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題名 文藝復興晚期歐洲關於笑的解釋
The Explanation of Laughter in the Late Renaissance Europe作者 李佩樺
Li, Pei Hua貢獻者 周惠民
Chou, Whei Ming
李佩樺
Li, Pei Hua關鍵詞 笑
《靈魂的情緒》
醫學
體液說
解剖學
laughter
The Passions of the Soul
medical science
Humourism
anatomy日期 2017 上傳時間 1-Mar-2017 17:11:05 (UTC+8) 摘要 文藝復興時期人文主義學者關心人的課題，無論是宗教、文學、音樂、藝術等生活各個面向都可見其端倪，影響深遠甚至觸及感情和心理層面，這是從天國到塵世一個思想流變的過程。作為基本情緒表達，笑成為當代思想討論不可或缺一部分。由於崇尚古典文明，當時不少著名思想家重新檢視蘇格拉底、柏拉圖和亞里斯多德的作品，進而接觸希臘、羅馬時代重要議題：喜劇笑鬧是否合於禮教，由此他們展開笑的適切性辯證，如維渥斯(Juan Luis Vives , 1492-1540)在《靈魂的情緒》(The Passions of the Soul, 1538)裡面一章〈笑〉(Laughter)談到他對於笑和喜悅的看法，文詞間顯然承襲自古典學派的說法。同一時期，熟讀醫學典籍的醫家卻有其他觀察。像是法蘭西醫生茹貝爾(Laurent Joubert, 1529-1582)於1579 年出版醫學典籍《笑論》(Treatise of Laughter, 1579)，內文強調笑對身體療效，敘述人們透過這一行為改變不平衡的精神狀態，保持心智健全。不過，誠如文化史學家揭示般，整體而言，社會普遍存在縱情言笑的限制。綜觀文藝復興時期笑的論述，於古典體系底下，百花齊放，引起各方爭論的癥結點在於：到底引起笑的根本原因是什麼？這一問題影響日後歐洲思想發展，並且形成心理學的理論基礎。那麼，各家說法之間到底有什麼相似和差異？其論述的歷史發展如何？不同時代有關笑的醫學論述，是否存在連續與斷裂面向呢？其次，造成轉變的原因又是何在？本文試圖藉分析當代知識分子對於笑存在不同說法，藉此理清歷史演變的軌跡並回答問題。 本論文共計四章，第一章考察希臘羅馬時期哲學家和文人學者對於笑的態度，同時介紹古典醫學理論，以了解文藝復興晚期歐洲的知識份子具有的情緒觀念，以及背後存在的歷史淵源。第二章主要分析維渥斯與茹貝爾對於笑的看法，並且描述中古時期基督教會系統如何解釋笑，以及中古世紀的醫學發展。第三章闡述十七世紀有關笑的醫學論述，本文將深入探討十七世紀的醫學文獻，主要說明醫者如何透過以體液說為主的古代醫學理論，綜合外在因素與身體內部的運行方式，剖析笑的現象；另一方面，分析他們是怎麼透過解剖學知識來解釋笑發生的原因。第四章為本文結論，根據前三章的分析，綜觀文藝復興晚期文人學者與醫家的理論皆源自希臘和羅馬時期，爾後各自發展一套論述，哲學思想與古代醫學兩大理論系統，共同形塑十六、十七世紀歐洲笑的觀念與情緒表達的方式。
In the Renaissance, humanists concerned about issues regarding mankind, which is reflected on aspects of life including religion, literature, music, and arts, etc. This far-reaching influence even touches the emotional and psychological facets, representing a transformational process of thoughts from heaven to the mundane world. As a basic emotional expression, laughter has always been indispensable in the discussion on thoughts in the contemporary era. At that time, because of their appreciation for classical culture, many well-known thinkers re-examined the works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They then contacted the important issues of ancient Greece and Rome: whether laughter and joy in the comedy conformed to ethics; hence dialectic about the appropriateness of laughter began. For instance, one of the chapters in The Passions of the Soul, namely “Laughter”, Juan Luis Vives talked about his viewpoints of laughter and joy, which, between the lines, apparently followed the classicism. In the same period, a French doctor, Laurent Joubert, published a medical book titled Treatise of Laughter in 1579, emphasizing the curative effect of laughter and suggested that through this behavior people could treat their mental disorders and keep themselves healthy, physically and emotionally. However, as cultural historians revealed, in general, the content of constraints on laughing to one’s heart had commonly existed in the society. Overall, under the classical system, discourses on laughter in the Renaissance flourished, and the principles underlying different arguments lied on the reasons pertaining to the causes of the external behavior of laughter. This question influenced the later development of European thoughts, and formed the theoretical basis of psychology. Thus, what are the similarities and differences among various schools? How had their discourses developed? Are the medical discourses on laughter in the late Renaissance Europe continuous or discontinuous? In addition, what caused the transformation? The thesis tries to analyze the accounts of intellectuals in the late Renaissance Europe to figure out the historical developments and answer the questions above. This thesis has four chapters. The first chapter investigates the attitudes of the philosophers and humanists in ancient Greece and Rome towards laughter, and provides an introduction to the classical medical theory for understanding the historical context behind the emotional concepts of the intellectuals in the late Renaissance Europe. The second chapter focus on analyzing Vives’s and Joubert’s ideas on laughter. In addition, this chapter describes Christian interpretation of laughter and the development of medicine in the Middle Age. Chapter Three expounds the medical discourses on laughter in the seventeenth century, and will give an in-depth discussion on the contemporary medical literature to illustrate how doctors explained the cause of laughter through anatomy and how they, based on the ancient medical theory on Humourism, analyzed laughter by combining the external factors and the internaloperation in the body. Chapter Four sums up the thesis. Based on the previous three chapters, all the theories of the humanists and doctors derived from ancient Greece and Rome, and developed into two main theoretical systems, philosophy and medical science, respectively. Together they shaped the concept of laughter and emotional expressions in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe.參考文獻 一、史料1. Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. David Ross, Lesley Brown ed. New York:Oxford University Press,1980.2. —. Rhetoric, trans. Roberts W. Rhys. New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2004.3. —. Poetics, trans. 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Martin, Rod A., “Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health: Methodological Issues and Research Findings”, Psychology Bull, 127:4 (2001), 504-519.10. Skinner, Quentin. “Why Laughing Mattered in the Renaissance: The Second Henry Tudor Memorial Lecture”, University of Durham, England, 10 March 2000, History of Political Thought, 22:3(2001), 418-447.11. Strean, William B., “Laughter Prescription”, Canadian Family Physician, 55:10(2009), 965-967.12. Thomas, Keith. “The Place of Laughter in Tudor and Stuart England”, The Times Literary Supplement, 21 (1977), 77–81.13. Thorndike, Lynn. “Galen: The Man and His Times”, The Scientific Monthly,14:1(1922), 83-93.14. 楊明哲，〈李鴻章與近代西方醫學在中國的傳佈〉，《長庚人文社會學報》，第2 卷第2 期（2009 年10 月），299-340。15. 祝平一，〈身體、靈魂與天主：明末清初西學中的人體知識〉，《新史學》，第7 卷2 期（1996 年6 月），48。16. 李貞德，〈「笑疾」考——兼論中國中古醫者對喜樂的態度〉，《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》，第75 卷1 期（2004 年3 月），99-148。17. 陳恒安，〈歐洲文明對生命的認知〉，《科學發展》，第406 期（2006 年10 月），76-81。18. 丁福寧，〈亞理斯多德的靈魂不朽概念〉，《國立臺灣大學哲學論評》，第42 期（2011 年10 月），1-42。19. 花亦芬，〈跨越文藝復興女性畫像的格局——《蒙娜麗莎》的圖像源流與創新〉，《臺大文史哲學報》，第55 期（2001 年11 月），77-130。四、學位論文1. Fiona, Skelton. “The Content, Context and Influence of the Work of Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540).” Ph. D. diss., University of Glasgow, 1996.2. Jane L. Carroll, “The Paintings of Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen (1472 –1533).”Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina 1987.五、網路資料1. 陳恒安，〈尋回消失的病人：希臘羅馬的醫學與自然觀〉，收入｢桃園歷史文化館區｣： http://blog.udn.com/tyhistory/285090。（2016/3/22 點閱）2. 《線上辭源字典》：http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=laugh&allowed_in_frame=0；http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=laughter&allowed_in_frame=0。（2016/7/20 點閱）3. 《韋氏辭典》：http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laughter。http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laugh。（2016/7/20 點閱）4. 美國精神醫學會(American Psychiatric Association)網站：www.psych.orghttps://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-isdepression（2016/8/10 點閱）5. 孫中興，〈西賽羅論笑與詼諧/ 邯鄲淳《笑林》/《世說新語》〉，收入｢國立台灣大學開放式課程｣：http://ocw.aca.ntu.edu.tw/ntuocw/index.php/ocw/cou/102S101/6。（2016/11/13 點閱）六、圖片來源圖一、Unknown,“Kouros of Tenea,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile(New York: Basic Books, 2004), 12.圖二、無名作者，〈宙斯與狄米特之女〉(Kore)，引自安伯托艾可(Umberto Eco)著，彭淮棟譯，《美的歷史》(History of Beauty)（台北：聯經出版社，2006），73。圖三、Unknown, “Reglindis,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (NewYork: Basic Books, 2004), 119.圖片來源圖一、Unknown,“Kouros of Tenea,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 12.圖二、無名作者，〈宙斯與狄米特之女〉(Kore)，引自安伯托艾可(Umberto Eco)著，彭淮棟譯，《美的歷史》(History of Beauty)（台北：聯經出版社，2006），73。圖三、Unknown, “Reglindis,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (NewYork: Basic Books, 2004), 119.圖四、Unknown, “Equestrian Monument of Cangrande I della scala,” inAngus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 121.圖五、Leonardo da Vinci, “Mona Lisa,” in Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=&title=Mona+Lisa&comment=&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&location= (accessed November 19, 2016).圖六、Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen, “Laughing Fool,” in Davis Museum at Wellesley College:https://www.artsy.net/artwork/jacob-cornelisz-van-oostsanenlaughingfool (accessed November 19, 2016).圖七、Frans Hals, “Young man playing the lute,” in RKD portraits:http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceImages&search=priref=198736Musée (accessed November 19, 2016).圖 八、Frans Hals, “Gipsy Girl,” in Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=Frans+Hals&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=20&max=20&format=1 (accessedNovember 19, 2016).圖九、Frans Hals, “The Laughing Cavalier,” in Web Gallery of Art:http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/ search.cgi? author=Frans+Hals&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=120&max=20&format=1 (accessedNovember 19, 2016).圖十、Frans Hals, “TheMerry Drinker,” in Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=Frans+Hals&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=120&max=20&format=1 (accessedNovember 19, 2016).圖十一、Jan Steen, “Rhetoricians at a Window,” in Web Gallery of Art:http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=&title=Rhetorician+at+a+Window&comment=&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&location= (accessed November 19, 2016).圖十二、Jan Steen, “Self-Portrait as a Lutenist,” in Web Gallery of Art:http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=Jan+Steen&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=20&max=20&format=1 (accessed November 21, 2016).圖十三、Jan Steen, “The Merry Family,” in Publications on Art History: https://www.pubhist.com/person/101/jan-steen/works/paintings/of2(accessed November 21, 2016).圖十四、Jan Steen, “Twelfth Night,” in Publications on Art History:https://www.pubhist.com/person/101/jan-steen/works/paintings/of2(accessed November 21, 2016). 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
歷史學系
100153014資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1001530142 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 周惠民 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chou, Whei Ming en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李佩樺 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Li, Pei Hua en_US dc.creator (作者) 李佩樺 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Li, Pei Hua en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2017 17:11:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Mar-2017 17:11:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2017 17:11:05 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1001530142 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/106867 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 歷史學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100153014 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 文藝復興時期人文主義學者關心人的課題，無論是宗教、文學、音樂、藝術等生活各個面向都可見其端倪，影響深遠甚至觸及感情和心理層面，這是從天國到塵世一個思想流變的過程。作為基本情緒表達，笑成為當代思想討論不可或缺一部分。由於崇尚古典文明，當時不少著名思想家重新檢視蘇格拉底、柏拉圖和亞里斯多德的作品，進而接觸希臘、羅馬時代重要議題：喜劇笑鬧是否合於禮教，由此他們展開笑的適切性辯證，如維渥斯(Juan Luis Vives , 1492-1540)在《靈魂的情緒》(The Passions of the Soul, 1538)裡面一章〈笑〉(Laughter)談到他對於笑和喜悅的看法，文詞間顯然承襲自古典學派的說法。同一時期，熟讀醫學典籍的醫家卻有其他觀察。像是法蘭西醫生茹貝爾(Laurent Joubert, 1529-1582)於1579 年出版醫學典籍《笑論》(Treatise of Laughter, 1579)，內文強調笑對身體療效，敘述人們透過這一行為改變不平衡的精神狀態，保持心智健全。不過，誠如文化史學家揭示般，整體而言，社會普遍存在縱情言笑的限制。綜觀文藝復興時期笑的論述，於古典體系底下，百花齊放，引起各方爭論的癥結點在於：到底引起笑的根本原因是什麼？這一問題影響日後歐洲思想發展，並且形成心理學的理論基礎。那麼，各家說法之間到底有什麼相似和差異？其論述的歷史發展如何？不同時代有關笑的醫學論述，是否存在連續與斷裂面向呢？其次，造成轉變的原因又是何在？本文試圖藉分析當代知識分子對於笑存在不同說法，藉此理清歷史演變的軌跡並回答問題。 本論文共計四章，第一章考察希臘羅馬時期哲學家和文人學者對於笑的態度，同時介紹古典醫學理論，以了解文藝復興晚期歐洲的知識份子具有的情緒觀念，以及背後存在的歷史淵源。第二章主要分析維渥斯與茹貝爾對於笑的看法，並且描述中古時期基督教會系統如何解釋笑，以及中古世紀的醫學發展。第三章闡述十七世紀有關笑的醫學論述，本文將深入探討十七世紀的醫學文獻，主要說明醫者如何透過以體液說為主的古代醫學理論，綜合外在因素與身體內部的運行方式，剖析笑的現象；另一方面，分析他們是怎麼透過解剖學知識來解釋笑發生的原因。第四章為本文結論，根據前三章的分析，綜觀文藝復興晚期文人學者與醫家的理論皆源自希臘和羅馬時期，爾後各自發展一套論述，哲學思想與古代醫學兩大理論系統，共同形塑十六、十七世紀歐洲笑的觀念與情緒表達的方式。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the Renaissance, humanists concerned about issues regarding mankind, which is reflected on aspects of life including religion, literature, music, and arts, etc. This far-reaching influence even touches the emotional and psychological facets, representing a transformational process of thoughts from heaven to the mundane world. As a basic emotional expression, laughter has always been indispensable in the discussion on thoughts in the contemporary era. At that time, because of their appreciation for classical culture, many well-known thinkers re-examined the works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They then contacted the important issues of ancient Greece and Rome: whether laughter and joy in the comedy conformed to ethics; hence dialectic about the appropriateness of laughter began. For instance, one of the chapters in The Passions of the Soul, namely “Laughter”, Juan Luis Vives talked about his viewpoints of laughter and joy, which, between the lines, apparently followed the classicism. In the same period, a French doctor, Laurent Joubert, published a medical book titled Treatise of Laughter in 1579, emphasizing the curative effect of laughter and suggested that through this behavior people could treat their mental disorders and keep themselves healthy, physically and emotionally. However, as cultural historians revealed, in general, the content of constraints on laughing to one’s heart had commonly existed in the society. Overall, under the classical system, discourses on laughter in the Renaissance flourished, and the principles underlying different arguments lied on the reasons pertaining to the causes of the external behavior of laughter. This question influenced the later development of European thoughts, and formed the theoretical basis of psychology. Thus, what are the similarities and differences among various schools? How had their discourses developed? Are the medical discourses on laughter in the late Renaissance Europe continuous or discontinuous? In addition, what caused the transformation? The thesis tries to analyze the accounts of intellectuals in the late Renaissance Europe to figure out the historical developments and answer the questions above. This thesis has four chapters. The first chapter investigates the attitudes of the philosophers and humanists in ancient Greece and Rome towards laughter, and provides an introduction to the classical medical theory for understanding the historical context behind the emotional concepts of the intellectuals in the late Renaissance Europe. The second chapter focus on analyzing Vives’s and Joubert’s ideas on laughter. In addition, this chapter describes Christian interpretation of laughter and the development of medicine in the Middle Age. Chapter Three expounds the medical discourses on laughter in the seventeenth century, and will give an in-depth discussion on the contemporary medical literature to illustrate how doctors explained the cause of laughter through anatomy and how they, based on the ancient medical theory on Humourism, analyzed laughter by combining the external factors and the internaloperation in the body. Chapter Four sums up the thesis. Based on the previous three chapters, all the theories of the humanists and doctors derived from ancient Greece and Rome, and developed into two main theoretical systems, philosophy and medical science, respectively. Together they shaped the concept of laughter and emotional expressions in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 前言...........................1 研究動機.......................1 研究回顧.......................2 名詞解釋.......................6 史料..........................9 第一章、古典時期關於笑的討論............12 第一節、希臘羅馬時期看待笑的觀點........12 第二節、古典醫學理論的發展.............26 （一） 希波克拉底....................27 （二） 蓋倫.............29 （三） 體液說...........31 小結..................32 第二章、中世紀以後有關笑的討論.......36 第一節、中世紀教會對於笑的態度......36 第二節、中世紀的醫學發展............41 第三節、十六世紀醫學文獻關於喜悅和笑的探討.....43 （一） 維渥斯《靈魂的情緒》.................44 （二） 茹貝爾《笑論》......................54 小結.........................62 第三章、十七世紀科學化的心靈醫學.................64 第一節、伯頓《憂鬱的解剖》.....................64 第二節、笛卡爾《靈魂的情緒》...................70 小結..........83 第四章、結論.....................85 參考書目........................93 史料...........................93 研究論著.......................95 專書...........................95 期刊論文........................99 學位論文........................101 網路資料........................101 圖片來源........................102 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3458279 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1001530142 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 笑 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《靈魂的情緒》 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 醫學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 體液說 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 解剖學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) laughter en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) The Passions of the Soul en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) medical science en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Humourism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) anatomy en_US dc.title (題名) 文藝復興晚期歐洲關於笑的解釋 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Explanation of Laughter in the Late Renaissance Europe en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、史料1. Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. David Ross, Lesley Brown ed. New York:Oxford University Press,1980.2. —. Rhetoric, trans. Roberts W. Rhys. New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2004.3. —. Poetics, trans. Anthony Kenny. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.4. Aquinas, Thomas. The Summa Theologica of Saint Thomas Aquinas, trans.Dominican Province. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1952.5. Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica, vol. 5. New York: Cosimo Classics Inc.,1952.6. Benedict. The Rule of St. Benedict in English, Timothy Fry ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1998.7. Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy, Holbrook Jackson ed. New York:New York Review Books, 2001.8. Castiglione, Baldassare. The Book of the Courtier, trans. George Bull. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1976.9. Cicero, De Oratore, trans. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1948.10. Castelvetro, Lodovico. Castelvetro on the Art of Poetry, trans. Andrew Bongiorno. Binghamton, New York: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1984.11. Descartes, René. The Passions of the Soul, trans. Stephen Voss. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989.12. Hobbes, Thomas. The Elements of Law, J.C.A. Gaskin ed. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1994.13. —. Leviathan, Richard Tuck ed. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1996.14. Jorge Figueroa Dorrego and Cristina Larkin Galiñanes eds., A Source Book of Literary and Philosophical Writings about Humour and Laughter: The Seventy-Five Essential Texts from Antiquity to Modern times. Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.15. Vives, Juan Luis. The Passions of the Soul: The Third Book of De Anima et Vita, trans. Carlos G. Noreña. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.16. Joubert, Laurent. Treatise of Laughter, trans. Gregory David De Rocher. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1980.17. Plato. Republic, trans. H.D.P. Lee., Desmond Lee, ed., London: Penguin, 2007.18. —. Philebus, trans. Benjamin Jowett. Virginia: Virginia Tech, 2001.19. —. Laws, trans. Benjamin Jowett. California: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.20. Prynne, William. HistrioMastix. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1972.21. Wilson, Thomas. The Art of Rhetoric, G. H. Mair ed. Oxford: Benediction Classics, 2006.22. 柏拉圖 (Plato)著，張斌和譯，《理想國》(The Republic)，北京：商務印書館，1986。23. 柏拉圖 (Plato)著，王曉朝譯《柏拉圖全集》，第三卷，北京：人民出版社，2003。24. 亞里斯多德(Aristotle)著，廖申白譯，《尼各馬可倫理學》(The NicomacheanEthics)，北京：商務印書館，2003。25. 亞里斯多德 (Aristotle) 著，陳中梅譯，《詩學》(Poetics)，北京：商務印書館，1996。26. 亞里斯多德 (Aristotle) 著，顏一、崔延強譯，《論詩、修辭術》(Rhetoric)，台北：慧明文化，2001。27. 西塞羅 (Cicero) 著，王曉朝譯，《西塞羅全集：修辭學》 (De Oratore)，卷一，北京：人民出版社，2007。二、研究論著專書1. Arikha, Noga. Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours. New York: Harper Perennial, 2008.2. Alice, Allen. M., A History of Verona. London: Methuen & Co, 1910.3. Broomhall, Susan ed., Early Modern Emotions: An Introduction. New York:Routledge, 2016.4. Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984.5. Bloch, Marc. The Royal Touch, trans. J. E. Anderson. New York: Dorset Press, 1961.6. Berger, Peter L. Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension ofHuman Experience. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1997.7. Bremmer, Jan and Herman Roodenburg. eds., A Cultural History of Humour from Antiquity to the Present Day. Cambridge and Oxford: Polity Press and Blackwell Publishing, 1997.8. Bynum, William F., and Roy Porter. eds., Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. London: Routledge, 1993.9. Classen, Albrecht ed., Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times:Epistemology of a Fundamental Human Behavior, Its Meaning, and Consequences, Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2010.10. Clarke, Desmond M., Descartes: A Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.11. Conrad, Lawrence I., Neve, Michael. Nutton, Vivian. Porter, Roy. Wear, Andrew. The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.12. Chilvers, Ian. ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.13. Damásio, António. Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. NewYork: Avon Books, 1994.14. Debus, Allen G., and Michael T. Walton. Reading the Book of Nature: The Other Side of the Scientific Revolution. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1998.15. Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process, vol. 1: The History of Manners (1939), trans. Edmund Jephcott. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.16. —. The Civilizing Process, vol. 2: Power and Civility (1939), trans. EdmundJephcott. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982.17. Freud, Sigmund. Strachey, James ed., Jokes and their Relation to The Unconscious. New York: Norton, 1963.18. Franits, Wayne E., Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting: Its Stylistic and Thematic Evolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.19. Gowland, Angus. The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton inContext. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.20. Halliwell, Stephen. Greek Laughter: A Study of Cultural Psychology from Homer to Early Christianity. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.21. Lindberg, David C., The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.22. Liedtke, Walter. Frans Hals: Style and Substance. New York: MetropolitanMuseum of Art, 2011.23. Ménager, Daniel. La Renaissance et Le Rire. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995.24. Morreall, John. Taking Laughter Seriously. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.25. Morreall, John. ed., The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor. Albany: StateUniversity of New York Press, 1987.26. McGhee, Paul E., Health, Healing and the Amuse System: Humor as SurvivalTraining. Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1999.27. Noreña, Carlos G., Juan Luis Vives. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1970.28. —. A Vives Bibliography. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.29. Porter, Martin. Windows of the Soul: The Art of Physiognomy in European Culture 1470-1780. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.30. Pfister, Manfred. ed., A History of English Laughter: Laughter from Beowulf to Beckett and Beyond. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, 2002.31. Steggle, Matthew. Laughing and Weeping in Early Modern Theatres. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.32. Screech, Michael. A., Laughter at the Foot of the Cross. London: Penguin Press, 1997.33. Susan, James. Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-CenturyPhilosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.34. Sorrell, Tom. Descartes: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.35. Sanders, Barry. Sudden Glory: Laughter as Subversive History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.36. Snyder, James. Medieval Art: Painting-Sculpture-Architecture, 4th-14th Century. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1989.37. —. Art of the Middle Ages. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.38. Sutton, Peter C., Master of Seventeenth-Century Dutch Genre Painting.Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1984.39. Sommerstein, Alan H., Talking about Laughter: And Other Studies in GreekComedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.40. Trokhimenko, Olga V., Constructing Virtue and Vice: Femininity and Laughter in Courtly Society (ca. 1150–1300). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &. Ruprecht Unipress, 2014.41. Trumble, Angus., A Brief History of the Smile. New York: Basic Books, 2004.42. 克爾・瓦丁頓(Keir Waddington) 著，李尚仁譯，《歐洲醫療五百年》(AnIntroduction to the Social History of Medicine: Europe since 1500) ，臺北：左岸文化，2014。43. 若伊・波特(Roy Porter) 著，王道還譯，《醫學簡史》(Blood and Guts: A ShortHistory of Medicine) ，臺北：商周出版社，2005。44. 范行準，《明季西洋傳入之醫學》，上海：上海人民出版社，2012。45. 羅伯特・伯頓(Robert Burton) 著，馮環譯，《憂鬱的解剖（精簡本）》(TheAnatomy of Melancholy)，北京：金城出版社，2012。46. 傅柯(Michel Foucault) 著，劉絮愷譯，《臨床醫學的誕生》(The Birth of theClinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception) ，臺北：時報文化，1994。47. 徐學庸，《道德與合理：西洋古代倫理議題研究》，台北：唐山出版社，2009。48. 若伊・波特(Roy Porter) 主編，張大慶等合譯，《劍橋插圖醫學史》(TheCambridge Illustrated History of Medicine)，濟南：山東畫報出版社，2007。49. 洛伊斯・瑪格納 (Lois N. Magner) 著，劉學禮等合譯，《醫學史》 (A Historyof Medicine) ，上海：上海人民出版社，2009。50. 羅伯托・瑪格塔 (Roberto Margotta) 著，李城 譯，《醫學的歷史》(History ofMedicine) ，臺北：究竟出版社，2005。51. 阿克塞爾・凱恩(Axel Kahn)等著，閆素偉譯，《西醫的故事》(Une Histoire dela Médecine) ，北京：商務出版社，2015。52. 中央研究院歷史語言研究所生命醫療史研究室主編，《中國史新論．醫療史分冊》，台北：聯經出版社，2015。53. 安伯托艾可(Umberto Eco) 著，彭淮棟譯，《美的歷史》(History of Beauty)，台北：聯經出版社，2006。54. 林鴻信，《基督宗教思想史（上）》，台北：國立臺灣大學出版中心，2013。55. 張心龍，《西洋美術史之旅》，台北：雄獅圖書公司，1999。56. 伍德福特(Susan Woodford) 著，羅通秀譯，《劍橋藝術史：希臘羅馬》(The Artof Greece and Rome) 第二冊，台北：桂冠圖書公司，2000。57. 塔貝爾(Frank B. Tarbell) 著，殷亞平譯，《希臘藝術史》 (A History of GreekArt) ，上海：格致出版社，2010。三、期刊論文1. Aird, William C., “Discovery of the Cardiovascular System: from Galen to William Harvey”, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 9: Supplement s1 (2011), 118-129.2. Anstey, Peter R., “De Anima and Descartes: Making up Aristotle`s Mind”, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 17:3 (2000), 237-260.3. Berhouma, Moncef. “Beyond the Pineal Gland Assumption: A Neuroanatomical Appraisal of Dualism in Descartes` Philosophy”, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 115(2013), 1661-1670.4. Fudge, Erica. “Learning to Laugh: Children and Being Human in Early ModernThought”, Textual Practice, 17:2(2003), 277-294.5. Foyster, Elizabeth. “A Laughing Matter? Marital Discord and Gender Control in Seventeenth-Century England”, Rural History, 4 :1(1993), 5-21.6. Fleming, Donald. “Galen on the Motion of the Blood in the Heart and Lungs”,History and Science Society, 46:1(1955), 14-21.7. Ghose, Indira. “The Paradoxes of Early Modern Laughter: Laurent Joubert’s Traité du Ris”, in Medieval and Early Modern Literature, Science and Medicine, Rachel Falconer and Denis Renevey eds., Swiss Papers in English Language and Literature 28 (Tuebingen: Narr, 2013), 19-31.8. Kaufman, Gloria. “Juan Luis Vves on the Education of Women”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3 (1978), 891-896.9. Martin, Rod A., “Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health: Methodological Issues and Research Findings”, Psychology Bull, 127:4 (2001), 504-519.10. Skinner, Quentin. “Why Laughing Mattered in the Renaissance: The Second Henry Tudor Memorial Lecture”, University of Durham, England, 10 March 2000, History of Political Thought, 22:3(2001), 418-447.11. Strean, William B., “Laughter Prescription”, Canadian Family Physician, 55:10(2009), 965-967.12. Thomas, Keith. “The Place of Laughter in Tudor and Stuart England”, The Times Literary Supplement, 21 (1977), 77–81.13. Thorndike, Lynn. “Galen: The Man and His Times”, The Scientific Monthly,14:1(1922), 83-93.14. 楊明哲，〈李鴻章與近代西方醫學在中國的傳佈〉，《長庚人文社會學報》，第2 卷第2 期（2009 年10 月），299-340。15. 祝平一，〈身體、靈魂與天主：明末清初西學中的人體知識〉，《新史學》，第7 卷2 期（1996 年6 月），48。16. 李貞德，〈「笑疾」考——兼論中國中古醫者對喜樂的態度〉，《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》，第75 卷1 期（2004 年3 月），99-148。17. 陳恒安，〈歐洲文明對生命的認知〉，《科學發展》，第406 期（2006 年10 月），76-81。18. 丁福寧，〈亞理斯多德的靈魂不朽概念〉，《國立臺灣大學哲學論評》，第42 期（2011 年10 月），1-42。19. 花亦芬，〈跨越文藝復興女性畫像的格局——《蒙娜麗莎》的圖像源流與創新〉，《臺大文史哲學報》，第55 期（2001 年11 月），77-130。四、學位論文1. Fiona, Skelton. “The Content, Context and Influence of the Work of Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540).” Ph. D. diss., University of Glasgow, 1996.2. Jane L. Carroll, “The Paintings of Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen (1472 –1533).”Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina 1987.五、網路資料1. 陳恒安，〈尋回消失的病人：希臘羅馬的醫學與自然觀〉，收入｢桃園歷史文化館區｣： http://blog.udn.com/tyhistory/285090。（2016/3/22 點閱）2. 《線上辭源字典》：http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=laugh&allowed_in_frame=0；http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=laughter&allowed_in_frame=0。（2016/7/20 點閱）3. 《韋氏辭典》：http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laughter。http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laugh。（2016/7/20 點閱）4. 美國精神醫學會(American Psychiatric Association)網站：www.psych.orghttps://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-isdepression（2016/8/10 點閱）5. 孫中興，〈西賽羅論笑與詼諧/ 邯鄲淳《笑林》/《世說新語》〉，收入｢國立台灣大學開放式課程｣：http://ocw.aca.ntu.edu.tw/ntuocw/index.php/ocw/cou/102S101/6。（2016/11/13 點閱）六、圖片來源圖一、Unknown,“Kouros of Tenea,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile(New York: Basic Books, 2004), 12.圖二、無名作者，〈宙斯與狄米特之女〉(Kore)，引自安伯托艾可(Umberto Eco)著，彭淮棟譯，《美的歷史》(History of Beauty)（台北：聯經出版社，2006），73。圖三、Unknown, “Reglindis,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (NewYork: Basic Books, 2004), 119.圖片來源圖一、Unknown,“Kouros of Tenea,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 12.圖二、無名作者，〈宙斯與狄米特之女〉(Kore)，引自安伯托艾可(Umberto Eco)著，彭淮棟譯，《美的歷史》(History of Beauty)（台北：聯經出版社，2006），73。圖三、Unknown, “Reglindis,” in Angus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (NewYork: Basic Books, 2004), 119.圖四、Unknown, “Equestrian Monument of Cangrande I della scala,” inAngus Trumble, A Brief History of the Smile (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 121.圖五、Leonardo da Vinci, “Mona Lisa,” in Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=&title=Mona+Lisa&comment=&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&location= (accessed November 19, 2016).圖六、Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen, “Laughing Fool,” in Davis Museum at Wellesley College:https://www.artsy.net/artwork/jacob-cornelisz-van-oostsanenlaughingfool (accessed November 19, 2016).圖七、Frans Hals, “Young man playing the lute,” in RKD portraits:http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceImages&search=priref=198736Musée (accessed November 19, 2016).圖 八、Frans Hals, “Gipsy Girl,” in Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=Frans+Hals&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=20&max=20&format=1 (accessedNovember 19, 2016).圖九、Frans Hals, “The Laughing Cavalier,” in Web Gallery of Art:http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/ search.cgi? author=Frans+Hals&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=120&max=20&format=1 (accessedNovember 19, 2016).圖十、Frans Hals, “TheMerry Drinker,” in Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=Frans+Hals&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=120&max=20&format=1 (accessedNovember 19, 2016).圖十一、Jan Steen, “Rhetoricians at a Window,” in Web Gallery of Art:http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=&title=Rhetorician+at+a+Window&comment=&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&location= (accessed November 19, 2016).圖十二、Jan Steen, “Self-Portrait as a Lutenist,” in Web Gallery of Art:http://www.wga.hu/cgibin/search.cgi?author=Jan+Steen&time=any&school=any&form=any&type=any&title=&comment=&location=&from=20&max=20&format=1 (accessed November 21, 2016).圖十三、Jan Steen, “The Merry Family,” in Publications on Art History: https://www.pubhist.com/person/101/jan-steen/works/paintings/of2(accessed November 21, 2016).圖十四、Jan Steen, “Twelfth Night,” in Publications on Art History:https://www.pubhist.com/person/101/jan-steen/works/paintings/of2(accessed November 21, 2016). zh_TW
