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題名 基於區塊鏈之可調適的去中心化時間銀行系統
An Adaptable Decentralized Time Banking System based on Blockchain
作者 杜若宇
Duh, Jo-Yu
貢獻者 陳恭
Chen, Kung
杜若宇
Duh, Jo-Yu
關鍵詞 時間銀行
時間本位貨幣
中間協調人
調適
認受性
區塊鏈
加密貨幣
代幣驅動治理
鏈上治理
時間代幣
治理代幣
Time Bank
Time-Based Currency
Coordinator
Adaptable
Legitmacy
Blockchain
Cryptocurrency
Token-Driven Governance
On-Chain Governance
Time Token
Governance Token
日期 2021
上傳時間 1-Feb-2021 14:10:08 (UTC+8)
摘要 中文摘要
時間銀行是一種經濟系統的創新，也是社會思想的創新。有別於資本主義鼓勵資本流動、共產主義鼓勵生產，時間銀行鼓勵服務及勞動，以時間本位貨幣作為主要交易媒介，應用於社區共生及長照領域特別突出。
然而，根據歐盟組織 TRANSIT 在的調查，有 70% 的時間銀行會在成立的三年內倒閉。主要議題囊括記錄交易和協調者的成本過高、內部治理及機制難以調適且沒有認受性等。另外，世界最早的時間銀行曾經瀕臨瓦解，只因一位領導人意外過世。區塊鏈科技與專用的加密貨幣，被認為能解決上述問題。去中心化的特性，使時間銀行不需協調人；近期蓬勃發展的代幣驅動治理及鏈上治理，也讓機制可調適並獲得認受性。
因此，我們決定打造一套全新的時間銀行系統：以時間代幣作為專用貨幣，運行於無中間人的時間交換模組，並在其上打造一套代幣驅動治理系統，包含取得投票權的抵押模組、用於機制改進提案與機制適應的投票模組，以及如同選票的治理代幣。
相比傳統時間銀行的花費，我們的時間銀行最多可減少 81.5% 的營運成本，並且我們還額外達成了無中間協調人、機制自適應、更易擴展生態系的目標。時間代幣的交易機制、時間銀行的去中心化程度、取得選票的公式、提案的門檻、投票方式...等，都是可以調整的機制。
如同許多區塊鏈科技的產物，以科技建立，以人性維繫。我們提出擁有相同哲學的時間銀行，提升時間銀行整體的永續性。
Abstract
Time banking is an innovation of economic system and also an innovation of social thinking. Different from capitalism encourage capital flow, and communism encourages production, time banking encourages service and manual labor, participants use time-based currency as the main medium of exchange, which performs well in the field of community symbiosis and long-term care.
However, according to a research conducted by the European Union co-funded organization TRANSIT, 70% of the time a bank will fail in the first three years. The main issues include the cost of transaction records and coordinator, the difficulty of internal governance, mechanisms adapt, and lack of legitimacy. In addition, the world`s earliest time bank was on the verge of collapse only because of the unexpected death of a leader. Blockchain technology and dedicated cryptocurrency are believed to solve the above problems. The characteristics of decentralization make Time Bank no need for a coordinator; the recent booming of token-driven governance and on-chain governance make the mechanisms can be adaptable and gain legitimacy.
Therefore, we decided to build a new time banking system: we apply time tokens as the dedicated currency, which runs on “time bank module” without coordinator, then we build a token-driven governance system on it, it including governance tokens like ballots, a “staking module” for gaining voting right, a “vote module” for propose mechanism improvement and mechanism adaptions.
Compared with the cost of traditional time bank, our time bank can reduce operating costs by up to 81.5%, and we have additionally achieved the goals of no coordinator, adaptable mechanism, and easier expansion of the ecosystem. The exchange mechanism of time tokens, the degree of decentralization of time banks, the formula for earning ballots, the threshold of proposing improvement and voting methods…etc. are mechanisms that can be adaptable.
Like many products based on blockchain technology, it is established by technology and maintained by human nature. We propose a time bank with the same philosophy to improve overall sustainability of time bank.
參考文獻 References
[1] J. Warren, “Plan of the Cincinnati Labor for Labor Store” 1829. Philadelphia: Mechanics Free Press.
[2] J. Miller “Teruko Mizushima: Pioneer Trader in Time as a Currency” 2008. Murdoch (Australia): Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, issue 17. [Online] http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue17/miller.htm
[3] E.S. Cahn, “TimeBanks: Building the timebanking movement, where time is currency, accessing the untapped assets, while fostering care, respect, and justice in our communities.”. 2011 Washington D.C. [Online] https://timebanks.org/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[4] Russel, Bertrand "History of Western philosophy". 1946, p. 578.
[5] J. Warren, “True Civilization an Immediate Necessity, and the Last Ground of Hope for Mankind: Being the Results and Conclusions of Thirty-nine Years` Laborious Study and Experiments in Civilization as it Is, and in Different Enterprises for Reconstruction.” 1863. Boston: Harvard Collage Library.
[6] T. Mizashima, “Puro no shufu puro no hahaoya: Borantia Rōryoku Ginkō no 10-nen  (Japanese Edition)” (original language: プロの主婦．プロの母親：ボランチア労力銀行の10年), 1983, p. 277.
[7] E.S. Cahn “Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security and Community Renewal,” 1992. Pennsylvania: Rodale Press.
[8] E.S. Cahn, “No More Throw-Away People: The Co-Production Imperative.” 2000. Washington D.C.: Essential Books.
[9] T. Jenkin, “Community Exchange System(CES): A World Without Money” Cape Town (South Africa) [Online] https://www.community-exchange.org/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[10] Weaver, P., Dumitru, A., García-Mira R., Lema-Blanco, A., Muijsers, L. and Vasseur, V. “Transformative social innovation report: Timebanking.” 2016. TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no: 613169
[11] J. V. Wilson, “‘Time Eases all Things’: A Critical Study of How Time Banks Attempt to use Time-Based Currency to Alleviate Social Exclusion (Ph. D.)” 2015. University of Salford. [Online] http://usir.salford.ac.uk/37721/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[12] S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” 2008. [Online] https://Bitcoin.org/Bitcoin.pdf (Nov. 15, 2020)
[13] V. Buterin “Ethereum: a next generation smart contract and decentralized application platform” 2013. [Online] https://Ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[14] A. Cronje “Yearn: a suite of products in Decentralized Finance, Developed by various independent contributors, Management of the protocol is governed by YFI holders.” 2020. [Online] https://docs.yearn.finance/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[15] H. Adams, N. Zinsmeister, D. Robinson, “Uniswap v2 Core: a protocol for automated token exchange on Ethereum.” 2020. [Online] https://uniswap.org/whitepaper.pdf (Nov. 15, 2020)
[16] A. Beberg, “Seva Exchange is the Blockchain and A.I. Platform Reinventing Timebanking for Volunteerism in the Digital Economy” Jan. 5, 2019. Founder Institute [Online] Retrieved from https://fi.co/insight/seva-exchange-is-the-blockchain-and-a-i-platform-reinventing-timebanking-for-volunteerism-in-the-digital-economy (Nov. 15, 2020)
[17] S. Sergienko, “Chronobank: Revolutionary platform for crypto assets management.” 2017. [Online] https://github.com/Chrono-Tech/Documentation/blob/master/whitepaper.pdf (Dec. 9, 2020)
[18] Rune Christensen “The Maker Protocol: MakerDAO’s Multi-Collateral Dai (MCD) System” 2015. [Online] https://makerdao.com/en/whitepaper (Dec. 9, 2020)
[19] H. Lee “Blocto: Your Entrance To Blockchain World” 2020 [Online] https://blocto.portto.io/ (Dec. 9, 2020)
[20] William Peaster “Elastic Supply Tokens Explained” 2020. [Online] https://defiprime.com/elastic (Dec. 9, 2020)
[21] Robert Leshner, Geoffrey Hayes “Compound: The Money Market Protocol” [Online] 2019. https://compound.finance/documents/Compound.Whitepaper.pdf
[22] Anonymous “Grap Farmer” 2020. [Online] https://github.com/GrapFinance/grap-protocol
[23] Justin Sun “Tron Network” 2018. [Online] https://tron.network/static/doc/white_paper_v_2_0.pdf (Dec. 9, 2020)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學系
105971001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105971001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳恭zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Kungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 杜若宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Duh, Jo-Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 杜若宇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Duh, Jo-Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Feb-2021 14:10:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Feb-2021 14:10:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Feb-2021 14:10:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0105971001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/133891-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 105971001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 中文摘要
時間銀行是一種經濟系統的創新，也是社會思想的創新。有別於資本主義鼓勵資本流動、共產主義鼓勵生產，時間銀行鼓勵服務及勞動，以時間本位貨幣作為主要交易媒介，應用於社區共生及長照領域特別突出。
然而，根據歐盟組織 TRANSIT 在的調查，有 70% 的時間銀行會在成立的三年內倒閉。主要議題囊括記錄交易和協調者的成本過高、內部治理及機制難以調適且沒有認受性等。另外，世界最早的時間銀行曾經瀕臨瓦解，只因一位領導人意外過世。區塊鏈科技與專用的加密貨幣，被認為能解決上述問題。去中心化的特性，使時間銀行不需協調人；近期蓬勃發展的代幣驅動治理及鏈上治理，也讓機制可調適並獲得認受性。
因此，我們決定打造一套全新的時間銀行系統：以時間代幣作為專用貨幣，運行於無中間人的時間交換模組，並在其上打造一套代幣驅動治理系統，包含取得投票權的抵押模組、用於機制改進提案與機制適應的投票模組，以及如同選票的治理代幣。
相比傳統時間銀行的花費，我們的時間銀行最多可減少 81.5% 的營運成本，並且我們還額外達成了無中間協調人、機制自適應、更易擴展生態系的目標。時間代幣的交易機制、時間銀行的去中心化程度、取得選票的公式、提案的門檻、投票方式...等，都是可以調整的機制。
如同許多區塊鏈科技的產物，以科技建立，以人性維繫。我們提出擁有相同哲學的時間銀行，提升時間銀行整體的永續性。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
Time banking is an innovation of economic system and also an innovation of social thinking. Different from capitalism encourage capital flow, and communism encourages production, time banking encourages service and manual labor, participants use time-based currency as the main medium of exchange, which performs well in the field of community symbiosis and long-term care.
However, according to a research conducted by the European Union co-funded organization TRANSIT, 70% of the time a bank will fail in the first three years. The main issues include the cost of transaction records and coordinator, the difficulty of internal governance, mechanisms adapt, and lack of legitimacy. In addition, the world`s earliest time bank was on the verge of collapse only because of the unexpected death of a leader. Blockchain technology and dedicated cryptocurrency are believed to solve the above problems. The characteristics of decentralization make Time Bank no need for a coordinator; the recent booming of token-driven governance and on-chain governance make the mechanisms can be adaptable and gain legitimacy.
Therefore, we decided to build a new time banking system: we apply time tokens as the dedicated currency, which runs on “time bank module” without coordinator, then we build a token-driven governance system on it, it including governance tokens like ballots, a “staking module” for gaining voting right, a “vote module” for propose mechanism improvement and mechanism adaptions.
Compared with the cost of traditional time bank, our time bank can reduce operating costs by up to 81.5%, and we have additionally achieved the goals of no coordinator, adaptable mechanism, and easier expansion of the ecosystem. The exchange mechanism of time tokens, the degree of decentralization of time banks, the formula for earning ballots, the threshold of proposing improvement and voting methods…etc. are mechanisms that can be adaptable.
Like many products based on blockchain technology, it is established by technology and maintained by human nature. We propose a time bank with the same philosophy to improve overall sustainability of time bank.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Contents v
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is Time Banking? 1
1.1.1 Principles Definition and Constitution 5
1.1.2 Words Redefinition 5
1.2 Research Motivation 6
1.3 Literatures Review 8
1.4 Contribution 9
1.5 Organization 11
Chapter 2 Background and related work 12
2.1 Issues of Time Banking Nowadays 12
2.1.1 Timebanking Report 12
2.1.2 Values of Time-Based Currency 16
2.1.3 Summary 18
2.2 Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology 19
2.3 Ethereum and Smart Contract 20
2.3.1 Smart Contract 20
2.3.2 ERC Standard 21
2.4 Yearn and Token-Driven Governance 22
2.4.1 Token-Driven Governance 22
2.4.2 Yearn Improvement Proposals (YIPs) 22
2.5 Uniswap and Time Banking Ecosystem 23
2.6 Time Banking Systems based on Blockchain Technology 23
2.6.1 Seva Exchange 24
2.6.2 Chrono.tech 24
Chapter 3 Design 26
3.1 Design Goals 26
3.2 Application Scenarios 27
3.3 System Architecture 29
3.4 Mechanisms Design 30
3.5 System Assumptions 33
Chapter 4 The Adaptable Time Banking System 34
4.1 System Transaction Lifecycle 34
4.2 Time Bank Module 37
4.2.1 On-chain Exchange Optimization 37
4.2.2 Deficit Compromise 37
4.2.3 Transaction Flow in Time Bank Module 38
4.3 Staking Module 39
4.3.1 Transaction Flow in Staking Module 39
4.3.2 Stake Formula 40
4.4 Voting Module 41
4.4.1 Discussion of On-Chain Voting 41
4.4.2 Transaction Flow in Voting Module 42
4.5 Tokens 43
4.5.1 Time Token 44
4.5.2 Governance Token 44
Chapter 5 Experiment 45
5.1 Environments 45
5.1.1 Gas 45
5.1.2 Ganache 45
5.1.3 Truffle 46
5.1.4 Metamask 46
5.1.5 Infura 46
5.1.6 Kovan Test Network 46
5.2 Gas Fee and Preset Price 47
5.3 Deploy Smart Contracts 49
5.4 Operations in Time Bank 51
5.5 Operations in Staking 54
5.6 Operations in Vote 57
5.7 Evaluations 60
5.8 Comparisons 61
5.8.1 Cost Comparison 61
5.8.2 Features Comparison 62
Chapter 6 Discussion 63
6.1 Discussion on Social Innovations 63
6.1.1 The Negative Number Issues 63
6.1.2 The Exchange Mechanism and Inflation Issues 64
6.1.3 The Hoard Issues 65
6.1.4 Other Issues 65
6.2 Discussion on Technological Adaptations 66
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Work 70
7.1 Conclusions 70
7.2 Future Work 71
References 72		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3339281 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105971001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時間銀行zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時間本位貨幣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中間協調人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 調適zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認受性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 區塊鏈zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 加密貨幣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 代幣驅動治理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鏈上治理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時間代幣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 治理代幣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Time Banken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Time-Based Currencyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Coordinatoren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Adaptableen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legitmacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Blockchainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cryptocurrencyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Token-Driven Governanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) On-Chain Governanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Time Tokenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Governance Tokenen_US
dc.title (題名) 基於區塊鏈之可調適的去中心化時間銀行系統zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Adaptable Decentralized Time Banking System based on Blockchainen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References
[1] J. Warren, “Plan of the Cincinnati Labor for Labor Store” 1829. Philadelphia: Mechanics Free Press.
[2] J. Miller “Teruko Mizushima: Pioneer Trader in Time as a Currency” 2008. Murdoch (Australia): Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, issue 17. [Online] http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue17/miller.htm
[3] E.S. Cahn, “TimeBanks: Building the timebanking movement, where time is currency, accessing the untapped assets, while fostering care, respect, and justice in our communities.”. 2011 Washington D.C. [Online] https://timebanks.org/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[4] Russel, Bertrand "History of Western philosophy". 1946, p. 578.
[5] J. Warren, “True Civilization an Immediate Necessity, and the Last Ground of Hope for Mankind: Being the Results and Conclusions of Thirty-nine Years` Laborious Study and Experiments in Civilization as it Is, and in Different Enterprises for Reconstruction.” 1863. Boston: Harvard Collage Library.
[6] T. Mizashima, “Puro no shufu puro no hahaoya: Borantia Rōryoku Ginkō no 10-nen  (Japanese Edition)” (original language: プロの主婦．プロの母親：ボランチア労力銀行の10年), 1983, p. 277.
[7] E.S. Cahn “Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security and Community Renewal,” 1992. Pennsylvania: Rodale Press.
[8] E.S. Cahn, “No More Throw-Away People: The Co-Production Imperative.” 2000. Washington D.C.: Essential Books.
[9] T. Jenkin, “Community Exchange System(CES): A World Without Money” Cape Town (South Africa) [Online] https://www.community-exchange.org/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[10] Weaver, P., Dumitru, A., García-Mira R., Lema-Blanco, A., Muijsers, L. and Vasseur, V. “Transformative social innovation report: Timebanking.” 2016. TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no: 613169
[11] J. V. Wilson, “‘Time Eases all Things’: A Critical Study of How Time Banks Attempt to use Time-Based Currency to Alleviate Social Exclusion (Ph. D.)” 2015. University of Salford. [Online] http://usir.salford.ac.uk/37721/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[12] S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” 2008. [Online] https://Bitcoin.org/Bitcoin.pdf (Nov. 15, 2020)
[13] V. Buterin “Ethereum: a next generation smart contract and decentralized application platform” 2013. [Online] https://Ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[14] A. Cronje “Yearn: a suite of products in Decentralized Finance, Developed by various independent contributors, Management of the protocol is governed by YFI holders.” 2020. [Online] https://docs.yearn.finance/ (Nov. 15, 2020)
[15] H. Adams, N. Zinsmeister, D. Robinson, “Uniswap v2 Core: a protocol for automated token exchange on Ethereum.” 2020. [Online] https://uniswap.org/whitepaper.pdf (Nov. 15, 2020)
[16] A. Beberg, “Seva Exchange is the Blockchain and A.I. Platform Reinventing Timebanking for Volunteerism in the Digital Economy” Jan. 5, 2019. Founder Institute [Online] Retrieved from https://fi.co/insight/seva-exchange-is-the-blockchain-and-a-i-platform-reinventing-timebanking-for-volunteerism-in-the-digital-economy (Nov. 15, 2020)
[17] S. Sergienko, “Chronobank: Revolutionary platform for crypto assets management.” 2017. [Online] https://github.com/Chrono-Tech/Documentation/blob/master/whitepaper.pdf (Dec. 9, 2020)
[18] Rune Christensen “The Maker Protocol: MakerDAO’s Multi-Collateral Dai (MCD) System” 2015. [Online] https://makerdao.com/en/whitepaper (Dec. 9, 2020)
[19] H. Lee “Blocto: Your Entrance To Blockchain World” 2020 [Online] https://blocto.portto.io/ (Dec. 9, 2020)
[20] William Peaster “Elastic Supply Tokens Explained” 2020. [Online] https://defiprime.com/elastic (Dec. 9, 2020)
[21] Robert Leshner, Geoffrey Hayes “Compound: The Money Market Protocol” [Online] 2019. https://compound.finance/documents/Compound.Whitepaper.pdf
[22] Anonymous “Grap Farmer” 2020. [Online] https://github.com/GrapFinance/grap-protocol
[23] Justin Sun “Tron Network” 2018. [Online] https://tron.network/static/doc/white_paper_v_2_0.pdf (Dec. 9, 2020)		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100052en_US