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題名 台灣的皮膚美白現象
Skin Whitening Phenomenon in Taiwan
作者 安年蒙
Anjorin, olaide
貢獻者 康庭瑜
Kang, Ting-Yu
安年蒙
olaide Anjorin
關鍵詞 美白
化妝品
旋律
種族
台灣
土著
Whitening
Cosmetics
Melanin
Ethnicity
Taiwanese
Aboriginal
日期 2019
上傳時間 6-Nov-2019 15:28:10 (UTC+8)
摘要 抽象
皮膚增白產品可商購，並且易於用於美容目的，
使膚色變白。先前有關皮膚美白現象的研究
著重於美白產品中成分的有害健康危害。他們也
重點關注仍在影響全球社會的殖民種族方面。這項研究探索了
通過考察台灣女性的文化規範化，探討台灣社會女性的文化思維框架
台灣不同族裔的皮膚美白現象。專注於深度
嵌入式皮膚美白的過程是在現代台灣社會。
採用定性研究方法，對台灣精靈進行深度訪談
島上來自不同種族的婦女。使用全球化概念的理論
美帝國主義和文化帝國主義，並運用紮根的理論和主題分析
編碼並分解結果。訪談的分析結果表明，皮膚
美白現像一直存在，許多人根本不將其視為社會問題。
台灣。結果表明，大多數人不知道使用毒品所帶來的健康風險
這些美白產品。
ABSTRACT
Skin whitening products are commercially available and are easily used for cosmetic purposes to
get a lighter skin complexion. Previous research studies on skin whitening phenomenon primarily
focuses on the harmful health hazards of the ingredients in the skin whitening products. They also
focus on the colonial racial aspect that still impacts societies globally. This study explores the
cultural mind frame of women in Taiwanese society by examining the cultural normalization of
the skin-whitening phenomena across different ethnic groups in Taiwan. Focusing on how deeply
embedded the process of skin whitening is in modern Taiwanese society.
Employing a qualitative research method in the form of in-depth interviews on elven Taiwanese
women from the different ethnicity groups on the Island. Using the theories of globalizing notions
of beauty and cultural imperialism and employing the grounded theory and thematic analysis to
code and break down the findings. Results of the analysis of the interviews illustrated that the skin
whitening phenomenon is one that here to stay, as many just don’t view it as a social issue in
Taiwan. Results showed that most people were unaware of the health risk that comes with using
these whitening products.
參考文獻 Reference
● An, Y. and Bissell, K. (2014). The Globalization of Beauty: How is Ideal Beauty Influenced
by Globally Published Fashion and Beauty Magazines? Journal of Intercultural
Communication Research, 43(3), pp.194-214. (Yan and Bissell, 2014)
● Banner, Lois. 1983. American beauty. New York: Knopf
● Chávez, A. and Guido-DiBrito, F. (1999). Racial and Ethnic Identity and Development. New
Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1999(84), pp.39-47.
● Chen, L. (2017). Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking, written by Jessieca
Leo. Journal Of Chinese Overseas, 13(2), 295-297. doi: 10.1163/17932548-12341360
● Chepkemoi, J. (2018). Ethnic groups in the Philippines. [online] The Reader Wiki, Reader
View of Wikipedia. Available at:
https://thereaderwiki.com/en/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines [Accessed 22 Mar. 2019].
● Chung, J., & Bissell, K. L. (2009, November). Global perceptions of beauty and attractiveness:
A cross-cultural analysis of American and Korean college students’ mental images of beauty.
Paper presented at the National Communication Association 95th Annual Convention,
Chicago, IL. Retrieved
● C Olivares, J. (2019). The 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) oxidase activity of
human tyrosinase. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221637/ [Accessed 1Jan. 2019].
● Erbaugh, M. (1992). The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka
Enterprise. The China Quarterly, 132, 937-968. doi: 10.1017/s0305741000045495
● Featherstone, M. (2010). Body Image and Affect in Consumer Culture. Body & Society, 16(1),
pp.193-221.
● Franklin, John H. (ed.) (1968), Color and Race, Boston: Beacon
GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Japan`s Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality.
George De Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma American Anthropologist First published: December
1967
● Geopolitica.RU. (2019). Theoriesof Globalization. [online] Available at:
https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/theories-globalization [Accessed 14 Mar. 2019].
● Goon, Patricia and Allison Craven (2003), “Whose Debt? Globalization and Whiteface in
Asia,” Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, 9 (August), accessed
on March 20, 2019. HTTP:// wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/ gooncraven.html
● Glenn, E. (2008). Yearning for Lightness. Gender & Society, 22(3), 281-302. doi:
10.1177/0891243208316089
● Huang, S. (2011). Nation-branding and transnational consumption: Japan-mania and the
Korean wave in Taiwan. Media, Culture & Society, 33(1), pp.3-18.
● Huang, T. (2018). Hakka Revivalism: A Story of Language Conservation in the 21st Century.
[online] SIR Journal. Available at: http://www.sirjournal.org/op-ed/2018/1/30/hakkarevivalism-a-story-of-language-conservation-in-the-21st-century
[Accessed 22 Mar. 2019].
● Hunter, M. (2002). ‘If you’re light you’re alright’: Light skin color as social capital for women
of color. Gender & Society, 16(2), 175-193.
● Hunter, M. (2005). Race, gender, and the politics of skin tone. New York: Routledge.
● Kinmonth, Earl H. (1981), The Self-Made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought: From Samurai to
Salary Man, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
● Li Y, et al. (2008) Cdc55p-mediated E4orf4 growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
mediated only in part via the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. J Virol 82(7):3612-
23
● LI, E., Min, H., Belk, R., Hosei, J. and Bahl, S. (2018). Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four
Asian Cultures. ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH, Volume 35(2008),
pp.Pages: 444-449. Bernama, 26 March 2014. Pengembangan Pesat Perniagaan Atas Talian
Bantu Tingkat Pendapatan Isi Rumah
● LI, E., Min, H., Belk, R., Hosei, J. and Bahl, S. (2018). Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four
Asian Cultures. ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH, Volume 35(2008),
pp.Pages: 444-449.
● LI, E., Min, H., Belk, R., Hosei, J. and Bahl, S. (2018). Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four
Asian Cultures. ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH, Volume 35(2008),
pp.Pages: 444-449.
● Lan, P. (2011). White Privilege, Language Capital and Cultural Ghettoisation: Western HighSkilled
Migrants in Taiwan. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(10), pp.1669-1693.
● Miller, A. (1970). Role of physical attractiveness in impression formation. Psychonomic
Science, 19, 241–243. Miller, L. C., Berg, J. H., & Archer, R. L. (1983). Openers: Individuals
who elicit intimate selfdisclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1234–
1244.
● Malhotra, Naresh k (2007). Marketing Research, An applied orientation. 5th ed. London:
Prentice-Hall International (UK). p. 158
● Malhotra, Naresh k (2007). Marketing Research, An applied orientation. 5th ed. London:
Prentice-Hall International (UK). p. 155 -156
● Malhotra, Naresh k (2007). Marketing Research, An applied orientation. 5th ed. London:
Prentice-Hall International (UK). p. 183-187
● Noels, K., Kil, H. and Fang, Y. (2014). Ethnolinguistic Orientation and Language Variation:
Measuring and Archiving Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Attitudes, and Identity. Language and
Linguistics Compass, 8(11), pp.618-628.
● Owhal, S. (2015). Influence Of Advertisement Believability, Persuasiveness And Buying
Behavior On Consumer Attitude Towards Advertisement Of Mobile Cellular Services. Journal
of Commerce and Management Thought, 6(3), p.528.
● Pan, E. (2013). Beautiful White: An Illumination of Asian Skin-Whitening Culture. Program
in Visual and Media Studies & International Comparative Studies Trinity College of Arts and
Sciences.
● Pan, E. (2013). Beautiful White: An Illumination of Asian Skin-Whitening Culture. Program
in Visual and Media Studies & International Comparative Studies Trinity College of Arts and
Sciences.
● Pan, E. (2014). Beautiful White: An Illumination of Asian Skin-Whitening Culture. DUKE
UNIVERSITY Durham, North Carolina. [online] Available at:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/37748773.pdf [Accessed 3 Jan. 2019].
● Schaffer, R. and Rostow, W. (1982). Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy: General Eisenhower`s
Decision of March 25, 1944. The Journal of American History, 69(1), p.206.
● Shankar, P. and Subish, P. (2007). Fair skin in South Asia: an obsession?. Journal of Pakistan
Association of Dermatologists.
● Shankar, P. and Subish, P. (2007). Fair skin in South Asia: an obsession?. Journal of Pakistan
Association of Dermatologists.
● Shigeta, Y., Imanaka, H., Ando, H., Ryu, A., Oku, N., Baba, N. and Makino, T. (2004). Skin
Whitening Effect of Linoleic Acid Is Enhanced by Liposomal Formulations. Biological &
Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(4), pp.591-594. (Shigeta et al., 2004)
● Since the age of colonisation Asian countries have utilized “whiteness” white skin as always
been considered an essential element in the construction of the female beauty in Asian culture
(LI et al., 2018). The
● Since the age of colonisation Asian countries have utilized “whiteness” white skin as always
been considered an essential element in the construction of the female beauty in Asian culture
(LI et al., 2018). The
● Solomon, M. R., Ashmore, R. D., & Longo, L. C. (1992). The beauty match-up hypothesis:
Congruence between types of beauty and product images in advertising. Journal of Advertising,
21, 23–34. Turner, J. S. (2007)
● The Beauty Match-Up Hypothesis: Congruence between Types of Beauty and Product Images
in Advertising. Michael R. Solomon, Richard D. Ashmore and Laura C. Longo. Source:
Journal of Advertising, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 23-34.
● The popularity of Caucasian and Eurasian models reflects the postcolonial structure of
commoditization and consumerism and is still influenced by a colonial past (Goon and Craven
2003)
Reference
● The popularity of Caucasian and Eurasian models reflects the postcolonial structure of
commoditization and consumerism and is still influenced by a colonial past (Goon and Craven
2003)
● The Social Perception of Skin Color in Japan Author(s): Hiroshi Wagatsuma Source: Daedalus,
Vol. 96, No. 2, Color and Race (Spring, 1967), pp. 407-443 Published by: MIT Press on behalf
of American Academy of Arts & Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2002704
● Turino, T. (1999). Signs of Imagination, Identity, and Experience: A Peircian Semiotic Theory
for Music. Ethnomusicology, 43(2), p.221. (Turino, 1999)
● Waters, M. C. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley, Calif.: University of
California Press, 1990.
● Webb, S. (2013). The Epidemic of Skin Bleaching Around the World. [online] Colorism
Healing.
● Yan Yan & Kim Bissell (2014) The Globalization of Beauty: How is Ideal Beauty Influenced
by Globally Published Fashion and Beauty Magazines? Journal of Intercultural
Communication Research, 43:3, 194-214, DOI:
● Yan, Y. and Bissell, K. (2014). The Globalization of Beauty: How is Ideal Beauty Influenced
by Globally Published Fashion and Beauty Magazines? Journal of Intercultural
Communication Research, 43(3), pp.194-214.
● Yeon Sung, S. (2013). Constructing a New Image ‐ Korean Popular Culture in Taiwan.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
106461013
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106461013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 康庭瑜zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Kang, Ting-Yuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 安年蒙zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) olaide Anjorinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 安年蒙zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Anjorin, olaideen_US
dc.date (日期) 2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned 6-Nov-2019 15:28:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 6-Nov-2019 15:28:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Nov-2019 15:28:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106461013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/127219-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106461013zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 抽象
皮膚增白產品可商購，並且易於用於美容目的，
使膚色變白。先前有關皮膚美白現象的研究
著重於美白產品中成分的有害健康危害。他們也
重點關注仍在影響全球社會的殖民種族方面。這項研究探索了
通過考察台灣女性的文化規範化，探討台灣社會女性的文化思維框架
台灣不同族裔的皮膚美白現象。專注於深度
嵌入式皮膚美白的過程是在現代台灣社會。
採用定性研究方法，對台灣精靈進行深度訪談
島上來自不同種族的婦女。使用全球化概念的理論
美帝國主義和文化帝國主義，並運用紮根的理論和主題分析
編碼並分解結果。訪談的分析結果表明，皮膚
美白現像一直存在，許多人根本不將其視為社會問題。
台灣。結果表明，大多數人不知道使用毒品所帶來的健康風險
這些美白產品。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) ABSTRACT
Skin whitening products are commercially available and are easily used for cosmetic purposes to
get a lighter skin complexion. Previous research studies on skin whitening phenomenon primarily
focuses on the harmful health hazards of the ingredients in the skin whitening products. They also
focus on the colonial racial aspect that still impacts societies globally. This study explores the
cultural mind frame of women in Taiwanese society by examining the cultural normalization of
the skin-whitening phenomena across different ethnic groups in Taiwan. Focusing on how deeply
embedded the process of skin whitening is in modern Taiwanese society.
Employing a qualitative research method in the form of in-depth interviews on elven Taiwanese
women from the different ethnicity groups on the Island. Using the theories of globalizing notions
of beauty and cultural imperialism and employing the grounded theory and thematic analysis to
code and break down the findings. Results of the analysis of the interviews illustrated that the skin
whitening phenomenon is one that here to stay, as many just don’t view it as a social issue in
Taiwan. Results showed that most people were unaware of the health risk that comes with using
these whitening products.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 The science of skin whitening 3
1.3 Research importance 7
1.4 Research motivation 8

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Consumer body culture 9
2.2 Standard ideal of beauty 10
2.3 Historical ideas of beauty in East Asia 12
2.4 What whiteness means to Taiwanese women 13
2.5 Effects of media images on individual perception and identification 15
2.6 Japan, China, and Korea influences 18

3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Research questions 21
3.2 Data collection 22
3.2.1 Grounded theory 22
3.2.2 Thematic analysis 23
3.3 Data collection and sampling 24
3.4 Cross- ethnic identity 24
3.4.1 Ethnic groups in Taiwan 25
3.4.2 Holko Han Chinese 27
3.4.3 Hakka Han Chinese 27
3.4.4 Mainland Chinese 28
3.4.5 Aboriginal Taiwanese 29
3.4.6 New immigrants 30
3.5 Sampling frame 30
3.5.1 Interview process and guidelines 33
3.5.2 Data analysis 33
3.5.3 Coding 34

4. Results 35
4.1 Colorism: The Hierarchical Nature of Skin Tone 35
4.2 Othering and ethnicity 39
4.3 Perception of whiteness in the Taiwanese society 43
4.4 White signifying cleanness 43
4.5 Contradicting Practice 44
4.6 Society influence 45
4.7 The role of cross-border cultural flows 49
4.8 Changing attitudes 51

5. CONCLUSION 53
5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 Meaning of whiteness and its association 55
5.3 Gender influences 56
5.4 Limitations 58
Reference 62		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1129284 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106461013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美白zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 化妝品zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 旋律zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 種族zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 土著zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Whiteningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cosmeticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Melaninen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ethnicityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwaneseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Aboriginalen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣的皮膚美白現象zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Skin Whitening Phenomenon in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reference
● An, Y. and Bissell, K. (2014). The Globalization of Beauty: How is Ideal Beauty Influenced
by Globally Published Fashion and Beauty Magazines? Journal of Intercultural
Communication Research, 43(3), pp.194-214. (Yan and Bissell, 2014)
● Banner, Lois. 1983. American beauty. New York: Knopf
● Chávez, A. and Guido-DiBrito, F. (1999). Racial and Ethnic Identity and Development. New
Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1999(84), pp.39-47.
● Chen, L. (2017). Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking, written by Jessieca
Leo. Journal Of Chinese Overseas, 13(2), 295-297. doi: 10.1163/17932548-12341360
● Chepkemoi, J. (2018). Ethnic groups in the Philippines. [online] The Reader Wiki, Reader
View of Wikipedia. Available at:
https://thereaderwiki.com/en/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines [Accessed 22 Mar. 2019].
● Chung, J., & Bissell, K. L. (2009, November). Global perceptions of beauty and attractiveness:
A cross-cultural analysis of American and Korean college students’ mental images of beauty.
Paper presented at the National Communication Association 95th Annual Convention,
Chicago, IL. Retrieved
● C Olivares, J. (2019). The 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) oxidase activity of
human tyrosinase. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221637/ [Accessed 1Jan. 2019].
● Erbaugh, M. (1992). The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka
Enterprise. The China Quarterly, 132, 937-968. doi: 10.1017/s0305741000045495
● Featherstone, M. (2010). Body Image and Affect in Consumer Culture. Body & Society, 16(1),
pp.193-221.
● Franklin, John H. (ed.) (1968), Color and Race, Boston: Beacon
GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Japan`s Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality.
George De Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma American Anthropologist First published: December
1967
● Geopolitica.RU. (2019). Theoriesof Globalization. [online] Available at:
https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/theories-globalization [Accessed 14 Mar. 2019].
● Goon, Patricia and Allison Craven (2003), “Whose Debt? Globalization and Whiteface in
Asia,” Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, 9 (August), accessed
on March 20, 2019. HTTP:// wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/ gooncraven.html
● Glenn, E. (2008). Yearning for Lightness. Gender & Society, 22(3), 281-302. doi:
10.1177/0891243208316089
● Huang, S. (2011). Nation-branding and transnational consumption: Japan-mania and the
Korean wave in Taiwan. Media, Culture & Society, 33(1), pp.3-18.
● Huang, T. (2018). Hakka Revivalism: A Story of Language Conservation in the 21st Century.
[online] SIR Journal. Available at: http://www.sirjournal.org/op-ed/2018/1/30/hakkarevivalism-a-story-of-language-conservation-in-the-21st-century
[Accessed 22 Mar. 2019].
● Hunter, M. (2002). ‘If you’re light you’re alright’: Light skin color as social capital for women
of color. Gender & Society, 16(2), 175-193.
● Hunter, M. (2005). Race, gender, and the politics of skin tone. New York: Routledge.
● Kinmonth, Earl H. (1981), The Self-Made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought: From Samurai to
Salary Man, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
● Li Y, et al. (2008) Cdc55p-mediated E4orf4 growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
mediated only in part via the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. J Virol 82(7):3612-
23
● LI, E., Min, H., Belk, R., Hosei, J. and Bahl, S. (2018). Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four
Asian Cultures. ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH, Volume 35(2008),
pp.Pages: 444-449. Bernama, 26 March 2014. Pengembangan Pesat Perniagaan Atas Talian
Bantu Tingkat Pendapatan Isi Rumah
● LI, E., Min, H., Belk, R., Hosei, J. and Bahl, S. (2018). Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four
Asian Cultures. ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH, Volume 35(2008),
pp.Pages: 444-449.
● LI, E., Min, H., Belk, R., Hosei, J. and Bahl, S. (2018). Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four
Asian Cultures. ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH, Volume 35(2008),
pp.Pages: 444-449.
● Lan, P. (2011). White Privilege, Language Capital and Cultural Ghettoisation: Western HighSkilled
Migrants in Taiwan. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(10), pp.1669-1693.
● Miller, A. (1970). Role of physical attractiveness in impression formation. Psychonomic
Science, 19, 241–243. Miller, L. C., Berg, J. H., & Archer, R. L. (1983). Openers: Individuals
who elicit intimate selfdisclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1234–
1244.
● Malhotra, Naresh k (2007). Marketing Research, An applied orientation. 5th ed. London:
Prentice-Hall International (UK). p. 158
● Malhotra, Naresh k (2007). Marketing Research, An applied orientation. 5th ed. London:
Prentice-Hall International (UK). p. 155 -156
● Malhotra, Naresh k (2007). Marketing Research, An applied orientation. 5th ed. London:
Prentice-Hall International (UK). p. 183-187
● Noels, K., Kil, H. and Fang, Y. (2014). Ethnolinguistic Orientation and Language Variation:
Measuring and Archiving Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Attitudes, and Identity. Language and
Linguistics Compass, 8(11), pp.618-628.
● Owhal, S. (2015). Influence Of Advertisement Believability, Persuasiveness And Buying
Behavior On Consumer Attitude Towards Advertisement Of Mobile Cellular Services. Journal
of Commerce and Management Thought, 6(3), p.528.
● Pan, E. (2013). Beautiful White: An Illumination of Asian Skin-Whitening Culture. Program
in Visual and Media Studies & International Comparative Studies Trinity College of Arts and
Sciences.
● Pan, E. (2013). Beautiful White: An Illumination of Asian Skin-Whitening Culture. Program
in Visual and Media Studies & International Comparative Studies Trinity College of Arts and
Sciences.
● Pan, E. (2014). Beautiful White: An Illumination of Asian Skin-Whitening Culture. DUKE
UNIVERSITY Durham, North Carolina. [online] Available at:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/37748773.pdf [Accessed 3 Jan. 2019].
● Schaffer, R. and Rostow, W. (1982). Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy: General Eisenhower`s
Decision of March 25, 1944. The Journal of American History, 69(1), p.206.
● Shankar, P. and Subish, P. (2007). Fair skin in South Asia: an obsession?. Journal of Pakistan
Association of Dermatologists.
● Shankar, P. and Subish, P. (2007). Fair skin in South Asia: an obsession?. Journal of Pakistan
Association of Dermatologists.
● Shigeta, Y., Imanaka, H., Ando, H., Ryu, A., Oku, N., Baba, N. and Makino, T. (2004). Skin
Whitening Effect of Linoleic Acid Is Enhanced by Liposomal Formulations. Biological &
Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(4), pp.591-594. (Shigeta et al., 2004)
● Since the age of colonisation Asian countries have utilized “whiteness” white skin as always
been considered an essential element in the construction of the female beauty in Asian culture
(LI et al., 2018). The
● Since the age of colonisation Asian countries have utilized “whiteness” white skin as always
been considered an essential element in the construction of the female beauty in Asian culture
(LI et al., 2018). The
● Solomon, M. R., Ashmore, R. D., & Longo, L. C. (1992). The beauty match-up hypothesis:
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● The popularity of Caucasian and Eurasian models reflects the postcolonial structure of
commoditization and consumerism and is still influenced by a colonial past (Goon and Craven
2003)
Reference
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201901217en_US