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題名 人工智慧法律主體之論爭─以人工智慧創作為例
Debate about the Legal Subject of Artificial Intelligence: Taking Artificial Intelligence Creation as an Example
作者 翁呈瑋
Wong, Cheng-Wei
貢獻者 陳起行
翁呈瑋
Wong, Cheng-Wei
關鍵詞 人工智慧
法律主體
人工智慧創作
著作權法
Artificial Intelligence
Legal subject
Artificial Intelligence creation
Copyright law
日期 2020
上傳時間 2-Sep-2020 12:22:35 (UTC+8)
摘要   本研究之目的在於,透過觀察人工智慧創作所產生之議題,以及相關人工智慧與法律主體之間的長期論爭,來檢視兩者相互作用之下,是否可得證人工智慧在某些法領域上存在著將其認定為法律主體之優勢。

  首先,本文考察現有人工智慧創作之科技,並檢視各國現有著作權法規範,以呈現目前已逐漸產生規範不足以因應新科技之情形;其次,本文整理過往之法律主體理論,並分析了是否得將人工智慧視為法律主體之見解;最後,本文在預設人工智慧之創作具備可著作性、承認人工智慧得為事實上之創作者兩大前提之下,以人工智慧創作在著作權法上之權利歸屬爭議,進一步分析將人工智慧法律主體化之方案與其他方案之間的優劣。

  本文之貢獻存在於兩方面。第一,本文在各個法律主體理論的分析上,指出就法規技術而言,無法否定人工智慧作為法律主體之可能性,並且進一步論述應以務實、分析利弊之觀點檢視在個別法領域上將其主體化可能產生之優劣。第二,本文以人工智慧創作與著作權法之權利爭議為例,指出將人工智慧視為法律主體看待,可能產生較其他方案所無之法律關係以及權利歸屬認定之優勢。

  本文建議未來立法者及學說討論上,應正視人工智慧作為法律主體之可能,將人工智慧法律主體化方案亦應納入未來著作權法規範之考量,並且應得以此前提為基礎,進一步具體分析主體化方案在其他法領域之利弊。
  The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is an advantage in identifying Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a legal subject in certain fields of law by observing the legal issues arising from AI creation and the long-standing disputes between AI and the concept of legal subjects.

  First, this study examines the current technology of AI creation, and the existing copyright laws and regulations of various countries to show that the current regulations are gradually becoming insufficient to address the legal issues of new AI technologies; Secondly, this study examines past legal subject theories and analyzes whether AI can be regarded as a legal subject; Finally, this study, presupposing that AI creation is copyrightable and recognizing that AIs can be de facto authors, in the dispute over the ownership of copyrights, further analyzes the pros and cons of the idea of AI as a legal subject and other schemes.

  The contribution of this study lies in at least two dimensions. First, in the analysis of the various legal subject theories, this study points out that as far as regulations are concerned, the possibility of AI as a legal subject cannot be denied, and further arguments in individual legal fields should be from a pragmatic and analytical perspective of the pros and cons of subjectivity. Second, this study takes as an example the dispute of rights concerning AI creation and copyright law, and finds that regarding AI as a legal subject has advantages over other schemes in terms of legal relations and ownership recognition.

  I argue that in the future, legislators and theoretical discussions should acknowledge the possibility of AI as a legal subject, and take “AI as a legal subject” into consideration in the future copyright norms. This “pros and cons analysis” premise may also be used as the basis for further considerations in other fields of law.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
107651063
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107651063
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳起行zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 翁呈瑋zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wong, Cheng-Weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 翁呈瑋zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wong, Cheng-Weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2020 12:22:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2020 12:22:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2020 12:22:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107651063en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131666-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107651063zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)   本研究之目的在於,透過觀察人工智慧創作所產生之議題,以及相關人工智慧與法律主體之間的長期論爭,來檢視兩者相互作用之下,是否可得證人工智慧在某些法領域上存在著將其認定為法律主體之優勢。

  首先,本文考察現有人工智慧創作之科技,並檢視各國現有著作權法規範,以呈現目前已逐漸產生規範不足以因應新科技之情形;其次,本文整理過往之法律主體理論,並分析了是否得將人工智慧視為法律主體之見解;最後,本文在預設人工智慧之創作具備可著作性、承認人工智慧得為事實上之創作者兩大前提之下,以人工智慧創作在著作權法上之權利歸屬爭議,進一步分析將人工智慧法律主體化之方案與其他方案之間的優劣。

  本文之貢獻存在於兩方面。第一,本文在各個法律主體理論的分析上,指出就法規技術而言,無法否定人工智慧作為法律主體之可能性,並且進一步論述應以務實、分析利弊之觀點檢視在個別法領域上將其主體化可能產生之優劣。第二,本文以人工智慧創作與著作權法之權利爭議為例,指出將人工智慧視為法律主體看待,可能產生較其他方案所無之法律關係以及權利歸屬認定之優勢。

  本文建議未來立法者及學說討論上,應正視人工智慧作為法律主體之可能,將人工智慧法律主體化方案亦應納入未來著作權法規範之考量,並且應得以此前提為基礎,進一步具體分析主體化方案在其他法領域之利弊。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)   The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is an advantage in identifying Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a legal subject in certain fields of law by observing the legal issues arising from AI creation and the long-standing disputes between AI and the concept of legal subjects.

  First, this study examines the current technology of AI creation, and the existing copyright laws and regulations of various countries to show that the current regulations are gradually becoming insufficient to address the legal issues of new AI technologies; Secondly, this study examines past legal subject theories and analyzes whether AI can be regarded as a legal subject; Finally, this study, presupposing that AI creation is copyrightable and recognizing that AIs can be de facto authors, in the dispute over the ownership of copyrights, further analyzes the pros and cons of the idea of AI as a legal subject and other schemes.

  The contribution of this study lies in at least two dimensions. First, in the analysis of the various legal subject theories, this study points out that as far as regulations are concerned, the possibility of AI as a legal subject cannot be denied, and further arguments in individual legal fields should be from a pragmatic and analytical perspective of the pros and cons of subjectivity. Second, this study takes as an example the dispute of rights concerning AI creation and copyright law, and finds that regarding AI as a legal subject has advantages over other schemes in terms of legal relations and ownership recognition.

  I argue that in the future, legislators and theoretical discussions should acknowledge the possibility of AI as a legal subject, and take “AI as a legal subject” into consideration in the future copyright norms. This “pros and cons analysis” premise may also be used as the basis for further considerations in other fields of law.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 i
目次 iii
第一章、 緒論 1
 壹、 研究動機與問題意識 1
  一、 研究動機 1
  二、 問題意識 3
 貳、 研究方法及架構 5
  一、 研究方法 5
   (一) 文獻分析法 5
   (二) 比較研究法 5
  二、 研究架構 5
   (一) 現有著作權法中人工智慧之定位及議題 5
   (二) 人工智慧作為法律上主體之理論考察 6
   (三) 人工智慧創造著作之相關學說分析 6
   (四) 結論 7
 參、 文獻回顧 7
  一、 法律主體相關研究 7
  二、 著作權法相關研究 9
 肆、 用語界定 11
  一、 本文指涉之人工智慧(Artificial Intelligence) 11
  二、 本文指涉之法律上主體 12
第二章、 人工智慧發展與著作權法適用之研究 14
 壹、 序言 14
 貳、 人工智慧創作之近期案例 15
  一、 語文創作 15
   (一) 相關技術:GPT-2語言模型 15
   (二) 運用GPT-2之創作 17
  二、 圖形創作 19
   (一) 相關技術:生成對抗網路(Generative Adversarial Network) 19
   (二) 運用生成對抗網路之創作 20
  三、 分析:趨近於創作發展之第二階段 23
 參、 各國著作權法中有關「主體」之現有規範 25
  一、 各國著作權法中「主體」規定之現況 25
   (一) 美國 25
   (二) 歐盟 28
   (三) 日本 29
   (四) 英國 32
   (五) 我國 33
  二、 現有法規與人工智慧創作之可能衝突 35
   (一) 否定其可著作性及創作主體之適格 36
   (二) 現行著作權法認定主體之困難 37
 肆、 小結 39
  一、 人工智慧創作數量及其貢獻逐漸增加 39
  二、 現有著作權法應準備面對人工智慧創作 40
  三、 人工智慧作為法律主體之提案應予考量 41
第三章、 人工智慧作為法律主體之論爭 43
 壹、 序言 43
 貳、 否定人工智慧作為法律上主體之見解 44
  一、 「人工智慧與自然人存在差異」主張 44
   (一) 欠缺論(Missing-Something Argument) 45
   (二) 人工智慧係屬人類發明之財產與工具 50
  二、 主體化之風險超越利益 54
   (一) 責任外部化之風險 54
   (二) 過度身分認同 55
 參、 肯定人工智慧作為法律上主體之見解 56
  一、 法律主體歷史發展之開放性與務實性 56
   (一) “Person”概念的流變──從羅馬法到中世紀 57
   (二) “Person”與自然人的連結 60
   (三) 現代「法人」概念:公司法人及其他非人類個體 62
   (四) 小結:法律主體概念之開放性與務實性 64
  二、 人工智慧之擬人化與社會互動能力 65
   (一) 人工智慧(機器人)擬人化之傾向 65
   (二) 從主觀擬人化視角轉向客觀社會功能 67
  三、 人工智慧主體化之條件 70
   (一) 務實的利弊考量 70
   (二) 各種主體之權利義務程度並非相同 73
 肆、 結語:應考量人工智慧作為法律上主體之可能 74
  一、 法規技術上反對理由並非充分 74
  二、 今後論證攻防之重心──具體利弊分析 77
第四章、 人工智慧創作之規範方案分析 79
 壹、 序言 79
 貳、 創作不受著作權保護 79
  一、 欠缺可著作性及保護必要 79
   (一) 與著作權法基礎理論相悖 80
   (二) 否定人工智慧之能力 81
   (三) 無法確認現行法下的權利主體歸屬 82
  二、 人工智慧創作落入公共領域 82
  三、 使用鄰接權作為著作權保障之代替 86
 參、 創作具可著作性,但人工智慧不得為著作人或著作權人 88
  一、 人工智慧不得為著作人 89
  二、 著作人認定之方案:類推必要安排 89
  三、 類推必要安排之可能缺陷 90
   (一) 判斷必要安排之人的現實難度 90
   (二) 法理上與人工智慧自主程度相違 91
 肆、 人工智慧為法律上創作主體,但非權利主體 92
  一、 人工智慧不需且不應成為權利主體 92
   (一) 不符現行法制 92
   (二) 不符激勵理論 93
   (三) 不符自然權理論 94
  二、 著作權分配之方案:類推職務創作 95
  三、 類推職務創作之可能缺陷 97
 伍、 人工智慧主體化方案:作為法律上創作主體及權利主體 100
  一、 著作權法下人工智慧主體之建構 100
   (一) 維持部分人本主義:利益歸屬於人 100
   (二) 人工智慧主體之基石:註冊制度 101
   (三) 著作人格權一部之轉化 103
  二、 建構移轉著作權之正當性:以「法定權利轉讓」為中心 105
  三、 人工智慧主體化之優劣 107
   (一) 補足「公共領域」、「必要安排」、「職務創作」之缺失 108
   (二) 適用於各種人工智慧創作之情境 108
   (三) 權利、利益歸屬最終與其他主張相近 109
   (四) 於前端避免大量人工智慧創作之判斷爭議 109
   (五) 仰賴前提與迴避認定 110
 陸、 小結 110
第五章、 結論 112
 壹、 研究總結及限制 112
  一、 研究總結 112
  二、 研究限制 115
 貳、 建議 116
  一、 正視人工智慧作為法律主體之可能 116
  二、 主體化方案應納入未來著作權法規範之考量 116
  三、 延伸至個別法領域並務實分析其利弊 116
 參、 未來展望 117
參考文獻 118
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 4435259 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107651063en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人工智慧zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 法律主體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人工智慧創作zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 著作權法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Artificial Intelligenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legal subjecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Artificial Intelligence creationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Copyright lawen_US
dc.title (題名) 人工智慧法律主體之論爭─以人工智慧創作為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Debate about the Legal Subject of Artificial Intelligence: Taking Artificial Intelligence Creation as an Exampleen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部分
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五、會議論文
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六、政府報告
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七、判決
1.Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening, Case C-5/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:465.
2.Naruto v. Slater, 2016 WL 362231 (N.D.Cal., 2016)
3.Naruto v. Slater, 888 F.3d 418 (C.A.9 (Cal.), 2018)
八、網路資料
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001717en_US