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題名 電視審判 : 為何中共讓嫌疑犯在電視招供?
Trial by TV : Why is China broadcasting televised confessions of suspects?作者 黛娜
Gardner, Dinah貢獻者 王韻
Wang, Yun
黛娜
Dinah Gardner關鍵詞 電視認罪
中國人權
逼供
鎮壓
合法性
合法化
Televised confessions
Chinese human rights
Forced confessions
Repression
Legitimacy
Legitimation日期 2017 上傳時間 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文將研究在2013年習近平主席上任不到幾個月以來，並在中國共產黨不斷承諾要改善國家法治的情況下，中國為何在國家電視台上開始播出犯罪嫌疑人的電視認罪。這些電視認罪的播出引起了來自海外的廣泛譴責，從某種程度上在國內也受到了批評，因為電視認罪的播出被視為國家非法壓迫人的手段，並被認為是在重演當年毛澤東時代不公正的批判鬥爭行為。本論文是第一項對這種新侵權行為的系統研究，並試圖填補該研究領域的空白。本作者通過採訪在電視上曾經認罪過的人發現許多電視認罪是有“表演”色彩，往往犯罪嫌疑人被迫“背台詞”、穿著特定的服裝、在攝像頭面前“演戲”等。這表明國家在利用電視認罪來達到某種特定的目的。作者對90個2013年至2016年之間播出的電視認罪進行了分析並發現認罪者當局故意讓嫌疑人感到恥辱來強調他們有罪，使用嫌疑人認罪時所使用的話來牽連他人或貶低他人，以支持中共的這種行為並對於來自國外批評的聲音做出回應。本論文借用François Bourricaud （1987年）對合法性的概念作為一種活躍的合法化進程以表明中國新的電視認罪行為不只是簡單的進行壓迫的工具，而更多是一種強制性推動共產黨合法性的戲劇表演。
This study asks why China started broadcasting confessions of suspects on national television in 2013, just months after the accession of President Xi Jinping, and despite the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) repeated promises to improve the country’s rule of law. The broadcasts have triggered widespread condemnation overseas, and to a lesser extent at home, for being illegal, another example of state repression, and resembling the unjust public struggle sessions of the Mao era. This thesis attempts to fill a gap in scholarship and provide the first systematic study of this new and understudied human rights violation. Interviews conducted with those who had confessed on television revealed that many are “show” confessions, where the suspect is made to memorise “lines,” get in “costume,” and “act” in front of the camera, indicating that they are “produced” for a specific purpose. In addition, an analysis of 90 confessions aired between 2013 and 2016 revealed that deliberate efforts were made to shame the confessor, emphasize their guilt, and use the words of their confession to incriminate and denigrate others, promote support for the CCP and its actions and respond to outside criticism. Borrowing François Bourricaud’s (1987) concept of legitimacy as a dynamic process of legitimation, China’s new televised confessions can be seen as much more than simply another tool of repression, rather they are acts of forced theatre aimed at furthering CCP legitimacy.參考文獻 Abrahamian, E. (1999). Tortured confessions: prisons and public recantations in modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California PressAmnesty International. (2015). China: No end in sight – torture and forced confessions in China. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA17/2730/2015/en/Appleby, S.C., Hasel L.E., & Kassin, S.M. (2013). Police-induced confessions: an empirical analysis of their content and impact. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(2), 111–12Bandurski, D. (2015, March 30). Fifty shades of Xi. China Media Project. Retrieved from http://cmp.hku.hk/2015/03/30/fifty-shades-of-xi/Bandurski, D. (2016, July 15). The Mea Culpa Machine.Retrieved from https://medium.com/china-media-project/the-mea-culpa-machine-a40a12f65f98Belkin, I. (2013). China’s tortuous path toward ending torture in criminal investigations In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (pp. 91-117). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.Biderman, A. D. (1957). Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions from Air Force Prisoners of War. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 33(9), 616–625.Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: a practical guide. Los Angeles: Sage.Bourricaud, B. (1987). Legitimacy and legitimization, Current Sociology 35(2).Chinese Human Rights Defenders (2017). They Target My Human Rights Work as a Crime”: Annual Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in China (2016). Retrieved from https://www.nchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/annual-report.pdfCohen, J.A. (2016a, January 26). The Peter Dahlin Case: Shock, Awe and MysteryRetrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/1/26/the-peter-dahlin-case-shock-awe-and-mysetery?rq=confessionCohen, J.A. (2016b, August 2). Non-release “release” of human rights activists and their confessions. Retrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/2/non-release-release-of-human-rights-activists-and-their-confessionsCohen, J.A. (2016c, 3 August). More on rights lawyer Wang Yu’s “confession and release” and China’s revival of “brainwashing” practice. Retrieved from www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/3/more-on-rights-lawyer-wang-yus-confession-and-release-and-chinas-revival-of-brainwashing-practiceCohen, J., Pils, E. (2010). China`s Criminal Justice and Chongqing`s Anti-triad Campaign: Law v. Practice. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-criminal-justice-chongqings-anti-triad-campaign-law-v-practice/p22923Conner, A.W. (2000). True Confessions? Chinese confessions: then and now In Turner, K.G., Feinerman, J.V., & Guy, R.K. (Eds.). The limits of the rule of law in China (pp. 132-162). Seattle: University of Washington PressDickson, B. J. (2016). The dictator`s dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party`s strategy for survival. New York: Oxford University PressFiskesjö, M. (2016, November 14). TV Tears Made of Fear: Anatomy of the Spectacle of Power on Display in China’s Forced Confession. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/194054432He, J & He, R. (2013). Wrongful convictions and tortured confessions: empirical studies in mainland China in McConville, M, Pils, E. (Eds) Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (p. 81)Human Rights Watch (2017, 7 July). China: On “709” Anniversary, Legal Crackdown Continues. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/07/china-709-anniversary-legal-crackdown-continues Kassin, S.M., Sukel, H. (1997). Coerced Confessions and the Jury: An Experimental Text of the “Harmless Error” Rule. Law and Human Behavior, 21(1) Kennedy, J.J. (2009). Maintaining Popular Support for the Chinese Communist Party: The Influence of Education and the State-Controlled Media.Political Studies, 57Lam, W.W. (2016, September 13). Beijing contradicts ‘rule of law’ campaign in crackdown. Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/beijing-contradicts-rule-of-law-campaign-in-crackdown/Lam, W.K. (2017, 3 May). Written statement of Lam Wing-kee. Retrieved from https://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house.gov/files/CECC%20Hearing%20-%203May17%20-%20Hong%20Kong%20-%20Lam%20Wing%20Kee.pdfLifton, R.J. (1963). Thought reform and the psychology of totalism. New York: The Norton Library.Liu. S., Liang, L. & Halliday, T.C. (2014). The Trial of Li Zhuang: Chinese Lawyers’ Collective Action against Populism. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1(1)Lu, Y.Y. (2016, August 12). Pushing Politics: Why China is Supercharging Dissident Trials. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/08/12/subversion-sells-why-china-is-playing-up-dissident-trials/Pils, E. (2013). ‘Disappearing’ China’s human rights lawyers. In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China. (pp. 411-438). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.Pile, E. (2015). China’s Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. New York: Routledge.Pils, E. (2016, February 15). The Rise of Rule by Fear. Retrieved from https://cpianalysis.org/2016/02/15/rule-of-law-vs-rule-by-fear/Stockman, D., Gallagher, M.E. (2011). Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 44, No. 44. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
104926028資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 王韻 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Yun en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黛娜 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Dinah Gardner en_US dc.creator (作者) 黛娜 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Gardner, Dinah en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104926028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111868 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104926028 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文將研究在2013年習近平主席上任不到幾個月以來，並在中國共產黨不斷承諾要改善國家法治的情況下，中國為何在國家電視台上開始播出犯罪嫌疑人的電視認罪。這些電視認罪的播出引起了來自海外的廣泛譴責，從某種程度上在國內也受到了批評，因為電視認罪的播出被視為國家非法壓迫人的手段，並被認為是在重演當年毛澤東時代不公正的批判鬥爭行為。本論文是第一項對這種新侵權行為的系統研究，並試圖填補該研究領域的空白。本作者通過採訪在電視上曾經認罪過的人發現許多電視認罪是有“表演”色彩，往往犯罪嫌疑人被迫“背台詞”、穿著特定的服裝、在攝像頭面前“演戲”等。這表明國家在利用電視認罪來達到某種特定的目的。作者對90個2013年至2016年之間播出的電視認罪進行了分析並發現認罪者當局故意讓嫌疑人感到恥辱來強調他們有罪，使用嫌疑人認罪時所使用的話來牽連他人或貶低他人，以支持中共的這種行為並對於來自國外批評的聲音做出回應。本論文借用François Bourricaud （1987年）對合法性的概念作為一種活躍的合法化進程以表明中國新的電視認罪行為不只是簡單的進行壓迫的工具，而更多是一種強制性推動共產黨合法性的戲劇表演。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study asks why China started broadcasting confessions of suspects on national television in 2013, just months after the accession of President Xi Jinping, and despite the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) repeated promises to improve the country’s rule of law. The broadcasts have triggered widespread condemnation overseas, and to a lesser extent at home, for being illegal, another example of state repression, and resembling the unjust public struggle sessions of the Mao era. This thesis attempts to fill a gap in scholarship and provide the first systematic study of this new and understudied human rights violation. Interviews conducted with those who had confessed on television revealed that many are “show” confessions, where the suspect is made to memorise “lines,” get in “costume,” and “act” in front of the camera, indicating that they are “produced” for a specific purpose. In addition, an analysis of 90 confessions aired between 2013 and 2016 revealed that deliberate efforts were made to shame the confessor, emphasize their guilt, and use the words of their confession to incriminate and denigrate others, promote support for the CCP and its actions and respond to outside criticism. Borrowing François Bourricaud’s (1987) concept of legitimacy as a dynamic process of legitimation, China’s new televised confessions can be seen as much more than simply another tool of repression, rather they are acts of forced theatre aimed at furthering CCP legitimacy. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsChapter 1: China’s new televised confessions 1‘Show’ confessions as a tool of legitimacy building 2Major purposes of this research 4Confessions in China 5Legal framework 6Literature review 7Existing views on televised confessions 7Televised and forced confessions outside China 11Chapter outline 12Chapter 2: Research method and design 14Data from the broadcasts 14Deciding on the unit of analysis 16Main and supporting confessors 17The political scale 18Coding of confessions 19Visual and guilt scores 23Themes 24Scope of data 25Long-form, semi-structured interviews 26Chapter 3: Exploring the broadcasts 28Overall picture 28Nationality distribution of main confessors 29Gender distribution 30Distribution of groups 31Geographical jurisdiction 32Distribution of outcomes for main confessors 34Xinwenlianbo broadcasts 34Main and supporting confessors 36The ‘types’ of confessions 39Political scores 39Jailhouse versus neutral location 42Precise versus vague crimes 44Normal versus Denial 45Interview versus edited interrogation footage 48Typology of confession events 48Discrepancies and other problems 55Changing stories 55Suspicious editing 56Retracted confessions 57Off-screen targets 57Chapter 4: Scripted and staged 59The interviewees 59Themes 60The mechanics of the confessions 60The legality of the confessions 65The purposes of the confessions 65Who is responsible for the confessions? 66The effects of the confessions 67Response and survival mechanisms 69Chapter 5: Propaganda and punishment 71Who is behind these televised confessions? 71How are the suspects chosen? 74Lights, camera, infractions of justice 75The ‘show’ confession 76From punishment to propaganda 78Latest developments 84Chapter 6: Conclusions 86Limitations 88Suggestions for further study 89Parting words 89References 91Appendices 94Appendix I: Brief introduction to the 38 main confessors 94Appendix II: Framework questions for semi-structured long-form interviews 108Appendix III: The 40 Confession Events 110Appendix IV: The 38 main confessors by confession event 112Appendix V: Visual data by confession event (CCTV13 or equivalent) 115Appendix VI: Confession data by confession event (CCTV13 or equivalent) 118Appendix VII: Sample confession script 121 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1637277 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電視認罪 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國人權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 逼供 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鎮壓 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 合法性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 合法化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Televised confessions en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese human rights en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forced confessions en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Repression en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legitimacy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legitimation en_US dc.title (題名) 電視審判 : 為何中共讓嫌疑犯在電視招供? zh_TW dc.title (題名) Trial by TV : Why is China broadcasting televised confessions of suspects? en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrahamian, E. (1999). Tortured confessions: prisons and public recantations in modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California PressAmnesty International. (2015). China: No end in sight – torture and forced confessions in China. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA17/2730/2015/en/Appleby, S.C., Hasel L.E., & Kassin, S.M. (2013). Police-induced confessions: an empirical analysis of their content and impact. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(2), 111–12Bandurski, D. (2015, March 30). Fifty shades of Xi. China Media Project. Retrieved from http://cmp.hku.hk/2015/03/30/fifty-shades-of-xi/Bandurski, D. (2016, July 15). The Mea Culpa Machine.Retrieved from https://medium.com/china-media-project/the-mea-culpa-machine-a40a12f65f98Belkin, I. (2013). China’s tortuous path toward ending torture in criminal investigations In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (pp. 91-117). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.Biderman, A. D. (1957). Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions from Air Force Prisoners of War. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 33(9), 616–625.Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: a practical guide. Los Angeles: Sage.Bourricaud, B. (1987). Legitimacy and legitimization, Current Sociology 35(2).Chinese Human Rights Defenders (2017). They Target My Human Rights Work as a Crime”: Annual Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in China (2016). Retrieved from https://www.nchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/annual-report.pdfCohen, J.A. (2016a, January 26). The Peter Dahlin Case: Shock, Awe and MysteryRetrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/1/26/the-peter-dahlin-case-shock-awe-and-mysetery?rq=confessionCohen, J.A. (2016b, August 2). Non-release “release” of human rights activists and their confessions. Retrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/2/non-release-release-of-human-rights-activists-and-their-confessionsCohen, J.A. (2016c, 3 August). More on rights lawyer Wang Yu’s “confession and release” and China’s revival of “brainwashing” practice. Retrieved from www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/3/more-on-rights-lawyer-wang-yus-confession-and-release-and-chinas-revival-of-brainwashing-practiceCohen, J., Pils, E. (2010). China`s Criminal Justice and Chongqing`s Anti-triad Campaign: Law v. Practice. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-criminal-justice-chongqings-anti-triad-campaign-law-v-practice/p22923Conner, A.W. (2000). True Confessions? Chinese confessions: then and now In Turner, K.G., Feinerman, J.V., & Guy, R.K. (Eds.). The limits of the rule of law in China (pp. 132-162). Seattle: University of Washington PressDickson, B. J. (2016). The dictator`s dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party`s strategy for survival. New York: Oxford University PressFiskesjö, M. (2016, November 14). TV Tears Made of Fear: Anatomy of the Spectacle of Power on Display in China’s Forced Confession. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/194054432He, J & He, R. (2013). Wrongful convictions and tortured confessions: empirical studies in mainland China in McConville, M, Pils, E. (Eds) Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (p. 81)Human Rights Watch (2017, 7 July). China: On “709” Anniversary, Legal Crackdown Continues. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/07/china-709-anniversary-legal-crackdown-continues Kassin, S.M., Sukel, H. (1997). Coerced Confessions and the Jury: An Experimental Text of the “Harmless Error” Rule. Law and Human Behavior, 21(1) Kennedy, J.J. (2009). Maintaining Popular Support for the Chinese Communist Party: The Influence of Education and the State-Controlled Media.Political Studies, 57Lam, W.W. (2016, September 13). Beijing contradicts ‘rule of law’ campaign in crackdown. Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/beijing-contradicts-rule-of-law-campaign-in-crackdown/Lam, W.K. (2017, 3 May). Written statement of Lam Wing-kee. Retrieved from https://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house.gov/files/CECC%20Hearing%20-%203May17%20-%20Hong%20Kong%20-%20Lam%20Wing%20Kee.pdfLifton, R.J. (1963). Thought reform and the psychology of totalism. New York: The Norton Library.Liu. S., Liang, L. & Halliday, T.C. (2014). The Trial of Li Zhuang: Chinese Lawyers’ Collective Action against Populism. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1(1)Lu, Y.Y. (2016, August 12). Pushing Politics: Why China is Supercharging Dissident Trials. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/08/12/subversion-sells-why-china-is-playing-up-dissident-trials/Pils, E. (2013). ‘Disappearing’ China’s human rights lawyers. In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China. (pp. 411-438). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.Pile, E. (2015). China’s Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. New York: Routledge.Pils, E. (2016, February 15). The Rise of Rule by Fear. Retrieved from https://cpianalysis.org/2016/02/15/rule-of-law-vs-rule-by-fear/Stockman, D., Gallagher, M.E. (2011). Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 44, No. 44. zh_TW
