Haytko, Diana L., and Julie Baker (2004), “It’s All at the Mall: Exploring Adolescent Girls’ Experiences,” Journal of Retailing, 80 (January), 67–83.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
Kang, Tang, Lee, Bosselman (2012). "Understanding customer behavior in name-brand Korean coffee shops: The role of self-congruity and functional congruity." International Journal of Hospitality Management: 809-818.
Kara Chan. (2008),"Social comparison of material possessions among adolescents", Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 11 Iss 3 pp. 316 - 330
Kastenholz, E. (2004). Assessment and role of destination-self-congruity. Annals of
Tourism Research, 31(3), 719-723.
Kwak, D.H. and Kang, J.-H. (2009), “Symbolic purchase in sport: the roles of self-image congruence and perceived quality”, Management Decision, Vol. 47 No. 1, pp. 85-99.
Levy, S. (1959). Symbols for sale. Harvard Business Review, 37, 117–124.
MacKenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., & Belch, G. E. (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising ef- fectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 130–143.
Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W.D. and Nyffenegger, B. (2011) Emotional brand attachment and brand personality: The relative importance of the actual and the ideal self. Journal of Marketing 75(4): 35–52.
Martin, C.A. and Bush, A.J. (2000), “Do role models influence teenagers’ purchase intentions and behavior?”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 441-53.
Hollenbaugh, E. E., & Ferris, A. L. (2014). Facebook self-disclosure: Examining the
role of traits, social cohesion, and motive. Computers in Human Behavior, 30,50–58.
Mow, WS; Vasiliauskas, EA; Lin, YC; Fleshner, PR; Papadakis, KA; Taylor, KD; Landers, CJ; Abreu-Martin, MT; Rotter, JI; Yang, H; Targan, SR. Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn`s disease. Gastroenterology 2004, 126, 414-424.
Najjar, H. I. F. (2008). "Assessing the effects of self-congruity, attitudes and customer satisfaction on customer behavioural intentions in retail environment." , Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 26 Iss 2 pp. 207 - 227
Naylor, R. W., Lamberton, C. P., & West, P. M. (2012). Beyond the “Like” Button: The impact of mere virtual presence on brand evaluation and purchase intentions in social media settings, American marketing association. Journal of Marketing, 76(6), 105-120.
Pempek, T., Yermolayeva, Y., & Calvert, S. (2009). College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 227–238.
Phau, I. and Prendergast, G. (2001) Consuming luxury brands: The relevance of the ‘rarity prin- ciple’. Journal of Brand Management 8(2): 122–137.
Richins, M. L. (1991). Social Comparison and the Idealized Images of Advertising, Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 71-83.
Rosenberg, Morris (1979), Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.
Sirgy, M.J. (1982), “Self-concept in consumer behavior: a critical review”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 287-300.
Sirgy, M. J. (1985), “Using Self-Congruity and Ideal Congruity to Predict Purchase Motivation.” Journal of Business Research 13, 3: 195–206.
Sirgy, M.J., Grewal, D., Mangleburg, T., Park, J.O., Chon, K., Claiborne, C.B., Johar, J.S. and Berkman, H. (1997), “Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-congruity”, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 25, pp. 229-41.
Sirgy, M.J. and Su, C. (2000), “Destination image, self-congruity, and travel behavior: toward an integrative model”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 340-352.
Sirgy, M.J., Grewal, D. and Mangleburg, T. (2000), “Retail environment, self-congruity, and retail patronage: an integrative model and a research agenda”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 49, pp. 127-38.
Sheldon, P. (2008). “The relationship between unwillingness to communicate and students’ Facebook use.” Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 67–75.
Smock, A. D., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., & Wohn, D. Y. (2011). Facebook as a toolkit: A uses and gratification approach to unbundling feature use. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2322–2329.
Walther, J., Van Der Heide, B., Kim, S., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. (2008). The role of friends’ appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook: Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34, 28–49.
Yue, X.D. and Cheung, K.C. (2000), “Selection of favorite idols and models among Chinese young people: a comparative study in Hong Kong and Nanjing”, International Journal of Behavioral Development, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 91-8.
Zeithaml, V. A, (1988), “Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A
means-end model and synthesis of evidence”, Journal of Marketing, Vol.52,No.3, pp.2-22
Zhang, B. and Kim, J.H. (2013), “Luxury fashion consumption in China: factors affecting attitude and purchase intent”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 68-79.
網路資料
Burson-Marsteller(2010), Global Social Media Checkup,取自http://www.slideshare.net/BMGlobalNews/global-social-media-checkup
資策會(2015)。〈Facebook使用現況分析〉。取自https://mic.iii.org.tw/micnew/Scholar/ResearchDtl.aspx?docid=CDOC20150206003
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
103464025
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1034640251
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郁敏zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Yuh Miinen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳翊甄zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Yi Chenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳翊甄zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yi Chenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Jan-2017 12:07:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Jan-2017 12:07:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Jan-2017 12:07:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1034640251en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/105627-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103464025zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年社群網站Facebook成為品牌宣傳的新渠道,不同地域、年齡、社會階層或消費水準的人都可以不受實體店面的侷限,透過朋友的分享輕鬆接觸到各時尚精品品牌的資訊。於是精品品牌如何在社群人際間的傳遞過程掌握其品牌形象,還有後續構成的品牌效果是本研究欲探討的重點。
本研究以自我一致性、社會比較的角度切入,輔以平衡理論的觀點進一步檢視消費者觀看社群媒體中的朋友分享貼文是否受到品牌、朋友時尚形象與理想自我一致性高低程度不同而影響其品牌態度與購買意願。
本研究以實驗法進行,研究結果如下:

一、消費者在Facebook動態中看到時尚品牌的朋友品牌分享貼文後,品牌形象與消費者理想自我一致高會比一致低,產生更正面的品牌態度,但對購買意願無顯著影響。
二、知覺品質中介「品牌形象與理想自我一致性」對品牌態度的影響; 但對購買意願無中介效果。
三、 「朋友時尚形象與理想自我形象一致性」高低並不會影響品牌與消費者理想自我形象一致性高低對品牌態度。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論...... .................. 6
第一節 研究背景與動機...... ...........6
第二節 研究目的與價值...... ..........11
第二章 文獻探討...... ......................13
第一節 品牌形象與理想自我一致性與品牌效果........13
第二節 中介變項:知覺品質...... ..15
第三節 朋友時尚形象與理想自我一致性與品牌效果......16
第三章 研究方法...... ..................... 22
第一節 研究架構...... ..................... 22
第二節 實驗設計...... ......................23
第三節 前測一...... .......................23
第四節 前測二...... ........................28
第五節 正式實驗...... ..................... 37
第四章 研究結果與分析...... .......... 44
第一節 受測者輪廓...... ................44
第二節 量表信度分析...... ........... 44
第三節 操弄檢定...... .....................45
第四節 假設驗證...... .................... 45
第五章 結論與建議...... ...................52
第一節 研究發現與討論...... ........52
第二節 研究貢獻、限制與未來研究建議..........54
參考資料...... .............................57
英文文獻...... ............................ 57
網路資料...... ............................61
附錄.......................................62
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 23196452 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1034640251en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我一致性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 朋友時尚形象zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 精品zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會比較理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平衡理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self congruityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Friend imageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Luxury goodsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social comparison theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Balance theoryen_US
dc.title (題名) Facebook朋友品牌分享貼文效果:理想自我形象、品牌形象與朋友形象之交互效果探討zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Effects of interactions between ideal self image, brand image and friend image congruence on Facebook shared postsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aaker, J.L. (1997), “Dimensions of brand personality”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 36, pp. 346-156.
Aaker, Jennifer L. (1999),“TheMalleableSelf:TheRoleofSelf-Expressionin Persuasion,” Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (February), 45– 57.
Ambady, N., & Skowronski, J. (Eds.). (2008). First impressions. New York: Guilford.
Bearden, William O. and Michael J. Etzel (1982), "Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions," Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (September), 183-94.
Beatty, Alexa M. Givan, George R. Franke, and Kristy E. Reynolds (2015). "Social Store Identity and Adolescent Females` Store Attitudes and Behaviors." Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice 23(1): 38-56.
Beerli, A., Meneses, G.D., Gil, S.M., 2007. Self-congruity and destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research 34 (3), 571–587.
Bhuian, E. N. (1997). Marketing cues and perceived quality: Perception of Saudi consumers toward products of the U.S., Japan, Germany, Italy, U. K. & France. Journal of Quality Management, 2(2), 217-235.
Bolton, L. E., & Reed, A., II (2004). Sticky priors and identification based judgments.
Journal of Marketing Research, 41, 397–410.
Campbell, Margaret C. and Amna Kirmani (2000), "Consumers` Use of Persuasion Knowledge: The Effects of Accessibility and Cognitive Capacity on Perceptions of an Influence Agent," Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (1), 69-83.
Chen, Bernard C.Y. Tan, Klarissa T. Chang. (2009) “Advertising Effectiveness on Social Network Sites.” International Conference on Information Systems.
Chon, K. S. (1992). Self-image destination image congruity. Annals of Tourism
Research, 19, 360e376.
Choi, S. M., & Rifon, N. J. (2012). It is a match: The impact of congruence between celebrity image and consumer ideal self on endorsement effectiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 29, 639–650.
Erdog ̆mus ̧, I. and Büdeyri-Turan, I. (2012), “The role of personality congruence, perceived quality and prestige on ready-to-wear brand loyalty”, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 399-417.
Escalas, Jennifer Edson and James R. Bettman (2003), "You Are What They Eat: The Influence of Reference Groups on Con- sumers` Connections to Brands," Journal of Consumer Psy- chology, 3 (3), 339-48.
Escalas J.E. & J.R. Bettman (2005). Self Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 378-389.
Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2003). You are what they eat: The influence of reference groups on consumers’ con- nections to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, 339–348.
Festinger, L. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7 117-140.
Funder, D.C. (1999). Personality judgment: A realistic approach to person perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Gardner, B.B. and Levy, S.J. (1955), “The product and the brand”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 33, pp. 33-9.
Goh, H. K., & Litvin, S. W. (2000). Destination preference and self-congruity. In Travel and Tourism Research Association annual conference proceedings, San Fernando Valley, CA, June 11e14 (pp. 197e203).
Garretson, J. A., & Niedrich, R. W. (2004). Spokes-characters: Creating character trust and positive brand attitudes. Journal of Advertising, 33(2), 25-36.
Hall, J.A., & Bernieri, F.J. (Eds.). (2001). Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement. New York: Erlbaum.
Haytko, Diana L., and Julie Baker (2004), “It’s All at the Mall: Exploring Adolescent Girls’ Experiences,” Journal of Retailing, 80 (January), 67–83.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
Kang, Tang, Lee, Bosselman (2012). "Understanding customer behavior in name-brand Korean coffee shops: The role of self-congruity and functional congruity." International Journal of Hospitality Management: 809-818.
Kara Chan. (2008),"Social comparison of material possessions among adolescents", Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 11 Iss 3 pp. 316 - 330
Kastenholz, E. (2004). Assessment and role of destination-self-congruity. Annals of
Tourism Research, 31(3), 719-723.
Kwak, D.H. and Kang, J.-H. (2009), “Symbolic purchase in sport: the roles of self-image congruence and perceived quality”, Management Decision, Vol. 47 No. 1, pp. 85-99.
Levy, S. (1959). Symbols for sale. Harvard Business Review, 37, 117–124.
MacKenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., & Belch, G. E. (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising ef- fectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 130–143.
Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W.D. and Nyffenegger, B. (2011) Emotional brand attachment and brand personality: The relative importance of the actual and the ideal self. Journal of Marketing 75(4): 35–52.
Martin, C.A. and Bush, A.J. (2000), “Do role models influence teenagers’ purchase intentions and behavior?”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 441-53.
Hollenbaugh, E. E., & Ferris, A. L. (2014). Facebook self-disclosure: Examining the
role of traits, social cohesion, and motive. Computers in Human Behavior, 30,50–58.
Mow, WS; Vasiliauskas, EA; Lin, YC; Fleshner, PR; Papadakis, KA; Taylor, KD; Landers, CJ; Abreu-Martin, MT; Rotter, JI; Yang, H; Targan, SR. Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn`s disease. Gastroenterology 2004, 126, 414-424.
Najjar, H. I. F. (2008). "Assessing the effects of self-congruity, attitudes and customer satisfaction on customer behavioural intentions in retail environment." , Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 26 Iss 2 pp. 207 - 227
Naylor, R. W., Lamberton, C. P., & West, P. M. (2012). Beyond the “Like” Button: The impact of mere virtual presence on brand evaluation and purchase intentions in social media settings, American marketing association. Journal of Marketing, 76(6), 105-120.
Pempek, T., Yermolayeva, Y., & Calvert, S. (2009). College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 227–238.
Phau, I. and Prendergast, G. (2001) Consuming luxury brands: The relevance of the ‘rarity prin- ciple’. Journal of Brand Management 8(2): 122–137.
Richins, M. L. (1991). Social Comparison and the Idealized Images of Advertising, Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 71-83.
Rosenberg, Morris (1979), Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.
Sirgy, M.J. (1982), “Self-concept in consumer behavior: a critical review”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 287-300.
Sirgy, M. J. (1985), “Using Self-Congruity and Ideal Congruity to Predict Purchase Motivation.” Journal of Business Research 13, 3: 195–206.
Sirgy, M.J., Grewal, D., Mangleburg, T., Park, J.O., Chon, K., Claiborne, C.B., Johar, J.S. and Berkman, H. (1997), “Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-congruity”, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 25, pp. 229-41.
Sirgy, M.J. and Su, C. (2000), “Destination image, self-congruity, and travel behavior: toward an integrative model”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 340-352.
Sirgy, M.J., Grewal, D. and Mangleburg, T. (2000), “Retail environment, self-congruity, and retail patronage: an integrative model and a research agenda”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 49, pp. 127-38.
Sheldon, P. (2008). “The relationship between unwillingness to communicate and students’ Facebook use.” Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 67–75.
Smock, A. D., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., & Wohn, D. Y. (2011). Facebook as a toolkit: A uses and gratification approach to unbundling feature use. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2322–2329.
Walther, J., Van Der Heide, B., Kim, S., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. (2008). The role of friends’ appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook: Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34, 28–49.
Yue, X.D. and Cheung, K.C. (2000), “Selection of favorite idols and models among Chinese young people: a comparative study in Hong Kong and Nanjing”, International Journal of Behavioral Development, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 91-8.
Zeithaml, V. A, (1988), “Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A
means-end model and synthesis of evidence”, Journal of Marketing, Vol.52,No.3, pp.2-22
Zhang, B. and Kim, J.H. (2013), “Luxury fashion consumption in China: factors affecting attitude and purchase intent”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 68-79.
網路資料
Burson-Marsteller(2010), Global Social Media Checkup,取自http://www.slideshare.net/BMGlobalNews/global-social-media-checkup
資策會(2015)。〈Facebook使用現況分析〉。取自https://mic.iii.org.tw/micnew/Scholar/ResearchDtl.aspx?docid=CDOC20150206003
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