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題名 後共中亞婦女地位之研究
A study of women`s status in post-soviet central asia
作者 賴祐平
Lai, Yu Ping
貢獻者 林永芳
Lin, Yung Fang
賴祐平
Lai, Yu Ping
關鍵詞 中亞婦女
中亞婦女解放運動
父權制
傳統主義復甦
伊斯蘭教
Central asian women
Emancipation of central asian women
Patriarchy
Re-emergence of traditionalism
Islam
日期 2017
上傳時間 13-Sep-2017 15:32:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文運用結合資本主義和父權制的雙系統理論探究中亞婦女地位之現況。文中首先以歷史脈絡回顧中亞婦女地位，探討從蘇聯統治前到後共時期婦女地位之轉變。第二部份則接續探討下列問題：

蘇聯政府在中亞地區進行的婦女解放運動，帶給中亞婦女地位什麼樣的影響？

蘇聯瓦解後，中亞五國政府對婦女的態度是否和蘇聯一致？

中亞五國獨立後之轉型經濟是否對其婦女地位有影響？

婦女在後共時期的地位又是如何？

蘇聯瓦解後，中亞五國面臨的轉型經濟，以及傳統主義的復甦皆使中亞婦女的地位面臨困境。再者，父權制統治仍深植於中亞社會，新的統治者利用中亞傳統和伊斯蘭文化、習俗鞏固權力以及進行國家建立，這樣的情況不利於中亞婦女地位，迫使中亞婦女受限於傳統性別模式。
By applying the dual-system theory, combining capitalism and patriarchy, this study aims to explore women’s status in post-Soviet Central Asia. The first section of the study focuses on the historical context of Central Asian women’s status, starting from pre-Soviet to post-Soviet period. The second section discusses the following research questions:

How did the female emancipation in Central Asia, which was undertaken by the soviet government, affect Central Asian women’s status?

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, have the governments of the five Central Asian countries held the same attitude toward women as the soviet government?

After the five Central Asian countries became independent, did the transition economy affect women’s status?

What is Central Asian women’s status in the post-Soviet period?

After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries have faced the dilemma of transition economy and re-emergence of Traditionalism. Furthermore, patriarchy is deeply rooted in Central Asian society. The new governors consolidate their power and process State-building via the traditional and Islamic practices and customs, which forces Central Asian women into limited traditional gender roles.
參考文獻 一、 中文部分
（一） 專書、專書篇章
Randall, V. 著，劉倩華 譯，〈女性主義研究途徑〉，陳義彥等編，《政治學方法論與途徑》，台北：韋伯文化，2007。頁131-156。
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范情，〈當代社會主義女性主義〉，顧燕翎主編，《女性主義理論與流派》，台北市：女書文化，1997。
紀登斯，《資本主義與現代社會理論：馬克思．凃爾幹．韋伯》，簡惠美譯，台北：遠流出版事業股份有限公司，1989。頁47-71。
常玢，〈伊斯蘭教在中亞的傳播與發展〉，中國社會科學院俄羅斯東歐中亞研究所編，《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究文選（1965-2015）上冊》，北京市：社會科學文獻出版社，2016。
陳義彥等譯，D. Marsh等，〈女性主義研究途徑〉，陳義彥等主編，《政治學方法論與途徑》，台北：韋伯文化國際，2007。頁131-155。
黃淑玲，〈烏托邦社會主義/馬克思主義女性主義〉，顧燕翎主編，《女性主義理論與流派》，台北市，女書文化，1997。頁29-66。
葉至誠、葉立誠著，《研究方法與論文寫作》，台北市：商鼎文化，1999。頁138-156。

（二） 學位論文
茅慧青，《蘇聯婦女地位之研究》，台北：國立政治大學東亞研究所碩士論文，1986。
李鴻儀，《普丁時期俄國婦女地位之研究》，台北：國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文，2011。

二、 英文部分
（一） 專書、專書篇章
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Bergne, P. (2007). The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic (p. 82). New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.

Bryson, V. (2003). Feminist Political Theory: An Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Buckley, M. (1989). Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union. the United State of America: The University of Michigan Press.

Corcoran-Nantes, Y. (2005). Lost Voices: Central Asian women confronting transition. New York: Zed Books.

Cronin, S. (2014). Intoduction: Coercion or Empowerment. In S. Cronin (Ed.), Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World (p. 14). London: Routledge.

Fannina, H. W. (1938). Women in the Soviet East. New York: Dutton & Co.

Farr, K. (2005). Sex Trafficking: The Global Market in Women and Children (p. 11). New York: Worth Publishers.

Fierman, W (Ed.). (1991). Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. Colorado: Westview Press.

Heyat, F. (2002). Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and post-Soviet Azerbaijan. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Hiro, D. (2009). Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran (pp. 41-44). New York & London: Overlook Duckworth, Peter Mayer Publishers.

Kamp, M. (2004). Between Women and the State: Mahalla Committees and Social Welfare in Uzbekistan. In P. J. Luong (Ed.), the Transformation of Central Asia: States and Society from Soviet Rule to Independent (pp. 29-58). Cornell: Cornell University Press.

Kamp, M. (2006). The New Women in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism. the United State of America : The University of Washington Press.

Kamp, M. (2014). Women-initiated Unveiling: State-led campaigns in Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. In S. Cronin (Ed.), Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World: Gender, Modernis m and the Politics of dress (pp. 205-228). New York: Routledge.

Khalid, A. (2007). Islam after Communism Religious and Politics in Central Asia (pp. 126-127). London: University of California Press.
Kuehnast, K. & Nechemias, C. (2004). Introduction: Women Navigating Change in Post-Soviet Currents. In Kuehnast, K. & Nechemias, C. (Eds.), Post-Soviet Women Encountering Transition: Nation Building, Economic Survival and Civil Activism (p. 4). Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Lapidus, G. W. (1978). Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development and Social Change. California: University of California Press.

Leahy, M. E. (1986). Development strategies and the status of women: a comparative study of the United States, Mexico, the Soviet Union, and Cuba. (pp. 11-13). Colorado: L. Rienner Publishers.

Massell, G. J. (1974). The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

McChesney, R. D. (1996). Central Asia: Foundations of Change. (p.4) Princeton: The Darwin Press, Inc.

Mcmann, K. M. (2004). The Civic Realm in Kyrgyzstan: Soviet Economic Legacies and Activities’ Expectations. In P. J. Luong (Ed.), The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (pp. 214, 223). Cornell: Cornell University Press.

Olcott, M. B. (1991). Women and Society in Central Asia. In W. Fierman (Ed.), Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation (pp. 247-248). Colorado: Westview Press.

Rakowska-Harmstone, T. (1970). Russia and Nationalism in Soviet Central Asia: The Case of Tadzhikistan (p. 173). Baltimore.

Rosalind, M. (1996). Introduction: Women’s Studies and Women’s Issues in Russia, Ukraine and the Post-Soviet States. In M. Rosalind (Ed.), Women and Ukraine (pp. 1-28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rowe, W. (2008). Cultural Muslim: The Evolution of Muslim Identity in Soviet and Post-Soviet Central Asia. In C. Aitchison, P. Hopkins and M.P. Kwan (Eds.), Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging (p. 153). Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Salhani, C. (2011). Islam without a Veil: Kazakhstan’s Path of Moderation (p.22). Washington D. C.: Potomac Books.

Tokhtakhodzhaeva, M. (2008). The Re-Islamization of Society and the Position of Women in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan (p. 160). Folkestone: Cromwell Press.

Werner, C. (2004). Feminizing the New Silk Road: Women Traders in Rural Kazakhstan. In K. Kuehnast, & C. Nechemias (Eds.), Post-Soviet Women Encountering Transition (pp. 105-126). Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Werner, C. (2004). Women, Marriage, and the Nation-State: The Rise of Nonconsensual Bride Kidnapping in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. In P. J. Luong (Ed.), the Transformation of Central Asia: States and Society from Soviet Rule to Independent (p. 89). Cornell: Cornell University Press.


（三） 學術期刊
Aminova, A., Sujud, J. & Musayev, R. (2010). Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia. Central Asia Online.

Cleuziou, J. (2016) ‘A second wife is not really a wife’: polygyny, gender relations and economic realities in Tajikistan. Central Asian Survey, 35 (1), 70-96.

Ishkanian, A. (2003) .VI. Gendered Transitions: The Impact of the Post-Soviet Transition on Women in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2, 475-496.

Kamp, M. (October 2016). The Soviet Legacy and Women’s Rights in Central Asia. Current History, 105 (783), 273.

Kasymova, S. (2006). The Tajik Society: Tradition and the Practice of Polygamy. Vestnik Yevrazii, 4, 97-155.

Kasymova, S. (n.d.). Gender Relations in Tajik Society. Retrieved 8 April, 2017, from: https://www.academia.edu/23520507/Gender_Relations_in_Tajik_Society.

Kuehnast, K. (1998) From Pioneer to Entrepreneurs: Young Women, Consumerism, and the ‘World Picture’ in Kyrgyzstan. Central Asia Survey, 17 (4), 639-654.

Kleinbach, R. (2003). ‘Frequency of non-consensual bride kidnapping in the Kyrgyz Republic’. International Journal of Central Asian Studies, 8 (1), 108-128.

Kleinbach, R., Mehrigiul, M. & Aitieva, M. (2005). Kidnapping for marriage (ala kachuu) in a Kyrgyz village. Central Asia Survey, 24 (2), 198.


Lubin, N. (1981). Women in Soviet Central Asia: Progress and Contradictions. Soviet Studies, 33 (2), 182-203.

Omelicheva, M. Y. (2011). Islam in Kazakhstan: A Study of Contemporary Trends and Sources of Secuitization. Central Asia Survey, 30 (2), 243-256.

Radford, D. (2014) Contesting and Negotiating Religion and Ethnic Identity in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 33 (1), 15-28.

Rather, F. A. (2013). Status of Women in Soviet Women in Soviet Central Asia: A Case Study of Tajik Women, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 3, 1-3.

Werner, C. (2009). Bride Abduction in Post-Soviet Central Asia, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 15, 314-331.

（四） 國際組織報告
Asian Development Bank. (n.d.) Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment: Gender and Development/ Central and West Asia/ 2014. Manila: Asian Development Bank). Retrieved 18 April, 2017, from: https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-country-gender-assessment-2014

Bassiuoni, S. (n.d.). Briefing Note on the Situation of Women in Central Asia. United Nations: Division for Gender Equality Office of the Director-General.


Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Discrimination Against Women. (2 June, 2006). Concluding Comments on Turkmenistan.

Human Rights Council. (6 January, 2009). Reporting of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Turkmenistan.

Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). Human Rights Watch Memorandum Domestic Violence in Kyrgyzstan.

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Human Rights Watch Report. (2006). Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse And Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan, Human Rights Watch, 18 (9).

Khitarishvili, T. (2016). Gender Equalities in Labour Markets in Central Asia. Almaty: UNDP. Retrieved 25 April, 2017, from: http://jobs4prosperity.org/downloads/session6/Gender_Inequalities_Central_Asia_UNDP.pdf.

Non-government Organization of Tajikistan. (2006). Tajikistan: Shadow Report on the Realization of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forums of Discrimination against Women. Dushanbe: Non-government Organization of Tajikistan. Retrieved 5 June, 2017, from: http://www.untj.net/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=562:cedaw-alternative-report-october-2006-eng&id=103:international-obligations&Itemid=746.

Shahriari, H., et al. (2009) Improving Women’s Access to Land and Financial Resources in Tajikistan. Dushanbe: World Bank report.

UNDP Tajikistan. (2013). UNDP-UNEP Poverty Environment Initiative.

United Nation Country Team Kazakhstan. (2008). Country Analysis.

United Nations Secretary-General. (18 October, 2006). Situation of Human Rights in Uzbekistan.

United States of America Department of State. (11 March, 2010). Human Rights Reports Kazakhstan 2009.
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United States Department of State. (n.d.). Turkmenistan 2016 Human Rights Report.

United States of America Department of State. (n.d.). Human Rights Reports Uzbekistan 2009.

USAID. (21 November, 2016). Kyrgyz Women Gain Access to Politics: Networking helps Women Realize Their Potential as Leaders. Retrieved 11 June, 2017, from: https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/increasing-access-women-politics.

World Economic Forum. (n.d.) Global Gender Gap Report 2016. Retrieved 20 June, 2017, from: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/.

（五） 網路資源
Amankulov, J. (n.d.). Ending Violence against Women. Retrieved 16 June, 2017, from UN Women: Europe and Central Asia: http://eca.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/kazakhstan-multi-country-office/ending-violence-against-women.

Human Rights Watch. (15 March , 2011). Uzbekistan Shuts Down Human Rights Watch Office. Retrieved 11 June, 2017, from: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/03/15/uzbekistan-government-shuts-down-human-rights-watch-office.

Human Rights Watch. (12 January, 2017). Central Asia: Make Improving Rights A Priority, End Torture；Respect Basic Freedom. Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/12/central-asia-make-improving-rights-priority.

Margolis, H. (May, 2017). Kyrgyzstan: New Domestic Violence Law: Government Moves to Improve to Response to Abuse. Retrieved 6 June, 2017, from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/10/kyrgyzstan-new-domestic-violence-law.

Najibullah, F. (8 March, 2010) Do Central Asia’s Gender Quotas Help or Hurt Women? Retrieved 11 June, 2017, from: Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty, https://www.rferl.org/a/Do_Central_Asias_Gender_Quotas_Help_Or_Hurt_Women/1977535.html.

National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2012).

Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty. (2011, January 26). Tajikistan Complicates Marriage Between Foreigners, Tajik Women. Retrieved 5 June, 2017, from: https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan_marriage_foreigners_women/2288545.html.

Roth, K. (Ed.). (n.d.). World Report 2017. Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from: the United States of America: Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017.

Shimomura, N., Conlievich, E., Alexeeva, N. & Samek, V. (March, 2017). Joint Statement by Norimasa Shimomura, Resident Coordinator of the United Nations in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Elaine Conkievich, UN Women Representative in Central Asia, Natalia Alexeeva, Head of United Nations Environment Programme Sub-Regional Office for Central Asia Vlastimil Samek Representative of Department of Public Information on the Occasion of International Women’s Day. Retrieved 24 April, 2017, from UNDP Kazakhstan: http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2017/03/07/joint-statement-by-norimasa-shimomura-resident-coordinator-of-the-united-nations-in-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-elaine-conkievich-un-women-representative-in-central-asia.html.

Tajikistan House of Representatives. (n.d.) Retrieved 5 June, 2017, from: http://www.ipu.org/english/parline/reports/2309_e.htm.

UNDP. (2010). Men and Women in Uzbekistan. Retrieved 20 April, 2017, from: http://jobs4prosperity.org/downloads/session6/Gender_Inequalities_Central_Asia_UNDP.pdf.

WomanStats Project. (n.d.) Discrepant Government Dehavior Concerning Women: Scaled 2015. Retrieved 25 March, 2017, from: http://womanstats.org/.

三、 俄文部分
（一） 專書、專書篇章
Алимова, Д. А., Женский Вопрос: В Средней Азии История Изучения и Современные Проблемы. (1994). Ташкент: 《ФАН》Академия наука республики Узбекистан.

（二） 期刊、雜誌
Правда. (15 February, 1956).

（三） 網路資源
В Парламенте Кыргызстана Хотели Бы Узаконить Многоженство. (27 March, 2017). Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from Отдел Новостей и СМИ Радио ООН: http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/russian/archives/244358/#.WUTjn4V-WaM.

В КР Вновь Предлагают Узаконить Многоженство. (17 June, 2017). Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from Радио Азаттык: https://rus.azattyk.org/a/27111670.html.

Национальный Статистический Комитет Кыргызской Республики. (n.d.) Численность Занятого Население по Полу и Возрасту. Retrieved 3 April, 2017, from：http://stat.kg/en/statistics/zanyatost/.

Салимов, Х. (2013). Надомничество- Удобная Форма Труда (Национальное Информационное Агентство Узбекистана. Retrieved 21 April, 2017, from Национальное Информационное Агентство Узбекистана: http://uza.uz/ru/society/nadomnichestvo-udobnaya-forma-truda-13.02.2013-22271.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
102263002
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102263002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yung Fangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賴祐平zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lai, Yu Pingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 賴祐平zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lai, Yu Pingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 13-Sep-2017 15:32:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 13-Sep-2017 15:32:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 13-Sep-2017 15:32:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102263002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112779-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102263002zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文運用結合資本主義和父權制的雙系統理論探究中亞婦女地位之現況。文中首先以歷史脈絡回顧中亞婦女地位，探討從蘇聯統治前到後共時期婦女地位之轉變。第二部份則接續探討下列問題：

蘇聯政府在中亞地區進行的婦女解放運動，帶給中亞婦女地位什麼樣的影響？

蘇聯瓦解後，中亞五國政府對婦女的態度是否和蘇聯一致？

中亞五國獨立後之轉型經濟是否對其婦女地位有影響？

婦女在後共時期的地位又是如何？

蘇聯瓦解後，中亞五國面臨的轉型經濟，以及傳統主義的復甦皆使中亞婦女的地位面臨困境。再者，父權制統治仍深植於中亞社會，新的統治者利用中亞傳統和伊斯蘭文化、習俗鞏固權力以及進行國家建立，這樣的情況不利於中亞婦女地位，迫使中亞婦女受限於傳統性別模式。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) By applying the dual-system theory, combining capitalism and patriarchy, this study aims to explore women’s status in post-Soviet Central Asia. The first section of the study focuses on the historical context of Central Asian women’s status, starting from pre-Soviet to post-Soviet period. The second section discusses the following research questions:

How did the female emancipation in Central Asia, which was undertaken by the soviet government, affect Central Asian women’s status?

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, have the governments of the five Central Asian countries held the same attitude toward women as the soviet government?

After the five Central Asian countries became independent, did the transition economy affect women’s status?

What is Central Asian women’s status in the post-Soviet period?

After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries have faced the dilemma of transition economy and re-emergence of Traditionalism. Furthermore, patriarchy is deeply rooted in Central Asian society. The new governors consolidate their power and process State-building via the traditional and Islamic practices and customs, which forces Central Asian women into limited traditional gender roles.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究範圍與限制 7
第三節 研究途徑與方法 9
第四節 文獻回顧 13
第五節 章節安排 19

第二章 中亞婦女地位之演變 21
第一節 帝俄統治時期–父權操控與擺佈 22
第二節 蘇聯統治時期–婦女解放與充權 30
第三節 後共時期–婦女之消權 51
第四節 小結 55

第三章 轉型經濟與中亞婦女地位 58
第一節 市場經濟與婦女角色改變 60
第二節 社會福利樽節與所得不均 66
第三節 中亞婦女肩負經濟與家庭之雙重負擔 72
第四節 小結 76

第四章 傳統主義復甦與中亞婦女地位 78
第一節 家長式威權統治 79
第二節 官方與社會之婦女意象 86
第三節 中亞婦女地位削弱 93
第四節 小結 102

第五章 結論 104

參考文獻 108		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1636840 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102263002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中亞婦女zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中亞婦女解放運動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 父權制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 傳統主義復甦zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 伊斯蘭教zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Central asian womenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Emancipation of central asian womenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Patriarchyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Re-emergence of traditionalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Islamen_US
dc.title (題名) 後共中亞婦女地位之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A study of women`s status in post-soviet central asiaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文部分
（一） 專書、專書篇章
Randall, V. 著，劉倩華 譯，〈女性主義研究途徑〉，陳義彥等編，《政治學方法論與途徑》，台北：韋伯文化，2007。頁131-156。
上野千鶴子，《父權體制與資本主義：馬克斯主義之女性主義》，台北市：時報文化，1997。
王瑞香，〈基進女性主義〉，顧燕翎編，《女性主義理論與流派》，台北：女書文化，2002。頁121-158。
《古蘭經》。
列寧，〈在全俄女工第一次代表大會上的演說〉，《列寧全集》，第二十八卷，北京：人民出版社，1956。頁162-163。
林芳玫，〈自由主義女性主義〉，顧燕翎編，《女性主義理論與流派》，台北：女書文化，1997。頁3-24。
范情，〈當代社會主義女性主義〉，顧燕翎主編，《女性主義理論與流派》，台北市：女書文化，1997。
紀登斯，《資本主義與現代社會理論：馬克思．凃爾幹．韋伯》，簡惠美譯，台北：遠流出版事業股份有限公司，1989。頁47-71。
常玢，〈伊斯蘭教在中亞的傳播與發展〉，中國社會科學院俄羅斯東歐中亞研究所編，《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究文選（1965-2015）上冊》，北京市：社會科學文獻出版社，2016。
陳義彥等譯，D. Marsh等，〈女性主義研究途徑〉，陳義彥等主編，《政治學方法論與途徑》，台北：韋伯文化國際，2007。頁131-155。
黃淑玲，〈烏托邦社會主義/馬克思主義女性主義〉，顧燕翎主編，《女性主義理論與流派》，台北市，女書文化，1997。頁29-66。
葉至誠、葉立誠著，《研究方法與論文寫作》，台北市：商鼎文化，1999。頁138-156。

（二） 學位論文
茅慧青，《蘇聯婦女地位之研究》，台北：國立政治大學東亞研究所碩士論文，1986。
李鴻儀，《普丁時期俄國婦女地位之研究》，台北：國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文，2011。

二、 英文部分
（一） 專書、專書篇章
Akiner, S. (1983). Islam Peoples of the Soviet Union. London: KPI Limited.

Akiner, S. (1997). Between tradition and modernity: the dilemma facing contemporary Central Asian women. In M. Buckley (Ed.), Post-Soviet Women: from the Baltic to Central Asia (pp. 261-304). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Bergne, P. (2007). The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic (p. 82). New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.

Bryson, V. (2003). Feminist Political Theory: An Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Buckley, M. (1989). Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union. the United State of America: The University of Michigan Press.

Corcoran-Nantes, Y. (2005). Lost Voices: Central Asian women confronting transition. New York: Zed Books.

Cronin, S. (2014). Intoduction: Coercion or Empowerment. In S. Cronin (Ed.), Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World (p. 14). London: Routledge.

Fannina, H. W. (1938). Women in the Soviet East. New York: Dutton & Co.

Farr, K. (2005). Sex Trafficking: The Global Market in Women and Children (p. 11). New York: Worth Publishers.

Fierman, W (Ed.). (1991). Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. Colorado: Westview Press.

Heyat, F. (2002). Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and post-Soviet Azerbaijan. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Hiro, D. (2009). Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran (pp. 41-44). New York & London: Overlook Duckworth, Peter Mayer Publishers.

Kamp, M. (2004). Between Women and the State: Mahalla Committees and Social Welfare in Uzbekistan. In P. J. Luong (Ed.), the Transformation of Central Asia: States and Society from Soviet Rule to Independent (pp. 29-58). Cornell: Cornell University Press.

Kamp, M. (2006). The New Women in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism. the United State of America : The University of Washington Press.

Kamp, M. (2014). Women-initiated Unveiling: State-led campaigns in Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. In S. Cronin (Ed.), Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World: Gender, Modernis m and the Politics of dress (pp. 205-228). New York: Routledge.

Khalid, A. (2007). Islam after Communism Religious and Politics in Central Asia (pp. 126-127). London: University of California Press.
Kuehnast, K. & Nechemias, C. (2004). Introduction: Women Navigating Change in Post-Soviet Currents. In Kuehnast, K. & Nechemias, C. (Eds.), Post-Soviet Women Encountering Transition: Nation Building, Economic Survival and Civil Activism (p. 4). Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Lapidus, G. W. (1978). Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development and Social Change. California: University of California Press.

Leahy, M. E. (1986). Development strategies and the status of women: a comparative study of the United States, Mexico, the Soviet Union, and Cuba. (pp. 11-13). Colorado: L. Rienner Publishers.

Massell, G. J. (1974). The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

McChesney, R. D. (1996). Central Asia: Foundations of Change. (p.4) Princeton: The Darwin Press, Inc.

Mcmann, K. M. (2004). The Civic Realm in Kyrgyzstan: Soviet Economic Legacies and Activities’ Expectations. In P. J. Luong (Ed.), The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (pp. 214, 223). Cornell: Cornell University Press.

Olcott, M. B. (1991). Women and Society in Central Asia. In W. Fierman (Ed.), Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation (pp. 247-248). Colorado: Westview Press.

Rakowska-Harmstone, T. (1970). Russia and Nationalism in Soviet Central Asia: The Case of Tadzhikistan (p. 173). Baltimore.

Rosalind, M. (1996). Introduction: Women’s Studies and Women’s Issues in Russia, Ukraine and the Post-Soviet States. In M. Rosalind (Ed.), Women and Ukraine (pp. 1-28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rowe, W. (2008). Cultural Muslim: The Evolution of Muslim Identity in Soviet and Post-Soviet Central Asia. In C. Aitchison, P. Hopkins and M.P. Kwan (Eds.), Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging (p. 153). Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Salhani, C. (2011). Islam without a Veil: Kazakhstan’s Path of Moderation (p.22). Washington D. C.: Potomac Books.

Tokhtakhodzhaeva, M. (2008). The Re-Islamization of Society and the Position of Women in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan (p. 160). Folkestone: Cromwell Press.

Werner, C. (2004). Feminizing the New Silk Road: Women Traders in Rural Kazakhstan. In K. Kuehnast, & C. Nechemias (Eds.), Post-Soviet Women Encountering Transition (pp. 105-126). Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Werner, C. (2004). Women, Marriage, and the Nation-State: The Rise of Nonconsensual Bride Kidnapping in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. In P. J. Luong (Ed.), the Transformation of Central Asia: States and Society from Soviet Rule to Independent (p. 89). Cornell: Cornell University Press.


（三） 學術期刊
Aminova, A., Sujud, J. & Musayev, R. (2010). Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia. Central Asia Online.

Cleuziou, J. (2016) ‘A second wife is not really a wife’: polygyny, gender relations and economic realities in Tajikistan. Central Asian Survey, 35 (1), 70-96.

Ishkanian, A. (2003) .VI. Gendered Transitions: The Impact of the Post-Soviet Transition on Women in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2, 475-496.

Kamp, M. (October 2016). The Soviet Legacy and Women’s Rights in Central Asia. Current History, 105 (783), 273.

Kasymova, S. (2006). The Tajik Society: Tradition and the Practice of Polygamy. Vestnik Yevrazii, 4, 97-155.

Kasymova, S. (n.d.). Gender Relations in Tajik Society. Retrieved 8 April, 2017, from: https://www.academia.edu/23520507/Gender_Relations_in_Tajik_Society.

Kuehnast, K. (1998) From Pioneer to Entrepreneurs: Young Women, Consumerism, and the ‘World Picture’ in Kyrgyzstan. Central Asia Survey, 17 (4), 639-654.

Kleinbach, R. (2003). ‘Frequency of non-consensual bride kidnapping in the Kyrgyz Republic’. International Journal of Central Asian Studies, 8 (1), 108-128.

Kleinbach, R., Mehrigiul, M. & Aitieva, M. (2005). Kidnapping for marriage (ala kachuu) in a Kyrgyz village. Central Asia Survey, 24 (2), 198.


Lubin, N. (1981). Women in Soviet Central Asia: Progress and Contradictions. Soviet Studies, 33 (2), 182-203.

Omelicheva, M. Y. (2011). Islam in Kazakhstan: A Study of Contemporary Trends and Sources of Secuitization. Central Asia Survey, 30 (2), 243-256.

Radford, D. (2014) Contesting and Negotiating Religion and Ethnic Identity in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 33 (1), 15-28.

Rather, F. A. (2013). Status of Women in Soviet Women in Soviet Central Asia: A Case Study of Tajik Women, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 3, 1-3.

Werner, C. (2009). Bride Abduction in Post-Soviet Central Asia, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 15, 314-331.

（四） 國際組織報告
Asian Development Bank. (n.d.) Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment: Gender and Development/ Central and West Asia/ 2014. Manila: Asian Development Bank). Retrieved 18 April, 2017, from: https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-country-gender-assessment-2014

Bassiuoni, S. (n.d.). Briefing Note on the Situation of Women in Central Asia. United Nations: Division for Gender Equality Office of the Director-General.


Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Discrimination Against Women. (2 June, 2006). Concluding Comments on Turkmenistan.

Human Rights Council. (6 January, 2009). Reporting of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Turkmenistan.

Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). Human Rights Watch Memorandum Domestic Violence in Kyrgyzstan.

Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). World Report 2017: Turkmenistan Events of 2016. Retrieved 7 June, 2017, from: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/turkmenistan.
Human Rights Watch Report. (2006). Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse And Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan, Human Rights Watch, 18 (9).

Khitarishvili, T. (2016). Gender Equalities in Labour Markets in Central Asia. Almaty: UNDP. Retrieved 25 April, 2017, from: http://jobs4prosperity.org/downloads/session6/Gender_Inequalities_Central_Asia_UNDP.pdf.

Non-government Organization of Tajikistan. (2006). Tajikistan: Shadow Report on the Realization of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forums of Discrimination against Women. Dushanbe: Non-government Organization of Tajikistan. Retrieved 5 June, 2017, from: http://www.untj.net/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=562:cedaw-alternative-report-october-2006-eng&id=103:international-obligations&Itemid=746.

Shahriari, H., et al. (2009) Improving Women’s Access to Land and Financial Resources in Tajikistan. Dushanbe: World Bank report.

UNDP Tajikistan. (2013). UNDP-UNEP Poverty Environment Initiative.

United Nation Country Team Kazakhstan. (2008). Country Analysis.

United Nations Secretary-General. (18 October, 2006). Situation of Human Rights in Uzbekistan.

United States of America Department of State. (11 March, 2010). Human Rights Reports Kazakhstan 2009.
United States of American Department of State. (11 March, 2010). Human Rights Reports Turkmenistan 2009.

United States Department of State. (n.d.). Turkmenistan 2016 Human Rights Report.

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USAID. (21 November, 2016). Kyrgyz Women Gain Access to Politics: Networking helps Women Realize Their Potential as Leaders. Retrieved 11 June, 2017, from: https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/increasing-access-women-politics.

World Economic Forum. (n.d.) Global Gender Gap Report 2016. Retrieved 20 June, 2017, from: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/.

（五） 網路資源
Amankulov, J. (n.d.). Ending Violence against Women. Retrieved 16 June, 2017, from UN Women: Europe and Central Asia: http://eca.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/kazakhstan-multi-country-office/ending-violence-against-women.

Human Rights Watch. (15 March , 2011). Uzbekistan Shuts Down Human Rights Watch Office. Retrieved 11 June, 2017, from: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/03/15/uzbekistan-government-shuts-down-human-rights-watch-office.

Human Rights Watch. (12 January, 2017). Central Asia: Make Improving Rights A Priority, End Torture；Respect Basic Freedom. Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/12/central-asia-make-improving-rights-priority.

Margolis, H. (May, 2017). Kyrgyzstan: New Domestic Violence Law: Government Moves to Improve to Response to Abuse. Retrieved 6 June, 2017, from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/10/kyrgyzstan-new-domestic-violence-law.

Najibullah, F. (8 March, 2010) Do Central Asia’s Gender Quotas Help or Hurt Women? Retrieved 11 June, 2017, from: Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty, https://www.rferl.org/a/Do_Central_Asias_Gender_Quotas_Help_Or_Hurt_Women/1977535.html.

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Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty. (2011, January 26). Tajikistan Complicates Marriage Between Foreigners, Tajik Women. Retrieved 5 June, 2017, from: https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan_marriage_foreigners_women/2288545.html.

Roth, K. (Ed.). (n.d.). World Report 2017. Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from: the United States of America: Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017.

Shimomura, N., Conlievich, E., Alexeeva, N. & Samek, V. (March, 2017). Joint Statement by Norimasa Shimomura, Resident Coordinator of the United Nations in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Elaine Conkievich, UN Women Representative in Central Asia, Natalia Alexeeva, Head of United Nations Environment Programme Sub-Regional Office for Central Asia Vlastimil Samek Representative of Department of Public Information on the Occasion of International Women’s Day. Retrieved 24 April, 2017, from UNDP Kazakhstan: http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2017/03/07/joint-statement-by-norimasa-shimomura-resident-coordinator-of-the-united-nations-in-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-elaine-conkievich-un-women-representative-in-central-asia.html.

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UNDP. (2010). Men and Women in Uzbekistan. Retrieved 20 April, 2017, from: http://jobs4prosperity.org/downloads/session6/Gender_Inequalities_Central_Asia_UNDP.pdf.

WomanStats Project. (n.d.) Discrepant Government Dehavior Concerning Women: Scaled 2015. Retrieved 25 March, 2017, from: http://womanstats.org/.

三、 俄文部分
（一） 專書、專書篇章
Алимова, Д. А., Женский Вопрос: В Средней Азии История Изучения и Современные Проблемы. (1994). Ташкент: 《ФАН》Академия наука республики Узбекистан.

（二） 期刊、雜誌
Правда. (15 February, 1956).

（三） 網路資源
В Парламенте Кыргызстана Хотели Бы Узаконить Многоженство. (27 March, 2017). Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from Отдел Новостей и СМИ Радио ООН: http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/russian/archives/244358/#.WUTjn4V-WaM.

В КР Вновь Предлагают Узаконить Многоженство. (17 June, 2017). Retrieved 17 June, 2017, from Радио Азаттык: https://rus.azattyk.org/a/27111670.html.

Национальный Статистический Комитет Кыргызской Республики. (n.d.) Численность Занятого Население по Полу и Возрасту. Retrieved 3 April, 2017, from：http://stat.kg/en/statistics/zanyatost/.

Салимов, Х. (2013). Надомничество- Удобная Форма Труда (Национальное Информационное Агентство Узбекистана. Retrieved 21 April, 2017, from Национальное Информационное Агентство Узбекистана: http://uza.uz/ru/society/nadomnichestvo-udobnaya-forma-truda-13.02.2013-22271.		zh_TW