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題名 美國2017NFL年國歌抗議活動Twitter視覺內容研究
To knee or not to knee: An examination of Twitter visual content during the 2017 NFL national anthem protests in the United States
作者 林蕾娜
Davidson, Brenna
貢獻者 林翠絹
Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuan
林蕾娜
Brenna Davidson
關鍵詞 Twitter
視覺內容分析
社會認同
委屈
集體行動
Twitter
Visual content analysis
Social identity
Grievances
Collective action
日期 2018
上傳時間 3-Sep-2018 15:55:34 (UTC+8)
摘要 Past research has delved into collective actions and political activism. However, few studies analyze the communication patterns of visual content generated on social media throughout protest events in relation to polarized political issues. Given the impacts of Twitter mobilizers to shape online opinions of protesters, this content analysis study examined Twitter image tweets during the 2017 National Football League (NFL) national anthem protests (NAP) in the United States. In order to understand visual communication trends on Twitter during the protest, this study will utilize the social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) and Van Zomeren et al.’s (2012) dual pathway model (DDPM). The theoretical framework of integrating SIT and DDPM will facilitate the understanding of how social identity, grievances, and coping approaches (emotional route: affective responses; instrumental route: efficacy) factor into social media image content during a polarized protest.
This study analyzed tweeted images shared when the national anthem protests peaked in web search penetration. It collected image tweets with the Twitter Advanced Search function and used top tweet filter under the #TakeAKnee hashtag. This research in total analyzed 1,400 viral NAP tweet images from September 24, to October 21, 2017. Based on research questions and past studies, xx codes have developed with xx emerging codes from the data.
The visual content analysis showed that NAP supporters’ posts were primarily related to the social identity of minority support; however, the visual content for constructive patriotism and sports fandom was minimal. Images depicting police brutality were scarce, possibly due to the peaceful nature of the NAPs. In terms of grievances, images regarding anti-protest mobilizers such as Donald Trump were more prominent in the dataset. Consistent with past research, reciprocal affective responses (i.e. sympathy and admiration) were expressed more in the image tweets than shared affective responses (i.e. anger and sarcasm). Lastly, in regards to temporal changes for key codes, the themes of majority of image tweets were not influenced by offline events or news outlets’ agenda setting over time. This indicates that the online communication patterns of NAP supporters do not always repeat or continue the topics in various news outlets and offline events. As the dataset did not follow an identifiable pattern across the codes and subcodes in regards to temporal changes, common trends instead included image tweet spikes and volume alignment between codes on days that corresponded with offline events.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
105461030
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1054610301
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林翠絹zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林蕾娜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Brenna Davidsonen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林蕾娜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Davidson, Brennaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2018en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Sep-2018 15:55:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Sep-2018 15:55:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Sep-2018 15:55:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1054610301en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/119932-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 105461030zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Past research has delved into collective actions and political activism. However, few studies analyze the communication patterns of visual content generated on social media throughout protest events in relation to polarized political issues. Given the impacts of Twitter mobilizers to shape online opinions of protesters, this content analysis study examined Twitter image tweets during the 2017 National Football League (NFL) national anthem protests (NAP) in the United States. In order to understand visual communication trends on Twitter during the protest, this study will utilize the social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) and Van Zomeren et al.’s (2012) dual pathway model (DDPM). The theoretical framework of integrating SIT and DDPM will facilitate the understanding of how social identity, grievances, and coping approaches (emotional route: affective responses; instrumental route: efficacy) factor into social media image content during a polarized protest.
This study analyzed tweeted images shared when the national anthem protests peaked in web search penetration. It collected image tweets with the Twitter Advanced Search function and used top tweet filter under the #TakeAKnee hashtag. This research in total analyzed 1,400 viral NAP tweet images from September 24, to October 21, 2017. Based on research questions and past studies, xx codes have developed with xx emerging codes from the data.
The visual content analysis showed that NAP supporters’ posts were primarily related to the social identity of minority support; however, the visual content for constructive patriotism and sports fandom was minimal. Images depicting police brutality were scarce, possibly due to the peaceful nature of the NAPs. In terms of grievances, images regarding anti-protest mobilizers such as Donald Trump were more prominent in the dataset. Consistent with past research, reciprocal affective responses (i.e. sympathy and admiration) were expressed more in the image tweets than shared affective responses (i.e. anger and sarcasm). Lastly, in regards to temporal changes for key codes, the themes of majority of image tweets were not influenced by offline events or news outlets’ agenda setting over time. This indicates that the online communication patterns of NAP supporters do not always repeat or continue the topics in various news outlets and offline events. As the dataset did not follow an identifiable pattern across the codes and subcodes in regards to temporal changes, common trends instead included image tweet spikes and volume alignment between codes on days that corresponded with offline events.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement ……………………… 1
Abstract ………………………2
Table of Contents ………………………3
List of Table and Figure …………………6
1. Introduction ……………………8
1.1. Research Background ……………………8
1.2. Research Purpose.……………………11
1.3. Research Significance and Expected Contributions ………………………………12
2. Literature Review …………………14
2.1. Sport Activism and the NFL Anthem Protests ……………14
2.1.1 Activism in Sports………………14
2.2.1. NFL National Anthem Protests: Historical Background …………………………16
2.2. Theoretical Foundation……………18
2.2.1 Social Identity Theory (SIT)…………………………18
2.2.2 Dynamic Dual Pathway Model (DDPM)……………19
2.3. Proposed Theoretical Framework……………21
2.3.1. Social Identity ………………25
2.2.1.1. Minority Group Member Support………………26
2.2.1.2. Constructive Patriotism………………27
2.2.1.3. Fandoms and Affiliation to NFL Organization, Team, and Players…………29
2.3.2. Grievances ……………………31
2.3.2.1. Institutional Racism……………………32
2.3.2.2. Anti-Protest Mobilizers…………………33
2.3.3 DDPM’s Coping Approaches………………36
2.3.3.1 Emotional Route: Affective Responses………………37
2.3.3.1.1 Shared Affective Responses ………………38
2.3.3.1.2 Reciprocal Affective Responses …………39
2.3.3.2 Instrumental Route: Efficacy…………………39
3. Methodology……………………41
3.1. Data Sampling and Collection: Trends from the 2017 protests ………………43
3.2. Data Analysis………………46
3.2.1 Coding Instrument…………………47
3.2.2 Intercoder Reliability………………47
4. Findings………………………49
4.1 Social Identity ……………………49
4.2 Grievances ………………………54
4.3 Emotional Coping Responses ……………………56
4.3.1 Shared Affective Responses ……………………56
4.3.2 Reciprocal Affective Reponses …………………60
4.4 Efficacy Coping Approach: Instrumental Route ……………………………63
4.5 Volume of Tweets and Temporal Changes ………………………68
4.5.1 Social Identity Temporal Changes ………………68
4.5.2 Grievances Temporal Changes …………70
4.5.3 Temporal Changes for the Emotion Coping Route …………………………71
4.5.4 Temporal Changes for the Instrumental Coping Route …………………………74
5. Discussion and Conclusion ……………………77
References …………………………86
Appendices …………………………………101
Appendix A. Collection of Donald Trump’s NAP Tweets………101
Appendix B. Coding Instrument ……………………104		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2281772 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1054610301en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Twitterzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 視覺內容分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會認同zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 委屈zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 集體行動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Twitteren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Visual content analysisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social identityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Grievancesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Collective actionen_US
dc.title (題名) 美國2017NFL年國歌抗議活動Twitter視覺內容研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) To knee or not to knee: An examination of Twitter visual content during the 2017 NFL national anthem protests in the United Statesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMICS.015.2018.F05-