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題名 國家元首刑事豁免問題之研究
A Study on Head of State Criminal Immunity作者 方昱棋
Fang, Yu-Chi貢獻者 陳純一
Chen, Chun-I
方昱棋
Fang, Yu-Chi關鍵詞 國家元首豁免
刑事管轄
屬人豁免
屬事豁免
國際法委員會
Head of State immunity
Criminal jurisdiction
immunity ratione personae
immunity ratione materiae
International Law Commission (ILC)日期 2021 上傳時間 1-Apr-2021 11:23:09 (UTC+8) 摘要 國家元首豁免一直是國際法中的重要議題，與國家豁免和外交豁免交互影響且密切相關。隨著全球化的發展，國家間的交流合作相較於以往亦日益頻繁，國家元首於是經常需在國際間往來移動。由於牽涉出入他國國境，因而相對衍生了許多管轄上的問題，國家元首的豁免問題遂逐漸獲得許多關注與討論。儘管缺乏成文法規範，國家元首享有的絕對豁免似業已形成普遍公認的國際習慣法。然而近代以來，受到人權興盛的影響，從而帶動國際刑法與個人刑事責任概念的發展，傳統國際法以國家為核心的立場也有所改變，國家元首豁免問題因此受到了重大的衝擊。尤其是國家元首的刑事豁免，在涉及重大國際罪行時，經常與有罪不罰概念一同被提及，此二概念背後所代表的兩大價值─國家主權平等和國際人權與正義之間的衝突與角力，亦成為國家元首刑事豁免問題相關辯論的核心。隨著國際刑事法院和特赦國際刑事法庭的成立，以及數名卸任國家元首在國內法院遭到起訴的案例，皆反映了國際法已然形成新的趨勢與觀點，認為當國家元首對國際人道與人權法有重大侵害時應予究責。有鑑於豁免相關問題的高度爭議性，國際法委員會基於其促進國際法的逐步發展與編纂之宗旨，在2006年決定將國家官員的外國刑事管轄豁免列入研究專題，並展開一系列的研究工作，其中並對國家元首外國刑事管轄豁免問題進行了詳實的討論與分析。截至目前為止，國際法委員會已著手擬定相關的條款草案，並且部分條款草案已進行到一讀階段，其研究成果對於國家元首刑事豁免問題而言意義重大。本文希望對國家元首刑事豁免問題的發展與現狀進行研究與分析，或可找出人權與國家元首豁免相關規範之間不相牴觸的可能，以期對現存的問題找出可能的解答。
Head of State immunity has long been an important subject in international law. Due to the influence of Globalization, it’s now more common for Heads of State to travel abroad. As it involves entering other State’s territory, many matters of jurisdiction arise and therefore receive considerable attention.Despite the lack of written law, Head of State immunity seems to become a generally recognized norm of customary international law. However, with the prospering of Humanism in recent years, international criminal law and individual accountability had developed as well. The traditional State-centered perspective of classic international law had also changed, and hence made quite an impact on Head of State immunity. It’s particularly in cases regarding grave crimes under international law that Head of State immunity from criminal jurisdiction is often related to impunity, and thus the rivalry between the values inherent in both concepts, that is, sovereign equality of States and protection of human rights and justice, has become the core issue of concerning debate.In the light of the highly controversy of such issue, the International Law Commission included the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction” in its long-term programme of work in 2006. It has conducted a series of research since and has made certain progress which is of great significance to Head of State Immunity. 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Tate, Acting Legal Advisor of the Department of State, to Philip B. Perlman, Acting Attorney General (May 19, 1952), Department State Bulletin, Vol. 26 (1952).Case Concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), International Court of Justice, Verbatim Records, document CR 2008/3.Institute of International Law, Yearbook, vol. 71, Part II, Session of Krakow (2005), resolution on universal criminal jurisdiction with respect to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, available from https://www.idi-iil.org/app/uploads/2017/06/2005_kra_03_en.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited), pp. 297 et seq.Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1999, available from https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/100/100-19990429-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).（八）網路資料UN Documentation: General Assembly - About the General Assembly Agenda, Dag Hammarskjöld Library (UN Research Guides), available from https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/agenda (2021/3/20 last visited).UN Documentation: General Assembly - Main Committees, Dag Hammarskjöld Library (UN Research Guides), available from https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/committees (2021/3/20 last visited).About the Commission: Organization, programme and methods of work - Methods of work, International Law Commission, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/methods.shtml (2021/3/20 last visited). 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
102652020資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102652020 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳純一 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Chun-I en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 方昱棋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Fang, Yu-Chi en_US dc.creator (作者) 方昱棋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Fang, Yu-Chi en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2021 11:23:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Apr-2021 11:23:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2021 11:23:09 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102652020 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/134439 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律科際整合研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102652020 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國家元首豁免一直是國際法中的重要議題，與國家豁免和外交豁免交互影響且密切相關。隨著全球化的發展，國家間的交流合作相較於以往亦日益頻繁，國家元首於是經常需在國際間往來移動。由於牽涉出入他國國境，因而相對衍生了許多管轄上的問題，國家元首的豁免問題遂逐漸獲得許多關注與討論。儘管缺乏成文法規範，國家元首享有的絕對豁免似業已形成普遍公認的國際習慣法。然而近代以來，受到人權興盛的影響，從而帶動國際刑法與個人刑事責任概念的發展，傳統國際法以國家為核心的立場也有所改變，國家元首豁免問題因此受到了重大的衝擊。尤其是國家元首的刑事豁免，在涉及重大國際罪行時，經常與有罪不罰概念一同被提及，此二概念背後所代表的兩大價值─國家主權平等和國際人權與正義之間的衝突與角力，亦成為國家元首刑事豁免問題相關辯論的核心。隨著國際刑事法院和特赦國際刑事法庭的成立，以及數名卸任國家元首在國內法院遭到起訴的案例，皆反映了國際法已然形成新的趨勢與觀點，認為當國家元首對國際人道與人權法有重大侵害時應予究責。有鑑於豁免相關問題的高度爭議性，國際法委員會基於其促進國際法的逐步發展與編纂之宗旨，在2006年決定將國家官員的外國刑事管轄豁免列入研究專題，並展開一系列的研究工作，其中並對國家元首外國刑事管轄豁免問題進行了詳實的討論與分析。截至目前為止，國際法委員會已著手擬定相關的條款草案，並且部分條款草案已進行到一讀階段，其研究成果對於國家元首刑事豁免問題而言意義重大。本文希望對國家元首刑事豁免問題的發展與現狀進行研究與分析，或可找出人權與國家元首豁免相關規範之間不相牴觸的可能，以期對現存的問題找出可能的解答。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Head of State immunity has long been an important subject in international law. Due to the influence of Globalization, it’s now more common for Heads of State to travel abroad. As it involves entering other State’s territory, many matters of jurisdiction arise and therefore receive considerable attention.Despite the lack of written law, Head of State immunity seems to become a generally recognized norm of customary international law. However, with the prospering of Humanism in recent years, international criminal law and individual accountability had developed as well. The traditional State-centered perspective of classic international law had also changed, and hence made quite an impact on Head of State immunity. It’s particularly in cases regarding grave crimes under international law that Head of State immunity from criminal jurisdiction is often related to impunity, and thus the rivalry between the values inherent in both concepts, that is, sovereign equality of States and protection of human rights and justice, has become the core issue of concerning debate.In the light of the highly controversy of such issue, the International Law Commission included the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction” in its long-term programme of work in 2006. It has conducted a series of research since and has made certain progress which is of great significance to Head of State Immunity. This article studies and analyzes the development and status quo of Head of State immunity from criminal jurisdiction, hoping to find the possibility to resolve the existing dilemma between immunity and human rights. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究方法與限制 2第三節 文獻回顧 3第四節 研究範圍與架構 5第二章 學說、條約與國家實踐 7第一節 相關概念 7第二節 法理依據 14第三節 起源背景與歷史演變 16第四節 國際法上之定位 17第五節 國家元首的民事豁免 26第六節 小結 46第三章 國家元首刑事豁免的實質內涵 49第一節 國際刑法、個人責任與國家元首刑事豁免 50第二節 條約與學說 56第三節 國際法院的國家元首刑事管轄豁免 70第四節 國內法院的國家元首刑事管轄豁免 76第五節 小結 77第四章 相關案例之分析 79第一節 國際法院的相關案例 79第二節 國內法院的相關案例 87第三節 小結 93第五章 國際法委員會與「國家官員外國刑事管轄豁免」專題的編纂與發展 95第一節 國際法委員會 95第二節 專題概況與現狀 98第三節 《官員刑事豁免草案》簡介與最新發展 101第四節 第一任特別報告員的三次報告 103第五節 暫時通過的《官員刑事豁免草案》案文、評注與各國意見 128第六節 小結 176第六章 結論 179參考文獻 181 zh_TW dc.format.extent 5086120 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102652020 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家元首豁免 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 刑事管轄 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 屬人豁免 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 屬事豁免 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際法委員會 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Head of State immunity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Criminal jurisdiction en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) immunity ratione personae en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) immunity ratione materiae en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Law Commission (ILC) en_US dc.title (題名) 國家元首刑事豁免問題之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on Head of State Criminal Immunity en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻一、中文文獻（一）專書丘宏達，現代國際法，3版，2013年1月。伍俐斌，國際刑事管轄與國家官員的豁免問題研究，2017年4月。姜皇池，國際公法導論，2006年3月。俞寬賜，國際法新論，2006年9月。陳純一，國家豁免問題之研究—兼論美國的立場與實踐，2000年3月。楊永明，國際安全與國際法，2版，2008年4月。（二） 專書論文趙守博，現代國際刑法之發展、紐倫堡大審暨國際刑事法院之成立和運作概論，載：現代國際刑法專論—現代國際刑法暨其相關重要國際問題的專題研究與論述，頁1-73，2019年10月。（三）期刊王保鍵，混合法庭：國際刑法制度中追訴嚴重犯罪的新模式，人文及社會科學集刊，27卷3期，頁507-546，2015年9月。古承玉，國際刑事逮捕令案對外交豁免爭辯的啟示，台灣國際法季刊，14卷2期，頁127-153，2017年6月。宋承恩，賓諾謝案─國際犯罪的管轄與豁免，月旦法學雜誌，68期，頁192-201，2001年1月。林正順，國際法上國家首長刑事豁免權的發展趨勢，台灣國際法季刊，8卷1期，頁125-153，2011年3月。林雍昇，從國際刑法理論檢視海珊審判程序，台灣國際法季刊，7卷2期，頁205-238，2010年6月。陳弘毅，從「皮諾切特案」看國際刑法和國際人權法的發展，人文及社會科學集刊，13卷5期，頁575-603，2001年12月。陳純一，由「法輪功訴江澤民案」論美國法院有關「國家元首豁免」的實踐，中華國際法與超國界法評論，1卷2期，頁383-404，2005年12月。陳純一，國家豁免主體問題之研究，臺北大學法學論叢，61期，頁111-134，2007年3月。鄧衍森，管轄豁免與嚴重國際犯罪之管轄問題── 從ICJ Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Congo DRC vs. Belgium)案談起，月旦法學教室，124期，頁30-32，2013年2月。龔刃韌，國家管轄豁免原則的歷史起源，中國法學，5期，頁91-98，1991年10月。龔刃韌，國家管轄豁免原則的歷史形成過程，中外法學，1期，頁34-39，1991年3月。（四）研究計畫陳純一（1994），國家及其財產的管轄豁免：中華民國的理論與實踐，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫報告書，計畫編號NSC83-0301-H004-003，行政院國家科學委員會。二、英文文獻（一）專書Dickinson, Andrew, Lindsay, Rae & Loonam, James P. 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B20 New York: UN, 1982, available from https://legal.un.org/legislativeseries/pdfs/volumes/book20.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited)（二）期刊Dickinson, Laura A., The Promise of Hybrid Courts, 97 American Journal of International Law 295 (2003).Mallory, Jerrold, Resolving the Confusion Over Head of State Immunity: The Define Rights of Kings, 86 Colum. L. Rev. 169 (1986).Wirth, Steffen, Immunity for core crimes? The ICJ’s Judgment in the Congo v. Belgium Case, 13 European Journal of International Law 877 (2002).（三）國際條約Charter of the international Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, London, 8 August 1945, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 82, p. 279, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2082/v82.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, New York, 10 December 1984, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1465, p. 85, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1987/06/19870626%2002-38%20AM/Ch_IV_9p.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Convention on the High Seas, Geneva, 29 April 1958, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 450, p. 11, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1963/01/19630103%2002-00%20AM/Ch_XXI_01_2_3_4_5p.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay,10 December 1982, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1833, p. 3, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1994/11/19941116%2005-26%20AM/Ch_XXI_06p.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, New York, f 14 December 1973, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1035, p. 167, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_4_1973.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Paris, 9 December 1948, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 78, p. 277, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1951/01/19510112%2008-12%20PM/Ch_IV_1p.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Convention on Special Missions, New York, 8 December 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1400, p. 231, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_3_1969.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, New York, 30 November 1973, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1015, p. 243, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1976/07/19760718%2003-04%20AM/Ch_IV_7p.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Privileges and Immunities, Diplomatic and Consular Relations, etc - Convention on special missions, available from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-9&chapter=3&clang=_en (2021/3/20 last visited).Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Rome, 17 July 1998, available from https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Statute of the International Court of Justice, San Francisco, 24 October 1945, p. 21, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/docs/charter-all-lang.pdf#page=23 (2021/3/20 last visited).Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, New York, 8 November 1994, available from https://unictr.irmct.org/sites/unictr.org/files/legal-library/941108_res955_en.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Statute of the International Law Commission, New York, 21 November 1947, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/statute/statute.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, New York, 25 May 1993, available from https://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, Conference on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations, Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character, A/CONF.67/16 (4 February - 14 March 1975), available from https://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/1975_representation/docs/english/vol_2/a_conf67_16.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on the report of the Sixth Committee – 56/83. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, A/RES/56/83 (28 January 2002), available from https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/56/83 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2004: United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, A/RES/59/38 (16 December 2004), available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/docs/A_RES_59_38-E.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna, 18 April 1961, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 500, p. 95, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).（四）國家立法State Immunity Act 1978, United Kingdom, available from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/33/contents (2021/3/20 last visited).State Immunity Act 1979, Singapore, available from https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SIA1979 (2021/3/20 last visited).State Immunity Ordinance 1981, Pakistan, see Andrew Dickinson, Rae Lindsay & James P. Loonam, State Immunity - Selected Materials and Commentary, 496-503.Foreign States Immunities Act 1981, South Africa, available from https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201503/act-87-1981.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).State Immunity Act 1982, Canada, available from https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/S-18/FullText.html (2021/3/20 last visited).Foreign States Immunities Act 1985, Australia, available from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00947 (2021/3/20 last visited).Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. §§1330, 1332 (a)(2)–1332 (a)(4), 1391 (f), 1441 (d),1602–1611.（五）法院判決Case concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002.The Philippine Admiral, [1976] 2 WLR 214; ILR, Vol. 64 (1983), p.90.The Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 116 (1812).Berizzi Brothers Co. v. S.S. Pesaro, 271 U.S. 562 (1926).Lafontant v. Aristide, 844 F. Supp. 128 (E.D.N.Y. 1994).Hilao v. Estate of Marcos, 25 F. 3d 1467 (9th Cir. 1994).United Kingdom House of Lords: Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet Ugarte, 24 March 1999, 38 International Legal Materials 581 (1999).Case Concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters of 4 June 2008 (Djibouti v. France), International Court of Justice, Judgment.United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Belhas et al. v. Ya’alon, 14 December 2006, 466 F. Supp. 2d 127; and United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Belhas et al. v. Moshe Ya’alon, Former Head of Army Intelligence Israel, 15 February 2008, 515 F.3d 1279.Regina v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 1), England, House of Lords, 25 November 1998, ILR, vol. 119 (2002), pp. 50 et seq.France, Court of Cassation, Affaire Ghaddafi, Decision No. 1414, 13 mars 2001, Cass Crim.1（六）聯合國文件United Nations, General Assembly, Preliminary report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Roman Anatolevich Kolodkin, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/601 (29 May 2008), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/601 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Report of The International Law Commission on the work of its forty-third session, A/46/10 (16 December 2004), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/46/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction: Memorandum by the Secretariat, A/CN.4/596 (31 March 2008), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/596 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Yearbook of the International Law Commission - Report of the Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its forty-third session, A/CN.4/SER.A/1991/Add.1 (Part 2) (29 April- 19 July 1991), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1991_v2_p2.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Affirmation of the Principles of International Law recognized by the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal, 11 December 1946, A/RES/95, available from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1ee0.html (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Formulation of the Nürnberg Principles - Report by J. Spiropoulos, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/22 (12 April 1950), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_22.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Preliminary report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, Prepared by Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/654 (31 May 2012), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/654 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Fourth report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, By Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/686 (29 May 2015), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/686 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-seventh session, A/70/10 (7 August 2015), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/70/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-fifth session, A/68/10 (6 May-7 June and 8 July-9 August 2013), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/68/10 (2021/3/20 last visited)United Nations, International Law Commission, Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction: Text of the Draft Articles Provisionally Adopted by the Drafting Committee at the sixty-seventh session, A/CN.4/L. 865 (29 July 2015), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/L.865 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Second Report on the Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction, by Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/661 (4 April 2013), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/661 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly covering the work of its eighth session, A/1359 (4 July 1956), available from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N56/231/49/pdf/N5623149.pdf?OpenElement (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Survey of International Law in Relation to the Work of Codification of the International Law Commission: Preparatory Work within the Preview of Article 18, Paragraph 1, of the International Law Commission - Memorandum submitted by the Secretary-General, A/CN.4/1/Rev.1, (10 February 1949), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_1_rev1.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Report of The International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-eighth session, A/61/10 (1 May-9 June and 3 July-11 August 2006), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/61/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Report of The International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-ninth session, A/62/10 (7 May-5 June and 9 July-10 August 2007), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/62/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Second report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Mr. Roman Anatolevich Kolodkin, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/631 (10 June 2010), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/631 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Third report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Mr. Roman Anatolevich Kolodkin, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/646 (24 May 2011), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/646 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Third Report on the Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction, by Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/673 (2 June 2014), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/673 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Fifth report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/701 (14 June 2016), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/701 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/722 (12 June 2018), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/722 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Seventh report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/729 (18 April 2019), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/729 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Eighth report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/739 (28 February 2020), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/CN.4/739 (2021/3/20 last visited).General Assembly resolution 74/186, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its seventy-first session, A/RES/74/186 (2 January 2020), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/74/186 (2021/3/20 last visited).General Assembly resolution 75/135, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its seventy-second session, A/RES/75/135 (22 December 2020), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/75/135 (2021/3/20 last visited).General Assembly resolution 174(II), Establishment of an International Law Commission, A/RES/174(II) (17 November 1947), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/174(II) (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of The Working Group on review of the multilateral treaty-making process, A/CN.4/325 (23 July 1979), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_325.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of The International Law Commission covering the work of its Tenth Session, 28 April - 4 July 1958, Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirteenth Session, Supplement No. 9 (A/3859), A/CN.4/117 (28 April - 4 July 1958), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_cn4_117.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Yearbook of the International Law Commission - Report of the Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its forty-eighth session, A/CN.4/SER.A/1996/Add.1 (Part 2) (6 May- 26 July 1996), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1996_v2_p2.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixtieth session, A/63/10 (5 May-6 June and 7 July-8 August 2008), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2008/english/chp10.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-third session, A/66/10 (26 April-3 June and 4 July-12 August 2011), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2011/english/chp7.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction - Text of draft articles 1, 3 and 4 provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee at the sixty-fifth session of the International Law Commission, A/CN.4/L.814 (4 June 2013), available from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G13/611/77/PDF/G1361177.pdf?OpenElement (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction - Text of draft articles 2 (e) and 5 provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee on 15 July 2014, A/CN.4/L.850 (15 July 2014), available from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G14/086/98/PDF/G1408698.pdf?OpenElement (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction - Text of the draft articles provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee at the sixty-seventh session, A/CN.4/L.865 (29 July 2015), available from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G15/169/18/PDF/G1516918.pdf?OpenElement (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction – Titles of Parts Two and Three, and texts and titles of draft article 7 and annex provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee at the sixty-ninth session, A/CN.4/L.893 (10 July 2017), available from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G17/186/32/PDF/G1718632.pdf?OpenElement (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-sixth session, A/69/10 (5 May-6 June and 7 July-8 August 2014), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/69/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-eighth session, A/71/10 (2 May-10 June and 4 July-12 August 2016), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/71/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-fourth session, A/67/10 (7 May-1 June and 2 July-3 August 2012), available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2012/english/chp6.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its sixty-ninth session, A/72/10 (1 May-2 June and 3 July-4 August 2017), available from https://undocs.org/en/A/72/10 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 18th meeting, A/C.6/68/SR.18 (29 October 2013), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/68/SR.18 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 17th meeting, A/C.6/68/SR.17 (28 October 2013), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/68/SR.17 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 19th meeting, A/C.6/68/SR.19 (30 October 2013), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/68/SR.19 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 26th meeting, A/C.6/69/SR.26 (3 November 2014), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/69/SR.26 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 24th meeting, A/C.6/69/SR.24 (31 October 2014), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/69/SR.24 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 22nd meeting, A/C.6/70/SR.22 (6 November 2015), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/70/SR.22 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 24th meeting, A/C.6/70/SR.24 (10 November 2015), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/70/SR.24 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 25th meeting, A/C.6/70/SR.25 (11 November 2015), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/70/SR.25 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 23rd meeting, A/C.6/69/SR.23 (31 October 2014), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/69/SR.23 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 27th meeting, A/C.6/71/SR.27 (1 November 2016), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/71/SR.27 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 25th meeting, A/C.6/72/SR.25 (31 October 2017), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/72/SR.25 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 21st meeting, A/C.6/72/SR.21 (25 October 2017), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/72/SR.21 (2021/3/20 last visited).United Nations, General Assembly, Sixth Committee – Summary record of the 24th meeting, A/C.6/72/SR.24 (27 October 2017), available from https://undocs.org/A/C.6/72/SR.24 (2021/3/20 last visited).（七）其他文件Letter from Jack B. Tate, Acting Legal Advisor of the Department of State, to Philip B. Perlman, Acting Attorney General (May 19, 1952), Department State Bulletin, Vol. 26 (1952).Case Concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), International Court of Justice, Verbatim Records, document CR 2008/3.Institute of International Law, Yearbook, vol. 71, Part II, Session of Krakow (2005), resolution on universal criminal jurisdiction with respect to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, available from https://www.idi-iil.org/app/uploads/2017/06/2005_kra_03_en.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited), pp. 297 et seq.Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1999, available from https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/100/100-19990429-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf (2021/3/20 last visited).（八）網路資料UN Documentation: General Assembly - About the General Assembly Agenda, Dag Hammarskjöld Library (UN Research Guides), available from https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/agenda (2021/3/20 last visited).UN Documentation: General Assembly - Main Committees, Dag Hammarskjöld Library (UN Research Guides), available from https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/committees (2021/3/20 last visited).About the Commission: Organization, programme and methods of work - Methods of work, International Law Commission, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/methods.shtml (2021/3/20 last visited). zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100417 en_US
