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題名 後冷戰時期美國與巴西關係的演變與發展: 從區域整合的角度分析
The change and development of US-Brazil relations in the post-Cold War era: the perspective of regional integration
作者 林千郁
Lin, Chien Yu
貢獻者 鄧中堅
Teng, Chung Chian
林千郁
Lin, Chien Yu
關鍵詞 美洲自由貿易區
南美共同市場
北美自由貿易區
區域整合
新自由主義
拉美區域主義
美洲區域主義
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
MERCOSUR
NAFTA
regional integration
neoliberalism
Latin American regionalism
American regionalism
日期 2017
上傳時間 1-Mar-2017 17:31:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 蔚為金磚四國的巴西屬拉丁美洲國家中發展最快速的國家,其近年來的崛起也使其在南美洲及拉丁美洲的重要性越形顯著。而美國自門羅主義以來在拉美保持主導地位的一貫歷史脈絡也使美國更重視巴西的崛起及與巴西之間雙邊關係,故美巴關係之研究甚多,而本論文以美巴雙邊關係以及其在區域整合的互動作為主要研究標的,且本論文認為兩國的雙邊關係是屬於既衝突又合作的亦敵亦友關係,意即兩國即使長期為盟友關係,仍有許多在雙邊與多邊的經貿、政治軍事、社會環保、及全球場域議題等等的衝突與分歧。

再者,本論文聚焦在區域整合的範疇下,美巴兩國衝突多於合作的互動關係部分。有鑒於美洲自由貿易區(FTAA)為美巴在美洲區域整合歷程中最重要的平台,本論文以美巴在美洲自由貿易區的互動為例。美洲自貿區自1994年美洲首腦會議的成立至2004年馬德普拉塔美洲首腦會議正式宣告談判破局之間,成員國之間意見嚴重分歧無法取得共識,而至今尚未重新展開談判。談判破局因素繁多,包括成員國太多利益難以匯聚、各國發展程度不同等等,然而本論文認為最重要的因素為美巴兩國之間的分歧導致談判的破局。故本論文著重在分析美巴在美洲自貿區談判回合談判破裂的成因、內容與後續影響。而本論文於文末評估美巴雙方針對美洲自貿區議題可能持續分歧,自貿區談判回合短期內重啟的可能性較低,但長期仍待觀察。即使本論文認為美巴在自貿區的互動由於對自由貿易見解及對區域整合認知的不同而為衝突大於合作,本論文仍不否定美巴在各領域的合作層面。
Brazil, as the most developed country in the South America and member of BRICS, occupies more and more important status in South America and Latin America after its upcoming rising. The U.S., under the Monroe Doctrine that stressed the leading role in Latin America, thus grows more attention and stress on Brazil and bilateral relationship. This thesis focuses mainly on the U.S.-Brazil bilateral relationship, especially from regional integration. Also, the author argues that bilateral relationship belongs to one that includes both cooperation and conflict, which makes the relationship more complicated in issues including bilateral and multilateral economic, military, politic, and social and environmental issues.

What’s more, the author argues that the US-brazil bilateral relationship, under the perspective of regional integration, contains more conflicts than cooperation, and the author studies the relationship via the Free Trade of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA suffers numerous conflicts among members, especially from the co-chairship the US and Brazil, and it finally was officially announced the failure of meeting agreement and postpone the negotiation rounds in 2005. Of course there are many reasons that explain the failure, but the paper wanted to focus on the conflict between these two countries, and the reasons why their opinions clash and how they reacted after the failure in 2005. The paper also agrees the difficulty of reopening the negotiation rounds in the near future considering nowadays situation. Though this paper focuses on the conflict aspect of the bilateral relationship, it doesn’t veto the cooperation made in other issues or aspects from the two countries.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
102253008
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄧中堅zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Teng, Chung Chianen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林千郁zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Chien Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林千郁zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Chien Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2017 17:31:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2017 17:31:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2017 17:31:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102253008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/106971-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102253008zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 蔚為金磚四國的巴西屬拉丁美洲國家中發展最快速的國家,其近年來的崛起也使其在南美洲及拉丁美洲的重要性越形顯著。而美國自門羅主義以來在拉美保持主導地位的一貫歷史脈絡也使美國更重視巴西的崛起及與巴西之間雙邊關係,故美巴關係之研究甚多,而本論文以美巴雙邊關係以及其在區域整合的互動作為主要研究標的,且本論文認為兩國的雙邊關係是屬於既衝突又合作的亦敵亦友關係,意即兩國即使長期為盟友關係,仍有許多在雙邊與多邊的經貿、政治軍事、社會環保、及全球場域議題等等的衝突與分歧。

再者,本論文聚焦在區域整合的範疇下,美巴兩國衝突多於合作的互動關係部分。有鑒於美洲自由貿易區(FTAA)為美巴在美洲區域整合歷程中最重要的平台,本論文以美巴在美洲自由貿易區的互動為例。美洲自貿區自1994年美洲首腦會議的成立至2004年馬德普拉塔美洲首腦會議正式宣告談判破局之間,成員國之間意見嚴重分歧無法取得共識,而至今尚未重新展開談判。談判破局因素繁多,包括成員國太多利益難以匯聚、各國發展程度不同等等,然而本論文認為最重要的因素為美巴兩國之間的分歧導致談判的破局。故本論文著重在分析美巴在美洲自貿區談判回合談判破裂的成因、內容與後續影響。而本論文於文末評估美巴雙方針對美洲自貿區議題可能持續分歧,自貿區談判回合短期內重啟的可能性較低,但長期仍待觀察。即使本論文認為美巴在自貿區的互動由於對自由貿易見解及對區域整合認知的不同而為衝突大於合作,本論文仍不否定美巴在各領域的合作層面。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Brazil, as the most developed country in the South America and member of BRICS, occupies more and more important status in South America and Latin America after its upcoming rising. The U.S., under the Monroe Doctrine that stressed the leading role in Latin America, thus grows more attention and stress on Brazil and bilateral relationship. This thesis focuses mainly on the U.S.-Brazil bilateral relationship, especially from regional integration. Also, the author argues that bilateral relationship belongs to one that includes both cooperation and conflict, which makes the relationship more complicated in issues including bilateral and multilateral economic, military, politic, and social and environmental issues.

What’s more, the author argues that the US-brazil bilateral relationship, under the perspective of regional integration, contains more conflicts than cooperation, and the author studies the relationship via the Free Trade of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA suffers numerous conflicts among members, especially from the co-chairship the US and Brazil, and it finally was officially announced the failure of meeting agreement and postpone the negotiation rounds in 2005. Of course there are many reasons that explain the failure, but the paper wanted to focus on the conflict between these two countries, and the reasons why their opinions clash and how they reacted after the failure in 2005. The paper also agrees the difficulty of reopening the negotiation rounds in the near future considering nowadays situation. Though this paper focuses on the conflict aspect of the bilateral relationship, it doesn’t veto the cooperation made in other issues or aspects from the two countries.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機、背景、目的與主要論點 1
一、研究動機 1
二、研究背景 2
三、研究目的 4
四、主要論點 5
第二節 文獻檢閱 5
一、美巴關係檢驗 5
二、以新自由主義檢驗美洲區域整合 8
三、美洲自由貿易區的發展與未來的評估 12
第三節 研究途徑與方法 14
一、研究途徑 14
二、研究方法 16
第四節 研究架構與章節安排 17
一、研究架構 18
二、章節安排 18
第五節 研究範圍與限制 20
一、研究範圍 20
二、研究限制 21
第二章 美巴關係之發展與演變 22
第一節 冷戰時期迄今整體美巴關係 22
一、兩國雙邊關係的整體與歷史背景 22
二、亦敵亦友的雙邊關係:合作與衝突並存 24
三、美國如何面對崛起的巴西? 26
第二節 美巴經貿上的合作與衝突 28
一、影響美巴經貿關係的四面向 28
二、兩國之間經貿往來 30
三、全球與區域主義:多邊經貿場域的對立 31
四、美國對巴西的經援:華盛頓共識在巴西的失敗與轉變 35
第三節 美巴政治上的合作與衝突 36
一、冷戰反共盟友關係及關係的質變 37
二、後冷戰時期全球/區域政治與安全、核武議題 38
第四節 小結 43
第三章 美國在區域整合的策略與作為 45
第一節 美國對外貿易政策 45
一、美國對外貿易政策的經濟新自由主義基礎 45
二、美國對外貿易政策的非經濟因素考量 46
第二節 美國對區域整合的國家利益 48
一、美國對區域整合的認知與戰略:泛美洲主義 48
二、美國對區域整合的國家利益 52
三、美國對區域整合的策略與作為:符合美國利益的泛美洲整合 55
第三節 北美整合:北美自由貿易區 57
一、北美自由貿易區(NAFTA) 57
二、美國在北美自由貿易區的角色、利益與策略 59
三、北美自由貿易區經驗:作為美國未來美洲整合談判的基礎與模型 61
第四節 美洲整合:美洲自由倡議與美洲自由貿易區 63
一、美洲自由貿易區(FTAA) 63
二、美洲自由貿易區對美國的重要性與利益 64
三、美國在美洲自由貿易區的策略與作為 70
第五節 小結 73
第四章 巴西在區域整合的策略與作為 75
第一節 巴西對外貿易政策 75
一、冷戰時期巴西對外貿易政策:進口替代、出口擴張、自由化接受與修正 75
二、1980s到21世紀新自由主義的接受與修正:國家角色重要性的屹立不搖 79
三、21世紀全球主義與區域主義:崛起的全球與區域強權 82
四、巴西對外貿易談判策略的轉變:從卡多索到魯拉 83
五、評論:巴西模式 84
第二節 巴西對區域整合的國家利益 86
一、巴西對區域整合的認知與戰略:拉美主義 86
二、巴西對區域整合的國家利益 90
三、巴西對區域整合的策略與作為:符合巴西利益的拉美整合 92
第三節 南美整合:南美共同市場與南美共同體 95
一、南美共同市場(MERCOSUR)與南美共同體(UNASUR) 95
二、巴西在南美共同市場與南美共同體的利益與角色 96
第四節 美洲整合:巴西在美洲自由貿易區 97
一、巴西面對美國主導美洲區域整合的整體態度與策略 97
二、巴西在美洲自由貿易區的策略與作為 99
三、巴西在美洲自由貿易區的角色與談判過程 101
第五節 小結 103
第五章 從區域整合解構美巴關係之發展與演變 105
第一節 美巴在美洲自由貿易區談判破裂 105
一、美洲自由貿易區談判回合歷程與談判破裂的形成 105
二、美洲自由貿易區談判破裂的主因:美巴之間的歧見 109
第二節 美巴經濟自由化的程度深淺 117
一、美巴經濟活動共同點:自由主義市場經濟框架 117
二、美巴經濟活動差異點:自由化程度與國家角色干預程度 119
三、美巴經濟自由化程度差異:NAFTA v.s. MERCOSUR 125
四、小結:回歸美巴在美洲自由貿易區談判破裂原因 130
第三節 美巴對區域整合的定義與發展方向的認知差異 131
一、美洲兩種整合模式:泛美洲主義v.s. 拉美主義 131
二、美巴對區域整合的認知及戰略差異 133
三、美巴對區域整合途徑及方法差異 134
四、美巴在區域整合作為的衝突:NAFTA v.s. MERCOSUR 139
五、小結:回歸美巴在美洲自由貿易區談判破裂原因 142
第四節 美巴在自貿區談判僵局的後續發展 143
一、美國:加強與其他拉美國家雙邊FTA 143
二、巴西:加強拉美區域整合以及與區域外行為者關係 144
三、評估:美巴的持續分歧與美洲自由貿易區重啟談判的消極態度 144
第五節 小結 146
第六章 結論 148
一、美巴整體雙邊關係 148
二、美國區域整合策略與作為 148
三、巴西區域整合策略與作為 149
第一節 研究發現 149
一、美巴經濟差異:自由化程度與國家角色干預程度 151
二、美巴區域整合及戰略差異:泛美洲主義與拉美主義 153
三、未來美洲自由貿易區重啟談判的評估 154
第二節 未來研究建議 154
參考文獻 156
附錄 166
附件一、相關組織及專有名詞譯名及英西文縮寫對照表 176
附件二、美洲自由貿易區談判回合組織架構及目標 178
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2610979 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美洲自由貿易區zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 南美共同市場zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 北美自由貿易區zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 區域整合zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新自由主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拉美區域主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美洲區域主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) MERCOSURen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) NAFTAen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) regional integrationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) neoliberalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Latin American regionalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) American regionalismen_US
dc.title (題名) 後冷戰時期美國與巴西關係的演變與發展: 從區域整合的角度分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The change and development of US-Brazil relations in the post-Cold War era: the perspective of regional integrationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分

(一)專書

任克敏,區域經貿理論與實務,(臺北:全威圖書有限公司,2006年)。
劉振環,美國貿易政策研究,(北京:法律出版社,2010年)。
張亞中,左正東主編,國際關係總論,(新北:揚智文化,2011年)。
楊永明,國際關係,(台北:前程文化,2010年)。
張才國,新自由主義意識形態,(北京:中央編譯出版社,2007年)。
袁方主編,社會研究方法,(台北:五南圖書出版公司,2002年)。
鈕文英,質性研究寫作與方法,(台北:雙葉書廊有限公司,2012年)。
蘇振興、徐文淵主編,拉丁美洲國家經濟發展戰略研究,(北京:北京大學出
版社,1987年)。
鄧中堅主編、向駿著,拉丁美洲七講,(台北:五南圖書出版公司,2013年)。
陳牧民、陳宛郁,圖解國際關係,(台北:五南圖書出版公司,2013年)。
陳添枝主編,自由貿易區與國際政治經濟,(臺北:財團法人兩岸交流遠景基
金會,2007年)。

(二)期刊論文

郝培芝,「亞歐會議形成的結構性動力與意義:從新區域主義的觀點分析」,問
題與研究,第1卷第43期(2004年),頁125-144。
石雅如,「墨西哥的新自由主義政策─ ─加入北美自由貿易協定之觀察」,國際
研究季刊,第8卷第3期(2012年),頁77-98。
邱稔壤,「美洲國家組織推動拉丁美洲國家民主化之作為:以秘魯觀選團為例」,
問題與研究,第40卷第4期(2001年7/8月),頁41-63。
鄧中堅,「崛起的中國在拉丁美洲的政策與作為:追求霸權或是建立夥伴關係」,
國際關係學報,第23期(2007年1月),頁15-55。

(三)研究報告

鄧中堅、蔡東杰,「中等權力國家在全球結構中的外交政策:比較巴西與墨西哥
的例子」,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(個別型計畫:2000年8月1日至2001年7月31日),政大外交系執行(2002年4月30日),,(檢索日期:2016年8月1日)。

(四)會議論文集

賴怡忠,「美國的自由貿易協定政策-策略、過程、與美台FTA」,台灣國際研
究學會「各國FTA研討會」,台灣大學社會科學院國際會議廳(2014年4月13日),頁1-14,(檢索日期:2016年10月24日)。

(五)官網及官方文件

美洲開發銀行,外交部,
,(檢索日期:2016年8月1日)。
美洲開發銀行,國合會,
,(檢索日
期:2016年8月1日)。
北美自由貿易協定,經濟部國貿局,
,(檢索日期:2016年5月1日)。
北美自由貿易協定中文摘譯版序言,經濟部國貿局,
,(檢索日期:2016年5月1日)。

(六)新聞及報章雜誌

“外資紛湧入,巴西黑奧強強滾”,ING投信提供,MoneyDJ財經知識庫,(2010
年3月8日)。
(檢索日期:2016年7月1日)。

二、外文部分

(一)Books

Abbott, Frederick M., Law and Policy of Regional Integration: The NAFTA and
Western Hemispheric Integration in the World Trade Organization System (MA:
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995).
Appleton, Barry, Navigating NAFTA: A Concise User’s Guide to the North American
Free Trade Agreement (Scarborough, Ontario: Carswell, 1994).
Atkins, G. Pope, Latin America in the International Political System (Boulder, CO:
Westview Press, 1995).
Barry, Donald, Mark O. Dickerson, and James Gaisford eds., Toward a North
American community? Canada, the United States, and Mexico (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Anne O. Krueger, The Dangerous Drift to Preferential Trade
Agreements (Washington DC: The American Enterprise Insitute (AEI) Press, 1995).
Brainard, Lael and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, eds., Brazil as an Economic
Superpower? Understanding Brazil’s Changing Role in the Global Economy (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2009).
Brewer, Thomas L. and Galvin Boyd, Globalizing America: The USA in World
Integration (MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., 2000).
Bruszt, László and Gerald A. McDermott, eds., Leveling the Playing Field:
Transnational Regulatory Integration and Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
Burges, Sean W., Brazilian Foreign Policy after the Cold War (Gainesville:
University Press of Florida, 2009).
Cason, Jeffrey W., Political Economy of Integration: The Experience of Mercosur
(NY: Routledge, 2011).
Chacel, Julian M., M.Chacel, Pamela S. Falk, and David V. Fleischer, eds., Brazil’s
Economic and Political Future (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1988).
Chomsky, Noam, Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and World Order (NY: Seven
Stories Press, 1999), pp.1-16, , (Accessed April 3, 2015).
Chorev, Nitsan, Remaking U.S. Trade Policy: From Protectionism to Globalization
(USA: Cornell University Press, 2007).
Clement, Norris C., Gustavo del Castillo Vera…(et al), North American Economic
Integration: Theory and Practice (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1999).
Conte, Christopher, Albert R. Karr, Outline of the US Economy, Office of
International Information Programs (Washington DC: United States Department of State (USDOS), 2001). See USDOS at , (Accessed June 28, 2016).
Crandall, Russell C., The United States and Latin America after the Cold War (NY:
Cambridge University Press, 2008).
Demmers, Jolle, Alex E. Fernández Jiberto and Barbara Hogenboom, eds., Good
Governance in the Era of Global Neoliberalism: Conflict and Depolitisation in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa (NY: Routledge, 2004)
Dorn, James A. and Roberto Salinas-León, eds., Money and Markets in the Americas:
New Challenges for Hemispheric Integration (Vancouver, CA: The Fraser Institute, 1996).
Edwards, Todd L., Brazil: A Global Studies Handbook (California: ABC-CLIO,
2008).
England, Kim and Kevin Ward, eds., Neoliberalization: States, Networks, Peoples,
(MA, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007).
Evans, Peter, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and
Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
Fawcett, Louise and Mónica Serrano, eds., Regionalism and Governance in the
Americas:Continental Drift (NY: Palgrave Macmillian, 2005).
Ferraz, João Carlos, Howard Rush, and Ian Miles, eds., Development, Technology and
Flexibility: Brazil Faces the Industrial Divide (NY: Routledge, 1992).
Feinberg, Richard, “US Trade Policy”, in Summitry in the Americas: A Progress
Report (Washington DC: Institute for International Economy, 1997), , (Accessed June 14, 2016).
Foreign Policy editorial staff, Foreign Policy on Latin America 1970-1980 (Boulder
CO and Washington DC: Westview Press and Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, 1983).
Fontaine, Roger W., Brazil and the United States: Toward a Maturing Relationship
(Washington D.C.: AEI-Hoover Policy Study, 1974).
Frieden, Jeffrey A., Debt, Development and Democracy: Modern Political Economy
and Latin America, 1965-1985 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press: 1991).
Gilpin, Robert, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1987).
Gilpin, Robert, U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation (NY: Basic Books,
Inc., 1975).
Hänggi, Heiner, Ralf Roloff and Jürgen Rüland eds., Interregionalism and
International Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2006).
Hettne, Björn, Andras inotai, and Osvaldo, eds., Globalism and the New Regionalism
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian, 1999).
Hirst, Mônica, The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations
(NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Books, Inc., 2005).
Hirst, Mônica, Understanding Brazil-United States Relations : Contemporary
History, Current Complexities and Prospects for the 21st century (Brasília: FUNAG, 2013). See gov. br at , (Assessed January 31, 2017).
Hudson, Rex A., Brazil: A Country Study, Area Handbook Series, Federal Research
Division (Washington DC: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1998) , , (Accessed January 4, 2016).
Hussain, Imtiaz and Roberto Dominguez, North American Regionalism and Global
Spread (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
Keohane, Robert O., “Hegemonic Cooperation in the Postwar Era”, After Hegemony:
Cooperation and Discord in the World Economy (US: Princeton University Press, 2005).
Krauss, Melvyn, How Nations Grow Rich: The Case for Free Trade (NY: Oxford
University Press, 1997).
Lipsey, Richard. G. and Patricio Meller, eds., Western Hemisphere Trade Integration:
A Canadian-Latin Amercan Dialogue, International Political Economy Series (NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1997).
Lorenzo, Fernando and Marcel Vaillant eds., MERCOSUR and the Creation of the
Free Trade of the Americas, Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas
no.14, (Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, September 2003), , (Accessed July 15, 2016).
Love, Joseph L. and Werner Baer, Brazil under Lula: Economy, Politics and Society
under the Worker-President (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
Lowenthal, Abraham F., Partners in Conflict: The United States and Latin America in
the 1990s (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopskins University Press, 1990).
Lustig, Nora, Barry P. Bosworth, and Robert C. Lawrence, eds., North American Free
Trade: Assessing the Impact (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1992).
Mace, Gordon and Jean-Philippe Thérien, eds., Foreign Policy and Regionalism in
the Americas (Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1996).
Mace, Gordon, Louis Bélanger, and contributors, eds., The Americas in Transition:
The Contours of Regionalism (Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1999).
Mace Gordon, Andrew F. Cooper and Timothy M. Shaw eds., Inter-American
Cooperation at a Crossroads (NY: Palgrave Macmillian, 2011).
Marks, Siegfried, ed., Political Constraints on Brazil’s Economic Development, Rio
de Janeiro Conference Edited Proceedings and Papers, (USA: North-South Center, University of Miami, 1993).
Mattli, Walter, The Logic of Regional Integration Europe and Beyond (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1999). , (Accessed June 1, 2016).
McKinney, Joseph A. and H. Stephen Gardner, eds., Economic Integration in the
Americas (NY: Routledge, 2008).
Montero, Alfred P., Brazil: Reversal of Fortune (MA: Polity Press, 2014).
Molineu, Harold, U.S. Policy Toward Latin America: From Regionalism to Globalism
(Colorado: Westview Press, 1990).
Morales, Isidro, Post-NAFTA North America: Reshaping the Economic and Political
Governance of a Changing Region (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
Murphy, Gretchen, Hemispheric Imaginings: The Monroe Doctrine and Narratives of
U.S. Empire (US: Duke University Press, 2005).
Nader, Ralph, William Greider, Margaret Atwood, David Philips, and Pat Choate,
eds., The Case Against Free Trade: GATT, NAFTA, and the Globalization of Corporate Power (San Francisco, CA: Earth Island Press, 1993).
Raymont, Henry, Troubled Neighbors- The Story of US-Latin American Relations
from FDR to the Present (US: The Century Foundation Inc. and Westview Press, 2005).
Rich, Patricia Gray, ed., Latin America: Its Future in the Global Economy (NY:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
Rohter, Larry, Brazil on the Rise: The Story of a Country Transformed (NY: Palgrave
Macmillan: 2010).
Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego and Kenneth C. Shadlen, eds., The Political Economy of
Hemispheric Integration- Responding to Globalization in the Americas (NY: Palgrave Macmillian, 2008).
Schneider, Ronald M., Brazil: Foreign Policy of a Future World Power (Boulder CO,
Westeview Press, 1976).
Schneider, Ronald M., Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Industrial Powerhouse
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
Schott, Jeffery J. eds., Free Trade Agreements : US Strategies and Priorities
(Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 2004).
Schott, Jeffery J., Prospects for Free Trade in the Americas (Washington D.C.:
Institute for International Economics, 2001). See PPIE at , (Accessed December 29, 2016).
Sikkink, Kathryn, Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Argentina and Brazil
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991).
Stallings, Barbara and Rogerio Studart, Finance for Development: Latin America in
Comparative Perspective (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2006), , (Accessed July 10, 2016).
Trubek, David M., Helena Alviar Garcia, Diogo R. Coutinho, Alvaro Santos, eds.,
Law and the New Developmental State: The Brazilian Experience in Latin American Context (NY: Cambridge University Press: 2013).
Wesson, Robert and Heraldo Muñoz, eds., Latin American Views of U.S. Policy (NY:
Praeger Publishers, 1986).
Wylde, Christopher, Latin America After Neoliberalism: Developmental Regimes in
Post-Crisis States (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

(二)Periodicals

Adelman, Irma, “The Role of Government in Economic Development”, Working
Paper No. 890, California Agricultural Experiment Station, Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics (May, 1999), , (Accessed July 1, 2016).
Ban, Cornel, “Brazil’s Liberal Neo-Developmentalism: New Paradigm or Edited
Orthodoxy?”, Review of International Political Economy (RIPE), London: Routledge, Vol. 20, No.2 (2013), pp.1-34, , (Accessed May 20, 2016).
Bernal, Richard, “Regional Trade Arrangements in the Western Hemisphere”,
American University International Law Review, Vol. 8, Issue 4 (1993),
pp.683-718, , (Accessed July 7, 2016).
Bodman, Samuel W., James D. Wolfensohn, and Julia E. Sweig, eds., “Global Brazil
and US-Brazil Relations”, Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Independent Task Force Report No. 66, (2011), pp.1-109, , (Accessed January 30, 2017).
Brand, Alexander, Susan Mc Ewen-Fial, Wolfgang Muno and Andrea Ribeiro
Hoffmann, “BRICs and U.S. Hegemony: Theoretical Reflections on Shifting Power Patterns and Empirical Evidence from Latin America”, Mainz Papers on International and European Politics (MPIEP), No.4, (2012), pp.1-26, , (Accessed March 24, 2015).
“Brazil’s Foreign Policy: A Giant Stirs”, The Economist, (Online on June 10, 2004),
from the Americas in print edition (June 12, 2004),
, (Accessed May 5, 2016).
Carranza, Mario E., “Mercosur, The Global Economic Crisis, And The New
Architecture Of Regionalism In The Americas”, Working Paper #125, LATN, (2010), pp.1-37, , (Accessed March 23, 2015).
Cavarozzi, Marcelo, ¨Beyond Transitions to Democracy in Latin America¨, Journal of
Latin American Studies, Vol.24, No.3 (October 1992), pp. 665-684, , (Accessed July 8, 2016).
Cleary, Matthew R., “A ‘Left Turn’ in Latin America? Explaining the Left’s
Resurgence”, Journal of Demcracy, Vol. 17, No. 4 (October 2006), pp.35-49, , (Accessed August 3, 2016).
Chan, Mignonne M. J., “US Strategy of Competitive Liberalism”, Tamkang Journal
of International Affairs, pp.1-26, , (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Crandall, Robert W., “Extending Deregulation: Make the U.S. Economy More
Efficient”, Opportunity 8, The Brookings Institution (February 28, 2007),
pp.1-16, , (Accessed July 24, 2016).
Drysdale, Peter, “Open Regionalism: A Key to East Asia’s Economic Future”, Pacific
Economic Paper, Australia-Japan Research Centre, Australia National
University, No. 197, (1991).
Filho, Alfredo Saad and Lecio Morais, “Neo-Developmentalism and the Challenges
of Economic Policy-Making Under Dilma Rousseff”, 38 Critical Sociology 6
(July 6, 2012), pp.789-798. See Preview at
, (Accessed July 8, 2016).
Gómez-Mera, Laura ”Explaining Merosur’s Survival: Strategic Sources of
Argentine-Brazilian Convrgence”, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 37, Issue 1, (February 2005), pp.109-140, , (Accessed July 12, 2016).
Gómez-Mera, Laura, “Domestic Constraints on Regional Cooperation: Explaining
Trade Conflict in MERCOSUR”, Review of International Political Economy, Forthcoming, Vol.16, Issue 5, (2009), pp. 746-777,
, (Accessed March 22, 2015).
Gratius, Susanne and Miriam Gomez Saraiva, “Continental Regionalism: Brazil’s
Prominent Role in the Americas”, CEPS Working Document, No. 374 (February 2013), pp.1-16, , (Accessed October 1, 2016).
Grugel, Jean, “New Regionalism and Modes of Governance- Comparing US and EU
Strategies in Latin America”, European Journal of International Relations. Vol. 10, No.4, (2004), pp. 603-626, , (Accessed July 17, 2016).
Harding, Erika, “Debate over Hemispheric Free Trade Zone Gains Force (Preview)”,
Latin America Data Base, Latin American & Iberian Institute, The University of New Mexico (March 3, 1994), pp.1-4, , (Accessed July 10, 2016).
Hurrell, Andrew, “Hegemony, Liberalism, and Global Order: What Space for
would-be Great Powers?”, International Affairs, Vol. 82, Issue 1, (January 2006), pp.1-19, , (Accessed January 4, 2016).
Keller, Renata, “Building ‘Nuestra América’: National Sovereignty and Regional
Integration in the Americas”, Contexto Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 35, No 2, (July/December 2013), pp.537-564, , (Accessed June 4, 2016).
Kindleberger, Charles P., “Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy:
Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.25, No.2, (1981), pp. 242-254, , (Accessed November 7, 2014).
Lazarou, Elena, “Brazil and Regional Integration in South America: Lessons from the
EU’s Crisis”, Contexto Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 35, No 2, (July/December 2013), pp.353-385, , (Accessed July 4, 2016).
Niskanen, William A., “Economic Deregulation in the United States: Lessons for
America, Lessons for China”, Cato Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Cato Institute, Winter 1989), pp.657-668, , (Accessed July 26, 2016).
Park, Jong H., “The New Regionalism and Third World Development”, Journal of
Developing Societies, Vol.11, No. 1, (1995), pp. 11-25, , (Accessed November 6, 2014).
Prevost, Gary and Robert Weber, “The Free Trade Area of the Americas in the
Context of U.S.-Latin American Relations”, Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. 19, No. 2-3, (June 2003), pp.114-136, , (Accessed November 20, 2016).
Weintraub, Sydney, “Brazil-U.S. Economic Relations”, Issues in International
Political Economy No. 16, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), (April 2001), , (Accessed May 2, 2016).
Yamada, Atsushi, “Between Regionalism and Multilateralism: New Dilemmas in U.S.
Trade Policy”, Working Paper Series 01/02, NO.5, IDE APEC Study Center (March 2002), pp.1-33, , (Accessed July 30, 2016).

(三)Conference Papers

Cardoso, Eliana, “A Brief History of Trade Policies in Brazil: From ISI, Export
Promotion and Import Liberalization to Multilateral and Regional Agreements”,
Paper prepared for the conference on “The Political Economy of Trade Policy in
the BRICS”, New Orleans, (March 27-28, 2009).
Plant, Elaine and Mehdi Taghian, “Regional Trade Agreements: a Comparison”,
Sustainable Management and Marketing: Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC), Melbourne, Vic. (2009), pp.1-8, , (Accessed July 25, 2016).

(四)Official Websites and Publications

1. Official Websites

First Summit of the Americas, Declaration of Miami, December 9-11, 1994, FTAA
Official Website, , (Accessed June 29, 2017).
Free Trade Agreements, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative,
, (Accessed February 2, 2016)
FTAA Official Website, , (Accessed
January 2, 2017).
NAFTA Official Website. See NAFTANOW.ORG at
, (Accessed May 24, 2016).
Information on Brazil: Trade Agreements, Foreign Trade Information System,
Organization of Americas States (OAS). See SICE at , (Accessed July 20, 2016).
UNASUR Official Website, , (Accessed January 28,
2016).
WTO Glossary term,
, (Accessed July 5, 2016).

2. Governmental and Official Documents

“Actions against exports from the EU”, Trade Policy, European Commission (EC),
(October 2, 2015),
, (Accessed July 15, 2016).
Allgeier, Peter, “FTAA is Key to the Future of the Hemisphere, Says U.S. Official”,
Texts and Transcripts, IIP Digital, US Department of State, (November 21, 2002), , (Accessed July 5, 2016).
Barbosa, Rubens Antônio, “The FTAA that is in Brazil’s Interest”, SICE the OAS
Foreign Trade Information System,
, (Accessed August 1, 2016).
“Brazil, Countries and Regions”, Trade Policy, European Commission (EC), (April
28, 2015),
, (Accessed July 15, 2016).
“Brazil-Trade Barriers”, International Trade Administration (ITA), (July 1, 2016),
, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
Canuto, Otaviano, Cornelius Fleischhaker and Philip Schellekens, “The Cost of
Brazil’s Closed Economy”, News Opinion, The World Bank, (February 5, 2015),
ed-economy>, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
“Domestic value added in exports”, OECD iLibrary, OECD, (2011),
, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
“Fact sheet of Brazil’s actions against exports from the EU”, European Commission
(EC), (December 2015),
,
(Accessed July 15, 2016).
“FACT SHEET: The United States and Brazil - A Mature and Multi-Faceted
Partnership”, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, (June 30, 2015), , (Accessed May 3, 2016).
Fachada, Pedro, “Foreign Banks` Entry and Departure: the Recent Brazilian
Experience (1996-2006)”, Working Paper No. 164. (Brasília: Banco Central do Brasil, June 2008), pp.1-62, , (Accessed July 10, 2016).
“Free Trade Areas of the Americas: Missed Deadline Prompts Efforts to Restart
Stalled Hemispheric Trade Negotiations”, Untied Sates Government Accountability Office (USGAO), (March 2005), pp.1-48, , (Accessed August 2, 2016).
Hinojosa-Ojeda, Raúl A., 2000, “Brazil and the United States at the Gateway of the
FTAA: A CGE Modeling Approach to Challenges and Options”, Economia Brasileira e os Processos de Integração Subregional e Hemisférico, IPEA-Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica, Ministério do Plane jamento e Orçamento (Brasília: Forthcoming, 2000), pp.1-30, , (Accessed April 5, 2015).
Hornbeck, J. F., “A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status
of Negotiations”, CRS Report (Congressional Research Service, January 3, 2005), pp.1-6, , (Accessed December 28, 2016).
“Introduction of Brazil”, Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR),
, (Assessed October 15, 2016).
Kuwayama Mikio, José Durán Lima and Verónica Silva, “Bilateralism and
Regionalism: Re-establishing the Primacy of Multilaterlaism a Latin American and Caribbean Perspective”, Comercio Internacional, CEPAL, no.58 (Santiago: United Nations, 2005), pp. 1-63.
“NAFTA at 20: North America’s Free-Trade Area and Its Impact on Agriculture”,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), (February, 2015), , (Accessed July 2, 2016).
“No. 1609. Charter of the Organization of American States, Signed at Bogota, on 30
April 1948”, OAS Charter in United Nations Treaties Series, (1952), pp.48-92. See UN at , (Accessed June 2, 2016).
“President Bush Discusses Democracy in the Western Hemisphere”, Blue Tree Park
Hotel, Brasilia, Brazil, Office of the Press Secretary for immediate release, the White House, (November 6, 2005), , (Accessed October 2, 2016).
“Remarks Following Discussions with President Luiz Inácio Lula de Silva of Brazil
in Brasilia”, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, Washington D.C.,
(November 6, 2005).
Richardson, James D. ed., “Volume II: Part 1: James Monroe, March 4, 1817 to
March 4, 1825” in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington DC: Government Printing Office (USGPO), 1897). See Project Gutenberg at , (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Schneph, Randy, “Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program”, CRS
Report for Congress, (June 21, 2011), , (Accessed May 15, 2016).
Testimony of Eric Farnsworth, Vice President of Council of the Americas, in U.S.
Congress, “Doing Business in Latin America: Positive Trends but Serious Challenges”, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, and Global Narcotics Affairs of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., (July 31, 2012), S.HRG. 112-607 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (USGPO), 2012), pp. 30-32, , (Accessed June 2, 2016).
Testimony of Rubens Barbosa, in “U.S. Relations with Brazil: Strategic Partners or
Regional Competitors?”, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, Committee on International Relations, House of Representative, 106th Cong., 2nd sess. (July 26, 2000), (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (USGPO), 2001) pp.11-13, , (Accessed May 2, 2016)
Text of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Global Affairs Canada,
Government of Canada, , (Accessed April 25, 2016).
The Economic Effects of Significnt US Import Restraints, Sixth Update 2009, United
States International Trade Commission (USITC), Investigation No.332-325, USITC Publication 4094, (August, 2009), , (Accessed February 12, 2016).
“The Tenth Inter-American Conference, Caracas, Vanezuela, March 1-28, 1954”, US
Department of State, Publication 5692 (Washington 1955), , (Accessed February 2, 2016).
“The U.S.-Brazil Commercial Dialogue Joint Statement- March 19, 2015”, U.S.
International Trade Administration (ITA), , (Accessed May 2, 2016).
“United States and Brazil Reach Agreement to End WTO Cotton Dispute”, Press
release from Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), (Oct,
2014), , (Accessed May 15, 2016).
“United States Leads the World to Liberalize Trade Through the Doha Round”, Trade
Fact, United States Trade Representative (USTR), (September 14, 2005), , (Accessed May 25, 2016).
“U.S. Brazil Share Strong Relationship, State’s Hughes Says: Call for Collaboration
to Bring Benefits of Democracy to Region”, Texts and Transcripts, IIP Digital, US Department of State, (March 13, 2006), , (Accessed May 4, 2016).
Villarreal, M. Angeles and Ian F. Fergusson, “The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)”, CRS Report (Congressional Research Service, April 16, 2015), pp.1-33, , (Accessed May 24, 2016).
Watson, Alexander F., “Key Issues in Inter-American Relations”, U.S. Department of
State Dispatch, Vol.5, No.3 (January 17, 1994), pp. 21-25, , (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Watson, Alexander F., “U.S.-Latin America Relations in the 1990s: Toward a Mature
Partnership”, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, Vol.5, No.11 (March 14, 1994), pp. 153-157, , (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Zoellick, Robert B., “Globalization, Trade, and Economic Security”, Remarks at the
National Press Club, United States Trade Representative (USTR), (October 1, 2002), , (Accessed July 7, 2016).
Zoellick, Robert B., “US Trade Agendas”, Statement before the Senate Finance
Committee, Washington DC, in US Department of State (USDOS) Archive, (March 5, 2003). See USDOS Archive at , (Accessed July 7, 2016).

(五)PhD Papers

Nelson, Marcel, “The FTAA and the Contestation of Neoliberalism in Latin
America”, PhD Candidate Paper, Department of Political Studies, Queenís University Kingston, Ontario, (2008), pp.1-15, , (Accessed April 6, 2015).

(六)News, Magazine Articles, and Others

“Argentina/Brazil trade disputes reached a ‘furious level’ during Mercosur last
summit in Montevideo”, (July 24, 2013), MercoPress,
, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
“Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff calls off US trip”, (September, 2013), BBC
News,
, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
LaFranchi, Howard, “Car v.s. Juice: US and Brazil Find Talk Easier than Trade”,
(March 7, 1997), Christian Science Monitor. See Overview at , (Accessed July 6, 2016).
Martinez, Elizabeth and Arnoldo García, “What is Neoliberalism? A Brief
Definition for Activists”, (1997), National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Right, Corp Watch, , (Accessed April 4, 2015).
Mia de Graaf, “Joe Biden turns on the charm in historic visit to Brazil for
president`s inauguration as US grapples to rebuild damaged relationship”, (January, 2015), MailOnline, Daily Mail, , (Accessed March 23, 2015).
O"Donnell, María , “Brasil defendió el Mercosur ante Clinton”, (October 14, 1997),
La Nación,
, (Accessed December 18, 2016).
Romero, Simon, “Diplomacy and Soccer for Biden in Brazil”, (June, 2014), The New
York Times, , (Accessed March 23, 2015).
Rother, Larry, “Brazil Begins to Take Role on the World Stage”, (August 30, 2000),
New York Times,
, (Accessed May 18, 2016).
Sabatini, Chris and Amy Williams, “The regional agenda for the next U.S.
president—and why Trump needs to listen”, (October 4, 2016), Latin America Goes Global: Data, Opinion, and Analysis, , (Accessed December 19, 2016).
Scheinpflug, Christian, “Riding the Trump Train to Regional Integration”, (November
18, 2016), The Santiago Times, , (Accessed December 19, 2016).
Stuenkel, Oliver, “Is Brazil a Regional Hegemon?”, (October, 2013), Post-Western
World, , (Accessed July 13, 2016).
Treanor, Paul, Neoliberlism: Origins, Theory (2005). Definition available at
, (Accessed April
6, 2015).
Trotta, Daniel, “At U.N., Brazil`s Rousseff Blasts U.S. Spying as Breach of Law”,
(September, 2013), Reuters,
, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
Watts, Jonathan, “Brazilian president postpones Washington visit over NSA spying”,
(September 17, 2013), the Guardian, , (Accessed May 3, 2015).
Weisman, Steven R., “Warming to Brazil, Powell Says Its Nuclear Program Isn’t
a Concern”, (October 6, 2004), New York Times, , (Accessed May 10, 2016).
Wehner, Leslie E., “The EU and the US Competing for Mercosur: Trade Strategies
and Political Goals”, MEA thesis, Lund University, , (Accessed September 10, 2016).
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