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題名 重構Isaiah Berlin的兩種自由理論
A Reconstruction of I. Berlin’s Conception of Liberty
作者 李東瑤
貢獻者 鄭光明
李東瑤
關鍵詞 多元價值
消極自由
積極自由
共和主義自由
選擇自由
日期 2021
上傳時間 2-Mar-2021 14:27:56 (UTC+8)
摘要 自Isaiah Berlin於上世紀中葉重申消極自由與積極自由之區分以來，我們如今對於自由問題的討論仍多以其爲出發點。儘管其自由理論因其内在的模糊和混亂招致諸多批評，但在如今價值多元幾成普遍共識的大背景下，Berlin對於消極自由的青睞可説已形塑了我們對於自由的主流理解。與此同時，積極自由和共和主義自由的支持者們又强烈質疑消極自由的基礎性和優先性，認爲消極自由不能代表自由之真義。針對這種持續的論爭，本論文將從Berlin自由理論、尤其是其偏重的消極自由所遭受的批判出發，嘗試重新梳理建構Berlin的兩種自由框架，提出選擇自由是Berlin自由理論的真正核心，它構成消極自由與積極自由的共同基礎，要求二者分別從免於干預與自我做主兩個維度來保障個體的選擇。唯此，在無法回避多元價值之可能衝突、必須進行抉擇與取捨的生存處境中，個體作爲通過選擇進行自我創造的道德主體，才能不失人之爲人的本質。
參考文獻 Baldwin, T. (1984). MacCallum and the two concepts of freedom. In G. W. Smith (Ed.), Liberalism: Ideas of freedom (critical concepts in political theory V.1) (pp.222-236). Cambridge: Routledge.
Benn, S. I. (1975). Freedom, Autonomy and the Concept of a Person. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 76(n/a), 109 - 130.
Benn, S. I. (1988). A Theory of Freedom. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berlin, I. (1994a). Introduction. In J. Tully & D. M. Weinstock (Eds.), Philosophy in an age of pluralism: the philosophy of Charles Taylor in question (pp.1-3). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berlin, I. & Williams, B. (1994b). Pluralism and liberalism: A reply. Political Studies, 42(2): 306-309.
Berlin, I. (1998). My Intellectual Path. In H. Hardy (Ed.), The Power of Ideas (2nd ed., pp.1-28). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Berlin, I. & Jahanbegloo, R. (2000). Conversations with Isaiah Berlin. London: Phoenix Press.
Berlin, I. (2002). Liberty: Incorporating ‘Four Essays on Liberty’. (H. Hardy, Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berlin, I. (2004). A letter on human nature. New York Review of Books, 51(14): 26.
Berlin, I. (2013). The Crooked Timber of Humanity. (H. Hardy, 2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Berlin, I. (2014). Freedom and its betrayal: Six enemies of human liberty (H. Hardy, 2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Carter, I. (2000). A Critique of Freedom as Non-domination. The Good Society, 9(3), 43-46.
Carter, I. (2008). How are power and unfreedom related? In Laborde, C. & Maynor, J. (Eds.), Republicanism and political theory (pp. 58-82). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Carter, I. (2016). Positive and Negative Liberty. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/liberty-positive-negative/
Christman, J. (1991). Liberalism and individual positive freedom. Ethics, 101(2), 343-359.
Christman, J. (2005). Saving positive freedom. Political Theory, 33(1), 79-88.
Christman, J. (2015). Freedom in Times of Struggle: Positive Liberty, Again. Analyse & Kritik, 37(1-2), 171-188.
Constant, B. (1988). Constant: political writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Crowder, G. (1988). Negative and Positive Liberty. Political Science, 40(2), 57-73.
Crowder, G. (1994). Pluralism and Liberalism. Political Studies, 42(2), 293-305.
Crowder, G. (2004). Isaiah Berlin: liberty and pluralism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Crowder, G. & Hardy, H. (Eds.) (2007). The One and the Many: Reading Isaiah Berlin. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Crowder, G. (2015). Why We Need Positive Liberty. The Review of Politics, 77(2), 271-278.
Crowder, G. (2016). After Berlin: The Literature 2002–2020. Retrieved from http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/onib/after-berlin.pdf (2016; updated 7 May 2020)
Feinberg, J. (1973). The Concept of Freedom. In Social philosophy (pp. 4-19). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Frankfurt, H. G. (1971). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The journal of philosophy, 68(1), 5-20.
Gallie, W. B. (1955). Essentially contested concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 56 (1955 - 1956), 167-198
Gray, J. (1980). On negative and positive liberty. Political Studies, 28(4), 507-526.
Gray, J. (2013). Isaiah Berlin: an interpretation of his thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gray, T. (1990). Freedom. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Green, T. H. (1986). Lectures on the principles of political obligation and other writings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hobbes, T. (1996). Leviathan. (R. Tuck, Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kramer, M. (2008a). The quality of freedom. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Kramer, M. (2008b). Liberty and Domination. In Laborde, C. & Maynor, J. (Eds.), Republicanism and political theory (pp. 31-57). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Laborde, C., & Maynor, J. (2008). The republican contribution to contemporary political theory. In Laborde, C. & Maynor, J. (Eds.), Republicanism and political theory (pp.1-28). John Wiley & Sons.
Larmore, C. (2001). A critique of Philip Pettit`s republicanism. Philosophical Issues, 11(1), 229-243.
Larmore, C. (2003). Liberal and republican conceptions of freedom. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 6(1), 96-119.
Lin, Y. (2016). Value Pluralism and Liberal Democracy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York: Columbia University.
Lovett, F. (2017). Republicanism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 ed.). Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/republicanism/
MacCallum, G. C. Jr. (1967). Negative and Positive Freedom. Philosophical Review, 76, 312–334.
MacPherson, C. B. (1973). Berlin`s division of liberty. In Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (pp. 95-119). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Miller, D. (1983). Constraints on Freedom. In Miller, D. (Ed.), The Liberty Reader (pp. 183-199). Edinburgh, UK: Paradigm Publishers.
Miller, D. (Ed.). (2006). The Liberty Reader. Edinburgh, UK: Paradigm Publishers.
Patten, A. (1996). The republican critique of liberalism. British Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 25-44.
Pettit, P. (1993). Negative liberty, liberal and republican. European Journal of Philosophy, 1(1), 15-38.
Pettit, P. (1996). Freedom as Antipower. Ethics, 106(3), 576-604.
Pettit, P. (1997). Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pettit, P. (1998). Reworking Sandel`s republicanism. Journal of Philosophy, 95(2), 73-96.
Pettit, P. (2012). On the People`s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pettit, P. (2015). Freedom: psychological, ethical, and political. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2015.1033861
Ricciardi, M. (2007). Berlin on Liberty. In G. Crowder and H. Hardy (eds.), The One and the Many. Reading Isaiah Berlin (pp. 119-139). Amherst NY: Prometheus Books.
Riley, J. (2013). Isaiah Berlin’s “Minimum of Common Moral Ground”. Political Theory, 41(1), 61-89.
Sandel, M. J. (1998a). Democracy`s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Sandel, M. J. (1998b). Reply to My Critics. In A. L. Allen & M. C. Regan (Eds.), Debating Democracy’s Discontent: Essays on American politics, law, and public philosophy (pp.319-335). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Skinner, Q. (1984). The idea of negative liberty: Philosophical and historical perspectives. In R. Rorty, J. Schneewind, & Q. Skinner (Eds.), Philosophy in History: Essays in the Historiography of Philosophy (Ideas in Context, pp. 193-222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Q. (1986). The paradoxes of political liberty. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, 7, 227-250.
Skinner, Q. (1998). Liberty before liberalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Q. (2002). A Third Concept of Liberty. Proceedings of the British Academy, 117, 237-268.
Skinner, Q. (2003). States and the freedom of citizens. In Q. Skinner & B. Strath (Eds.), States and citizens: History, theory, prospects (pp.11-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swift, A. (2014). Liberty. In Political philosophy (pp. 57-94). Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Taylor, C. (1979). What’s wrong with negative liberty? In D. Miller (Ed.), The Liberty Reader (pp.141-162). Edinburgh, UK: Paradigm Publishers.
Taylor, C. (1994). Charles Taylor replies. In J. Tully & D. M. Weinstock (Eds.), Philosophy in an age of pluralism: the philosophy of Charles Taylor in question (pp.213-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
林垚(2009)。〈支配的异质性〉。《外國哲學》(第20輯)，46-60。
林垚(2014)。〈以賽亞·伯林的自由觀〉。《法哲學與法社會學論叢》，00，1-27。
劉擎(2015)。〈自由及其濫用:伯林自由論述的再考察〉。《中國人民大學學報》，4，43-53。
馬華靈(2019)。《反自由的自由：伯林與施特勞斯的思想紛爭》。臺北：聯經出版事業公司。
錢永祥(1997)。〈紀念柏林之死〉。《二十一世紀》，44，62-65。
錢永祥(2001)。〈我總是活在表層上——談思想家柏林〉。《縱欲與虛無之上》(頁119-134)。臺北：聯經出版事業公司。
錢永祥(2012)。〈柏林論歷史與個人〉。《新史學》，23(2)，217-242。
石元康(2000)。〈柏林論自由〉。《當代西方自由主義理論》(頁1-26)。上海：三聯書店。
蕭高彥(2013)。《西方共和主義思想史論》。臺北：聯經出版公司。
葉浩(2011)。〈價值多元論與自由主義——兼論柏林的政治理論方法論〉。《政治與社會哲學評論》，39，59-111。
應奇、劉訓練(編) (2006)。《第三種自由》。北京：東方出版社。
周保松(2013)。〈消極自由的基礎〉。《南風窗》，19，80-83。
描述 博士
國立政治大學
哲學系
103154506
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103154506
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄭光明zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李東瑤zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 李東瑤zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2021 14:27:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Mar-2021 14:27:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2021 14:27:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103154506en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/134065-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 哲學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103154506zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自Isaiah Berlin於上世紀中葉重申消極自由與積極自由之區分以來，我們如今對於自由問題的討論仍多以其爲出發點。儘管其自由理論因其内在的模糊和混亂招致諸多批評，但在如今價值多元幾成普遍共識的大背景下，Berlin對於消極自由的青睞可説已形塑了我們對於自由的主流理解。與此同時，積極自由和共和主義自由的支持者們又强烈質疑消極自由的基礎性和優先性，認爲消極自由不能代表自由之真義。針對這種持續的論爭，本論文將從Berlin自由理論、尤其是其偏重的消極自由所遭受的批判出發，嘗試重新梳理建構Berlin的兩種自由框架，提出選擇自由是Berlin自由理論的真正核心，它構成消極自由與積極自由的共同基礎，要求二者分別從免於干預與自我做主兩個維度來保障個體的選擇。唯此，在無法回避多元價值之可能衝突、必須進行抉擇與取捨的生存處境中，個體作爲通過選擇進行自我創造的道德主體，才能不失人之爲人的本質。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 問題意識與研究背景 1
第二節 本文主張與章節安排 10

第二章 從I. BERLIN出發 13
第一節 消極自由 13
第二節 積極自由 17
第三節 BERLIN的態度 21
第四節 BERLIN式劃分的有效性 24

第三章 積極自由的攻錯和補充 30
第一節 另一種可能 31
第二節 自我實現的理想 35
第三節 內在的合理性 53

第四章 共和主義自由的攻錯和補充 61
第一節 對積極自由的揚棄 63
第二節 從消極自由到無宰制 66
第三節 無干預與無宰制 69
第四節 無宰制的獲致 76
第五節 小結 84

第五章 自由與自我 85
第一節 誰的自由？ 85
第二節 BERLIN的人性觀 88
第三節 BERLIN的理性觀 97
第四節 小結 107

第六章 結論：重構兩種自由 109
第一節 選擇作爲基礎 109
第二節 澄清兩種自由 117
第三節 人的合宜性與“最小範圍” 125

參考文獻 130		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103154506en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元價值zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 消極自由zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 積極自由zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共和主義自由zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 選擇自由zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 重構Isaiah Berlin的兩種自由理論zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Reconstruction of I. Berlin’s Conception of Libertyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baldwin, T. (1984). MacCallum and the two concepts of freedom. In G. W. Smith (Ed.), Liberalism: Ideas of freedom (critical concepts in political theory V.1) (pp.222-236). Cambridge: Routledge.
Benn, S. I. (1975). Freedom, Autonomy and the Concept of a Person. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 76(n/a), 109 - 130.
Benn, S. I. (1988). A Theory of Freedom. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berlin, I. (1994a). Introduction. In J. Tully & D. M. Weinstock (Eds.), Philosophy in an age of pluralism: the philosophy of Charles Taylor in question (pp.1-3). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berlin, I. & Williams, B. (1994b). Pluralism and liberalism: A reply. Political Studies, 42(2): 306-309.
Berlin, I. (1998). My Intellectual Path. In H. Hardy (Ed.), The Power of Ideas (2nd ed., pp.1-28). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Berlin, I. & Jahanbegloo, R. (2000). Conversations with Isaiah Berlin. London: Phoenix Press.
Berlin, I. (2002). Liberty: Incorporating ‘Four Essays on Liberty’. (H. Hardy, Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berlin, I. (2004). A letter on human nature. New York Review of Books, 51(14): 26.
Berlin, I. (2013). The Crooked Timber of Humanity. (H. Hardy, 2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Berlin, I. (2014). Freedom and its betrayal: Six enemies of human liberty (H. Hardy, 2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Carter, I. (2000). A Critique of Freedom as Non-domination. The Good Society, 9(3), 43-46.
Carter, I. (2008). How are power and unfreedom related? In Laborde, C. & Maynor, J. (Eds.), Republicanism and political theory (pp. 58-82). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Carter, I. (2016). Positive and Negative Liberty. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/liberty-positive-negative/
Christman, J. (1991). Liberalism and individual positive freedom. Ethics, 101(2), 343-359.
Christman, J. (2005). Saving positive freedom. Political Theory, 33(1), 79-88.
Christman, J. (2015). Freedom in Times of Struggle: Positive Liberty, Again. Analyse & Kritik, 37(1-2), 171-188.
Constant, B. (1988). Constant: political writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Crowder, G. (1988). Negative and Positive Liberty. Political Science, 40(2), 57-73.
Crowder, G. (1994). Pluralism and Liberalism. Political Studies, 42(2), 293-305.
Crowder, G. (2004). Isaiah Berlin: liberty and pluralism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Crowder, G. & Hardy, H. (Eds.) (2007). The One and the Many: Reading Isaiah Berlin. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Crowder, G. (2015). Why We Need Positive Liberty. The Review of Politics, 77(2), 271-278.
Crowder, G. (2016). After Berlin: The Literature 2002–2020. Retrieved from http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/onib/after-berlin.pdf (2016; updated 7 May 2020)
Feinberg, J. (1973). The Concept of Freedom. In Social philosophy (pp. 4-19). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Frankfurt, H. G. (1971). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The journal of philosophy, 68(1), 5-20.
Gallie, W. B. (1955). Essentially contested concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 56 (1955 - 1956), 167-198
Gray, J. (1980). On negative and positive liberty. Political Studies, 28(4), 507-526.
Gray, J. (2013). Isaiah Berlin: an interpretation of his thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gray, T. (1990). Freedom. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Green, T. H. (1986). Lectures on the principles of political obligation and other writings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hobbes, T. (1996). Leviathan. (R. Tuck, Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kramer, M. (2008a). The quality of freedom. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Kramer, M. (2008b). Liberty and Domination. In Laborde, C. & Maynor, J. (Eds.), Republicanism and political theory (pp. 31-57). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Laborde, C., & Maynor, J. (2008). The republican contribution to contemporary political theory. In Laborde, C. & Maynor, J. (Eds.), Republicanism and political theory (pp.1-28). John Wiley & Sons.
Larmore, C. (2001). A critique of Philip Pettit`s republicanism. Philosophical Issues, 11(1), 229-243.
Larmore, C. (2003). Liberal and republican conceptions of freedom. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 6(1), 96-119.
Lin, Y. (2016). Value Pluralism and Liberal Democracy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York: Columbia University.
Lovett, F. (2017). Republicanism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 ed.). Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/republicanism/
MacCallum, G. C. Jr. (1967). Negative and Positive Freedom. Philosophical Review, 76, 312–334.
MacPherson, C. B. (1973). Berlin`s division of liberty. In Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (pp. 95-119). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Miller, D. (1983). Constraints on Freedom. In Miller, D. (Ed.), The Liberty Reader (pp. 183-199). Edinburgh, UK: Paradigm Publishers.
Miller, D. (Ed.). (2006). The Liberty Reader. Edinburgh, UK: Paradigm Publishers.
Patten, A. (1996). The republican critique of liberalism. British Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 25-44.
Pettit, P. (1993). Negative liberty, liberal and republican. European Journal of Philosophy, 1(1), 15-38.
Pettit, P. (1996). Freedom as Antipower. Ethics, 106(3), 576-604.
Pettit, P. (1997). Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pettit, P. (1998). Reworking Sandel`s republicanism. Journal of Philosophy, 95(2), 73-96.
Pettit, P. (2012). On the People`s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pettit, P. (2015). Freedom: psychological, ethical, and political. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2015.1033861
Ricciardi, M. (2007). Berlin on Liberty. In G. Crowder and H. Hardy (eds.), The One and the Many. Reading Isaiah Berlin (pp. 119-139). Amherst NY: Prometheus Books.
Riley, J. (2013). Isaiah Berlin’s “Minimum of Common Moral Ground”. Political Theory, 41(1), 61-89.
Sandel, M. J. (1998a). Democracy`s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Sandel, M. J. (1998b). Reply to My Critics. In A. L. Allen & M. C. Regan (Eds.), Debating Democracy’s Discontent: Essays on American politics, law, and public philosophy (pp.319-335). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Skinner, Q. (1984). The idea of negative liberty: Philosophical and historical perspectives. In R. Rorty, J. Schneewind, & Q. Skinner (Eds.), Philosophy in History: Essays in the Historiography of Philosophy (Ideas in Context, pp. 193-222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Q. (1986). The paradoxes of political liberty. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, 7, 227-250.
Skinner, Q. (1998). Liberty before liberalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Q. (2002). A Third Concept of Liberty. Proceedings of the British Academy, 117, 237-268.
Skinner, Q. (2003). States and the freedom of citizens. In Q. Skinner & B. Strath (Eds.), States and citizens: History, theory, prospects (pp.11-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swift, A. (2014). Liberty. In Political philosophy (pp. 57-94). Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Taylor, C. (1979). What’s wrong with negative liberty? In D. Miller (Ed.), The Liberty Reader (pp.141-162). Edinburgh, UK: Paradigm Publishers.
Taylor, C. (1994). Charles Taylor replies. In J. Tully & D. M. Weinstock (Eds.), Philosophy in an age of pluralism: the philosophy of Charles Taylor in question (pp.213-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
林垚(2009)。〈支配的异质性〉。《外國哲學》(第20輯)，46-60。
林垚(2014)。〈以賽亞·伯林的自由觀〉。《法哲學與法社會學論叢》，00，1-27。
劉擎(2015)。〈自由及其濫用:伯林自由論述的再考察〉。《中國人民大學學報》，4，43-53。
馬華靈(2019)。《反自由的自由：伯林與施特勞斯的思想紛爭》。臺北：聯經出版事業公司。
錢永祥(1997)。〈紀念柏林之死〉。《二十一世紀》，44，62-65。
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100212en_US