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題名 承認差異與證成平等： 對Alasdair MacIntyre與Iris Young的反思
Equality and Difference: Reflections on Alasdair MacIntyre and Iris Young
作者 向富緯
Shung, Fu-Wei
貢獻者 王華
向富緯
Shung, Fu-Wei
關鍵詞 艾莉絲楊
麥金泰爾
正義
平等
差異
亞里斯多德主義
多瑪士- 亞里斯多德主義
Iris Young
Alasdair MacIntyre
Justice
Equality
Difference
Aristotelianism
Thomistic Aristotelianism
日期 2020
上傳時間 2-Sep-2020 12:03:25 (UTC+8)
摘要 Alasdair MacIntyre對自由主義、社群主義、現代國家提出了許多批評，經常被視為是主張傳統、保守與權威理論的思想家——Iris Young即根據其對重視差異的主張對他提出批判。本文對這類批評持保留態度，但企圖深入檢視MacIntyre的理論以及Young的主張與批評，並透過清楚的論證與概念分析，證明MacIntyre之理論能夠在一個非自由主義式的理論架構下，以承認差異為基礎，證成平等的必要性與優先性。
首先，本文指出MacIntyre的多瑪士－亞里斯多德主義中「理性探究」與「實踐社群」這兩個主張的重要性。本文接著檢視Young關於承認差異之重要性的論述，以及其基於此論述對MacIntyre理論所提出的批判。一方面，本文認同Young對於差異的重視，並認為這是任何企圖建立普遍性原則的政治理論皆必須考量的論題；另一方面，關於Young批評MacIntyre錯誤地預設了普遍性與同一性而否認差異，本文則持不同看法。雖然MacIntyre並沒有明確處理差異的問題，本文指出MacIntyre所主張的多瑪士－亞里斯多德主義事實上蘊含了對差異的承認。
本文亦進一步論證：MacIntyre的理論除了蘊含對差異的承認之外，實際上也有足夠的資源證成平等。這個非自由主義式的證成展現了一個另類的思考平等的方向——即展現了TA主義作為一種目的論倫理學，亦能夠主張平等是所有社群追求各自的目的時都必須維護的價值。本文最後也對MacIntyre的理論提出一些批判，指出他在對地方社群的堅持中忽視了城市生活與社群發展相容的可能性。
參考文獻 艾莉絲˙楊 (Iris Young)，2017，《正義與差異政治》。陳雅馨譯。台北市：商周出版社。
艾莉絲˙楊 (Iris Young)，2007，《像女孩那樣丟球：論女性身體經驗》。何定照譯。台北市：商周出版社。
亞里斯多德 (Aristotle)，2003，《尼各馬可倫理學》。廖申白譯注。北京：商務印書館。
阿拉斯戴爾˙麥金泰爾 (Alasdair MacIntyre)，1995，《德行之後》。龔群等譯。北京：社會科學出版社。
阿拉斯戴爾˙麥金泰爾 (Alasdair MacIntyre)，1996，《誰之正義？何種合理性？》。萬俊人等譯。北京：當代中國出版社。
林遠澤，2016，〈論霍耐特的承認理論與做為社會病理學診斷的批判理論〉。哲學與文化，43卷4期，5-32。
孫大川，1995，〈夾縫中的族群建構：泛原住民意識與台灣族群問題的互動〉。收錄於《敬告中華民國：給跨世紀台灣良心》，189-227。新北市:日臻出版有限公司。
姚明俐，2018，〈劃分族群的邊界：當代臺灣原住民認同之社會成因〉。國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報，14 (3)，193-213。
張海潮，2015，〈非歐幾何講稿〉。數學傳播，39卷3期，13-29。
劉芝吟，2009，〈重省女性主義對梅洛龐蒂的批判：以楊像《女孩那樣丟球》為例〉。國立政治大學哲學研究所碩士論文。
Aristotle. 2000. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated and edited by Roger Crisp. Cambridge University Press.
Barber, Benjamin. 1984. Strong Democracy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Beiner, Ronald. 2000. Community versus citizenship: MacIntyre`s revolt against the modern state. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 14:4, 459-479
Bell, Daniel. 1993. Communitarianism and its Critics. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
Berger, John. 1990, Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.
Caney, Simon. 1992. Liberalism and Communitarianism: A Misconceived Debate. Political Studies, 40(2), 273–289.
Della Pelle, Piergiorgio. 2014. MacIntyre: Thomistic Aristotelianism or Aristotelian Thomism? Segni e comprensione, a. XXVIII n.s., n. 84 (2014).
Fuss, Diana. 1989. Essentially Speaking. New York: Routledge.
Gary, Jeremy. 2011. Worlds Out of Nothing: A Course in the History of Geometry in the 19th Century. Springer.
Honneth, Axel. 2009. Pathologies of Reason: On the Legacy of Critical Theory. Trans. by James Ingram. Columbia University Press.
Knight, Kelvin. (ed.), 1998. The MacIntyre Reader. University of Notre Dame Press.
Knight, Kelvin. 2005. Aristotelianism versus Communitarianism. Analyse & Kritik 2005, 259-273.
Knight, Kelvin. 2006. Revolutionary Aristotelianism. In Paul Blackledge and Kelvin Knight (ed.), Virtue and Politics: Alasdair MacIntyre`s Revolutionary Aristotelianism. University of Notre Dame Press.
Knight, Kelvin. 2007. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. Polity.
Knight, Kelvin. 2008. Practices: The Aristotelian Concept. Analyse & Kritik, 2008, 316-329.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1977. Epistemological Crises, Dramatic Narrative, and the Philosophy of Science. The Monist, Vol.60, No. 4, Historicism and Epistemology (October 1977), 453-472.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1988. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1967. A Short History of Ethics. First edition. Routledge.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1990. First Principles, Final Ends and Contemporary Philosophical Issues. First published as the annual Aquinas Lecture, 1990, Marquette University Press. In Kelvin Knight (ed.), 1998, The MacIntyre Reader, University of Notre Dame Press, 171-201.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1990a. Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition. University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1994. A Partial Response to my Critics. In J. Horton and S. Mendus (eds.), After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre. University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1994a. Moral Relativism, Truth and Justification. First published in Luke Gormally, ed., Moral Truth and Moral Tradition: Essays in Honour of Per Geach and Elizabeth Anscombe. Four Courts Press. In Kelvin Knight (ed.), 1998, The MacIntyre Reader, University of Notre Dame Press, 202-222.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1995. The Spectre of Communitarianism. Radical Philosophy 70 (1995).
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1997. Politics, Philosophy and the Common Good. First published in Italian in Studi Perugini, no.3, 1997. In Kelvin Knight (ed.), 1998, The MacIntyre Reader. University of Notre Dame Press, 235-254.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1999. Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. Open Court.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1999a. Toleration and the Goods of Conflict. In: S, Mendus (ed.), The Politics of Toleration: Tolerance and Intolerance in Modern Life. Edinburgh, 205-223.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2007. After Virtue, A Study in Moral Theory. 3rd edition. University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2008. How Aristotelianism Can Become Revolutionary: Ethics, Resistance, and Utopia. Philosophy of Management, Volume 7, Issue 1, 2008.
Madigan, Arthur. 2011. Alasdair MacIntyre on Political thinking and the tasks of politics. In Catherine Zuckert (ed.), Political Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. Indiana. University of Notre Dame, 252- 263
Matravers, Derek., and Pike, Jonathan. (eds.), 2003. Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Anthology, Routledge.
Mulhall, Stephen., and Swift, Adam. 1996. Liberals and Communitarians. Wiley-Blackwell.
Murphy, Mark. 2003. MacIntyre’s Critique of Modernity. In Mark Murphy (ed.) Alasdair MacIntyre. Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.
Pettit, Philip. 1994. Liberalism/ Communitarianism: MacIntyre’s Mesmeric Dichotomy. In J. Horton and S. Mendus (ed.), After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre. University of Notre Dame Press.
Pettit, Philip. 1997. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pettit, Philip. 2012. On the People’s Terms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rawls, John. 1999. A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sandel, Michael. 1983. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spelman, Elizabeth. 1988. Inessential Woman. Boston: Beacon.
Taylor, Charles. 2005. Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate. In Derek Matravers and Jonathan E. Pike (eds), Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy. Routledge.
Young, Iris. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris. 1994. Gender as Seriality: Thinking about Women as a Social Collective. Signs, 19: 3, 713-738.
Young, Iris. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford.
Young, Iris. 2001. Equality of Whom? Social Groups and Justice of Injustice. The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol 9, No, 1 (2001), 1-18.
Young, Iris. 2005. On Female Body Experience ‘Throwing Like a Girl ’and other Essays. New York: Oxford University.
Young, Iris. 2007. Structural Injustice and the Politics of Difference. In Justice, Governance, Cosmopolitanism, and the Politics of Difference: Reconfigurations in a Transnational World; Distinguished W. E. B. Du Bois Lectures 2004/2005, Berlin: Humboldt-Univ.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學系
105154001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105154001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 向富緯zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Shung, Fu-Weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 向富緯zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Shung, Fu-Weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2020 12:03:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2020 12:03:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2020 12:03:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0105154001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131586-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 哲學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 105154001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Alasdair MacIntyre對自由主義、社群主義、現代國家提出了許多批評，經常被視為是主張傳統、保守與權威理論的思想家——Iris Young即根據其對重視差異的主張對他提出批判。本文對這類批評持保留態度，但企圖深入檢視MacIntyre的理論以及Young的主張與批評，並透過清楚的論證與概念分析，證明MacIntyre之理論能夠在一個非自由主義式的理論架構下，以承認差異為基礎，證成平等的必要性與優先性。
首先，本文指出MacIntyre的多瑪士－亞里斯多德主義中「理性探究」與「實踐社群」這兩個主張的重要性。本文接著檢視Young關於承認差異之重要性的論述，以及其基於此論述對MacIntyre理論所提出的批判。一方面，本文認同Young對於差異的重視，並認為這是任何企圖建立普遍性原則的政治理論皆必須考量的論題；另一方面，關於Young批評MacIntyre錯誤地預設了普遍性與同一性而否認差異，本文則持不同看法。雖然MacIntyre並沒有明確處理差異的問題，本文指出MacIntyre所主張的多瑪士－亞里斯多德主義事實上蘊含了對差異的承認。
本文亦進一步論證：MacIntyre的理論除了蘊含對差異的承認之外，實際上也有足夠的資源證成平等。這個非自由主義式的證成展現了一個另類的思考平等的方向——即展現了TA主義作為一種目的論倫理學，亦能夠主張平等是所有社群追求各自的目的時都必須維護的價值。本文最後也對MacIntyre的理論提出一些批判，指出他在對地方社群的堅持中忽視了城市生活與社群發展相容的可能性。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 導論 1
第一章 MacIntyre 之TA主義中的理性探究與實踐社群 9
第一節 MacIntyre之TA主義的理論背景 10
一、 實踐社群的理論背景 11
二、 理性探究的背景 17
第二節 理性探究 19
一、 理性探究的整體性與辯證性 20
二、 對相對主義的批評 25
三、 對自由主義的批評 27
第三節 實踐社群 32
一、 實踐 32
二、 德行、機構與社群主義的錯誤 35
第四節 共善的合理證成 39
一、 回應MacIntyre被貼上的社群主義標籤 42
二、 MacIntyre對現代國家的批評 43
第五節 小結 48
第二章 Young的差異理論 50
第一節 Young對於社群主義與MacIntyre的批評 52
第二節 對同一性的駁斥一：宰制與壓迫 55
一、 以賦能界定的正義 55
第三節 對同一性的駁斥二：社會群體與連續群體 58
一、 社會群體的流動性與異質性 59
二、 連續群體的匿名性與可替換性 61
三、 小結 67
第四節 對同一性的駁斥三：反對同一性邏輯 68
一、 倫理學與政治哲學中的公正理想 70
二、 社群主義中對於同質性社群的理想 71
第五節 承認差異作為正義的起點 73
一、 藉由差異政治解放 73
二、 城市生活作為一種規範性理想 74
第六節 對於Young的批評與反思 77
一、 肯定差異的重要性 78
二、 證明平等的必要性 79
三、 證明平等的困難 85
第三章 承認差異與證成平等 89
第一節 承認差異與證成平等所需的條件 90
一、 承認差異的條件：第一與第二條件 90
二、 證成平等的條件：第三至第六條件 93
第二節 回應Young對於MacIntyre的批評與TA主義如何承認差異 95
一、 以TA主義中的理性探究觀回應對共通主體性批評 96
二、 以對於過程與起因 (aitia) 的著重回應Young對同一性邏輯的批評 99
三、 以實踐社群來回應社群中面對面接觸與共通主體性的過度著重 103
四、 以實踐社群的脆弱性回應社群忽視中介的批評 106
五、 回應可能的批評 109
六、 小結：免於Young對社群主義的批評的TA主義 112
第三節 以實踐社群中的政治與正義作為平等的共通基礎 114
一、 共善證成與政治之內涵 114
二、 正義之內涵 117
三、 小結 121
第四節 平等的證成 122
一、 證成平等之於任何實踐社群的必要性 122
二、 兩種平等與證成平等的優先性 129
第五節 回應於TA主義承認差異與證成平等所需之條件 134
一、 回應承認差異的條件：第一與第二條件 134
二、 回應證成平等的條件：第三至第六條件 138
第六節 對MacIntyre的批評與反思 141
一、 MacIntyre對於地方社群的堅持以及對社群間關係的忽視 142
二、 實踐社群與Young所主張的城市生活相容的可能 146
三、 本節小結 150
第四章 結論 152
第一節 本文論證之總結 152
第二節 貢獻與展望 155
參考文獻 160		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2115675 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105154001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 艾莉絲楊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 麥金泰爾zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平等zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 差異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 亞里斯多德主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多瑪士- 亞里斯多德主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Iris Youngen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Alasdair MacIntyreen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Justiceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Equalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Differenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Aristotelianismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Thomistic Aristotelianismen_US
dc.title (題名) 承認差異與證成平等： 對Alasdair MacIntyre與Iris Young的反思zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Equality and Difference: Reflections on Alasdair MacIntyre and Iris Youngen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 艾莉絲˙楊 (Iris Young)，2017，《正義與差異政治》。陳雅馨譯。台北市：商周出版社。
艾莉絲˙楊 (Iris Young)，2007，《像女孩那樣丟球：論女性身體經驗》。何定照譯。台北市：商周出版社。
亞里斯多德 (Aristotle)，2003，《尼各馬可倫理學》。廖申白譯注。北京：商務印書館。
阿拉斯戴爾˙麥金泰爾 (Alasdair MacIntyre)，1995，《德行之後》。龔群等譯。北京：社會科學出版社。
阿拉斯戴爾˙麥金泰爾 (Alasdair MacIntyre)，1996，《誰之正義？何種合理性？》。萬俊人等譯。北京：當代中國出版社。
林遠澤，2016，〈論霍耐特的承認理論與做為社會病理學診斷的批判理論〉。哲學與文化，43卷4期，5-32。
孫大川，1995，〈夾縫中的族群建構：泛原住民意識與台灣族群問題的互動〉。收錄於《敬告中華民國：給跨世紀台灣良心》，189-227。新北市:日臻出版有限公司。
姚明俐，2018，〈劃分族群的邊界：當代臺灣原住民認同之社會成因〉。國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報，14 (3)，193-213。
張海潮，2015，〈非歐幾何講稿〉。數學傳播，39卷3期，13-29。
劉芝吟，2009，〈重省女性主義對梅洛龐蒂的批判：以楊像《女孩那樣丟球》為例〉。國立政治大學哲學研究所碩士論文。
Aristotle. 2000. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated and edited by Roger Crisp. Cambridge University Press.
Barber, Benjamin. 1984. Strong Democracy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Beiner, Ronald. 2000. Community versus citizenship: MacIntyre`s revolt against the modern state. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 14:4, 459-479
Bell, Daniel. 1993. Communitarianism and its Critics. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
Berger, John. 1990, Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.
Caney, Simon. 1992. Liberalism and Communitarianism: A Misconceived Debate. Political Studies, 40(2), 273–289.
Della Pelle, Piergiorgio. 2014. MacIntyre: Thomistic Aristotelianism or Aristotelian Thomism? Segni e comprensione, a. XXVIII n.s., n. 84 (2014).
Fuss, Diana. 1989. Essentially Speaking. New York: Routledge.
Gary, Jeremy. 2011. Worlds Out of Nothing: A Course in the History of Geometry in the 19th Century. Springer.
Honneth, Axel. 2009. Pathologies of Reason: On the Legacy of Critical Theory. Trans. by James Ingram. Columbia University Press.
Knight, Kelvin. (ed.), 1998. The MacIntyre Reader. University of Notre Dame Press.
Knight, Kelvin. 2005. Aristotelianism versus Communitarianism. Analyse & Kritik 2005, 259-273.
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001573en_US