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題名 媒體使用與人民賦權：以印尼為例
Media and Empowerment: A Case of Indonesia
作者 石承鑫
Shih, Cheng-Hsin
貢獻者 蘇昱璇
石承鑫
Shih, Cheng-Hsin
關鍵詞 印尼
不平等
媒體使用
人民賦權
Indonesia
Inequality
Use of media
Empowerment
日期 2022
上傳時間 1-Apr-2022 15:05:31 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨於探討究竟使用大眾媒體（例如：觀看電視、收聽廣播、閱讀報紙、使用網路）是否有助於提升印尼當地人民賦權，並特別聚焦於對於當地女性產生之影響。本研究使用財務獨立性、對於家暴的態度、勞動參與、是否使用避孕措施作為本文衡量賦權之變數。研究數據來源為印尼2017年Demographic and Health Survey（DHS，人口健康調查）之統計資料，藉由量化分析法探討媒體使用對於印尼人民之影響，除了以最小平方估計法 (Ordinary Least Squares Estimation) 估計關聯性，亦使用工具變數 (instrumental variables) 處理內生性問題。本研究結果指出在其他條件不變的情況下，印尼女性賦權較差於印尼男性；多數媒體使用將影響印尼女性賦權，而對於男性影響則相對不顯著。其中正面影響最顯著的分別為廣播以及網路使用，而教育程度及財富程度亦與個人賦權程度呈正相關。
This thesis aims to explore whether the use of mass media (such as watching TV, listening to the radio, reading newspapers, and using the Internet) can enhance the empowerment of the people in Indonesia, with a focus on women demographic. The empowerment indicators used in this study include financial independence, views on domestic violence, labor participation, whether to use contraceptive measures, and the age of first sex. The data comes from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Quantitative analysis was used to explore the impact of media use on the Indonesian people. This paper uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Estimation and included instrumental variables to deal with endogenous problems. The result shows that other things being equal, the empowerment of Indonesian women was worse than that of Indonesian men. Moreover, media use will help enhance women’s empowerment, while the impact on men is comparatively insignificant. Among the different vehicles of media, broadcasting and internet use has the most significant and positive impact. Levels of education and wealth are also positively correlated with the degree of personal empowerment.
參考文獻 參考文獻
     A. 期刊論文與專書
     Afridi, F. (2010), Women’s empowerment and the goal of parity between the sexes in schooling in India, Population Studies, Vol. 64 No. 2, pp. 131-145.
     Ahmed, S., Creanga, A. A., Gillespie, D. G., & Tsui, A. O. (2010) . Economic status, education and empowerment: Implications for maternal health service utilization in developing countries. PLoS ONE, 5(6).
     Ardiansyah, B. (2016). Effect of Mass Media on Family Planning Choices in Indonesia. 39, 37–66.
     Barber, J. S., & Axinn, W. G. (2004). New ideas and fertility limitation: The role of mass media. Journal of marriage and family, 66(5), 1180-1200.
     Bhushan, K. and Singh, P. (2014), The effect of media on domestic violence norms: evidence from India, Economics of Peace and Security Journal, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 58-63.
     Chakrabarti, S., & Biswas, C. S. (2012). An Exploratory analysis of women’s empowerment in India: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Journal of Development Studies, 48(1), 164–180.
     Chong, A., Duryea, S., & La Ferrara, E. (2007). Soap operas and fertility: Evidence from Brazil. Mimeo, Bocconi University.
     Choudhury, N. (2009). The question of empowerment: Women’s perspective on their internet use. Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 13, pp. 341–363.
     Coale, A. J. (1991). Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population – an estimate of the number of missing females. Population and Development Review, 17, 517–523.
     Das Gupta, M. D. (1987). Selective discrimination against the female child in rural Punjab, India. Population and Development Review, 13(1), 77–100.
     Dasgupta, S. (2019). Impact of exposure to mass media on female empowerment: Evidence from India. International Journal of Development Issues, 18(2), 243-258.
     Davis, S. S. (2007). Empowering women weavers? the internet in rural morocco. Information Technologies & International Development, 4(2), pp-17.
     DellaVigna, S., & Kaplan, E. (2007). The Fox News effect: Media bias and voting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1187-1234.
     Doss, C. (2013), Intrahousehold bargaining and resource allocation in developing countries, Policy Research Working Paper 6337, World Bank, Washington, DC.
     Duflo, E. (2003), Grandmothers and granddaughters: old age pension and intra-household allocation in South Africa, World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 1-25.
     Duflo, E. (2012), Women empowerment and economic development, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp. 1051-1079
     Gallaway, J. H. & Alexandra Bernasek (2004). Literacy and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Implications for Policy, Journal of Economic Issues, 38:2, 519-525.
     Gallaway, J. H., & Bernasek, A. (2004). Literacy and women’s empowerment in Indonesia: Implications for policy. Journal of Economic Issues, 38(2), 519–525.
     Gentzkow, Matthew, A., and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2004. "Media, Education and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18 (3): 117-133
     Harcourt, W., Rabinovich, L., & Alloo, F. (2002). Women’s Networking and Alliance Building: The politics of organizing in and around place. Development, 45(1), 42-47.
     Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc .
     Heymann, J., Levy, J. K., Bose, B., Ríos-Salas, V., Mekonen, Y., Swaminathan, H., … Rao Gupta, G. (2019). Improving health with programmatic, legal, and policy approaches to reduce gender inequality and change restrictive gender norms. The Lancet, 393(10190), 2522–2534.
     Jensen, R., & Oster, E. (2009). The power of TV: Cable television and women’s status. in India. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, 1057–1094.
     Jesmin, S.S. & Amin, I. (2017), Impact of the mass media in changing attitudes towards violence against women in Bangladesh: findings from a national survey, Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 525-534
     Jesmin, S.S., Chaudhuri S, Abdullah S. Educating women for HIV prevention: does exposure to mass media make them more knowledgeable? Health Care Women Int. 2013; 34(3-4):303‐331.
     Johnson K. (2001). Media and Social Change: The Modernizing Influences of Televisions in Rural India, Media, Culture & Society, 23 (9), 147-169.
     Kabeer, N. (1999), Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment, Development and Change, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 435-464.
     Kishor, S. & Gupta, K.(2004). Women’s Empowerment in India and Its States Evidence from the NFHS. 39. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(7), 694–712.
     Lennie, J. (2002) Rural Women’s Empowerment in a Communication Technology Project: Some Contradictory Effects, Rural Society, 12:3, 224-245
     Manser, M., & Brown, M. (1980). Marriage and household decision-making: A bargaining analysis. International Economic Review, 21(1), 31–44.
     Mitchell, C. (1998). Women’s (Community) radio as a feminist public sphere. Javnost, 5(2), 73–85.
     Olken, B. A. (2006). Corruption and the costs of redistribution: Micro evidence from Indonesia. Journal of public economics, 90(4-5), 853-870.
     Pande, R. P., & Astone, N. M. (2007). Explaining son preference in rural India: the independent role of structural versus individual factors. Population Research and Policy Review, 26(1), 1-29.
     Samarakoon, S., & Parinduri, R. A. (2015). Does Education Empower Women? Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 66, 428–442.
     Sen, A. (2003). Missing women – revisited – reduction in female mortality has been counterbalanced by sex selective abortions. British Medical Journal, 327, 1297–1298.
     Tadesse, M., Teklie, H., Yazew, G., & Gebreselassie, T. (2013). Women’s Empowerment as a Determinant of Contraceptive use in Ethiopia. Further Analysis of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. DHS Further Analysis Reports Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International, (82), 1–27.
     Tadesse, Mekonnen, Habtamu Teklie, Gorfu Yazew, and Tesfayi Gebreselassie. 2013. Women’s Empowerment as a Determinant of Contraceptive Use in Ethiopia. Further Analysis of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. DHS Further Analysis Reports No. 82. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International. The Journal of Development Studies, 50 (11), 1523-1537.
     Thornton, A., & Young‐DeMarco, L. (2001). Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: The 1960s through the 1990s. Journal of marriage and family, 63(4), 1009-1037.
     Ting, H. L., Ao, C. K., & Lin, M. J. (2014). Television on Women’s Empowerment in India. Journal of Development Studies, 50(11), 1523–1537.
     Westoff, C. F., & Rodriguez, G. (1995). The Mass Media and Family Planning in Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, 21(1), 26.
     Wicaksono, E., Amir, H., & Nugroho, A. (2017). The sources of income inequality in Indonesia: A regression-based inequality decomposition (No. 667). ADBI Working Paper.
     B. 網路資料
     i. 中文部分
     BBC NEWS事實核查團隊 (2020)。喬治·佛洛伊德事件：美國法律下，非裔人士到底受到怎樣的對待，2020年6月3日，取自：https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-52903837。
     自由時報-自由財經 (2021)。2020全球流失2.55億份工作 工資減損111兆，2021年1月30日，取自：https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3422095。
     美國在台協會 (2015)，聯合國永續發展目標 (SDGs) 說明，109年5月25日，取自：https://www.ait.org.tw/wp-content/uploads/sites/269/un-sdg.pdf。
     ii. 英文部分
     The DHS Program (2017). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Retrieved May 5, 2020, from https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr342-dhs-final-reports.cfm
     The World Bank (2015). Indonesia’s Rising Divide. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/12/08/indonesia-rising-divide
     State Government of Victoria (2018). Gender inequality affects everyone. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021, from https://www.vic.gov.au/gender-inequality-affects-everyone
     UN WOMEN (2020). Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during COVID-19. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf
     World Economic Forum. (2019). The global gender gap report. Retrieved April 2, 2021, from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
108261015
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108261015
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蘇昱璇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 石承鑫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Shih, Cheng-Hsinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 石承鑫zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Shih, Cheng-Hsinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2022 15:05:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Apr-2022 15:05:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2022 15:05:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108261015en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/139560-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國家發展研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108261015zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨於探討究竟使用大眾媒體（例如：觀看電視、收聽廣播、閱讀報紙、使用網路）是否有助於提升印尼當地人民賦權，並特別聚焦於對於當地女性產生之影響。本研究使用財務獨立性、對於家暴的態度、勞動參與、是否使用避孕措施作為本文衡量賦權之變數。研究數據來源為印尼2017年Demographic and Health Survey（DHS，人口健康調查）之統計資料，藉由量化分析法探討媒體使用對於印尼人民之影響，除了以最小平方估計法 (Ordinary Least Squares Estimation) 估計關聯性，亦使用工具變數 (instrumental variables) 處理內生性問題。本研究結果指出在其他條件不變的情況下，印尼女性賦權較差於印尼男性；多數媒體使用將影響印尼女性賦權，而對於男性影響則相對不顯著。其中正面影響最顯著的分別為廣播以及網路使用，而教育程度及財富程度亦與個人賦權程度呈正相關。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis aims to explore whether the use of mass media (such as watching TV, listening to the radio, reading newspapers, and using the Internet) can enhance the empowerment of the people in Indonesia, with a focus on women demographic. The empowerment indicators used in this study include financial independence, views on domestic violence, labor participation, whether to use contraceptive measures, and the age of first sex. The data comes from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Quantitative analysis was used to explore the impact of media use on the Indonesian people. This paper uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Estimation and included instrumental variables to deal with endogenous problems. The result shows that other things being equal, the empowerment of Indonesian women was worse than that of Indonesian men. Moreover, media use will help enhance women’s empowerment, while the impact on men is comparatively insignificant. Among the different vehicles of media, broadcasting and internet use has the most significant and positive impact. Levels of education and wealth are also positively correlated with the degree of personal empowerment.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
     中文摘要 i
     英文摘要 ii
     目錄 iii
     表目錄 v
     第壹章 緒論 1
     第一節 研究背景與動機 1
     第二節 研究問題與目的 5
     第三節 研究流程 5
     第貳章 文獻回顧 6
     第一節 平衡理論及相關延伸 6
     第二節 媒體使用及其對於社會的影響 6
     一、閱讀報紙 8
     二、觀看電視 8
     三、使用網路 9
     四、收聽廣播 10
     第三節 印尼媒體概況 10
     第四節 個人賦權相關理論與研究 11
     第五節 小結 13
     第參章 數據與研究方法 14
     第一節 研究數據 14
     第二節 研究方法與設計 15
     第三節 變數說明 16
     一、自變數－媒體使用 16
     二、依變數－個人賦權 16
     三、控制變數 17
     四、敘述性統計 18
     第四章 實證分析結果 23
     第一節 個別媒體使用對於兩性賦權影響 24
     一、個別媒體對於女性賦權的關聯 24
     二、個別媒體對於男性賦權的影響 24
     第二節 媒體使用對於兩性賦權影響之工具變量估計結果 28
     一、媒體使用對於女性賦權的影響 28
     二、媒體使用對於男性賦權的影響 32
     第三節 媒體使用對於人民賦權影響之工具變量估計結果 36
     第四節 實證結果討論 41
     一、媒體使用對於印尼女性之賦權影響探討 41
     二、媒體使用對於印尼男性之賦權影響探討 42
     三、媒體使用對於印尼人民之賦權影響探討 43
     第伍章 結論 46
     第一節 研究總結 46
     第二節 研究貢獻 47
     第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議 47
     參考文獻 49
     附錄一 多元共線性檢定 54
     附錄二 內生性檢定 57
     附錄三 印尼理想男孩與女孩數量差值分析表 58
     表目錄
     表一 敘述性統計－印尼女性 20
     表二 敘述性統計－印尼男性 21
     表三 敘述性統計－印尼人民 22
     表四 個別媒體對於女性賦權影響 26
     表五 個別媒體對於男性賦權影響 27
     表六 媒體使用對於女性賦權影響 30
     表七 媒體使用對於女性賦權影響含工具變量 31
     表八 媒體使用對於男性賦權影響 34
     表九 媒體使用對於男性賦權影響含工具變量 35
     表十 個別媒體對於印尼人民賦權影響 38
     表十一 媒體使用對於印尼人民賦權影響 39
     表十二 媒體使用對於印尼人民賦權影響含工具變量 40
     表十三媒體使用對於印尼人民賦權的影響工具變量估計結果之正負號整理45		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108261015en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印尼zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 不平等zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體使用zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人民賦權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indonesiaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Inequalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Use of mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Empowermenten_US
dc.title (題名) 媒體使用與人民賦權：以印尼為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Media and Empowerment: A Case of Indonesiaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻
     A. 期刊論文與專書
     Afridi, F. (2010), Women’s empowerment and the goal of parity between the sexes in schooling in India, Population Studies, Vol. 64 No. 2, pp. 131-145.
     Ahmed, S., Creanga, A. A., Gillespie, D. G., & Tsui, A. O. (2010) . Economic status, education and empowerment: Implications for maternal health service utilization in developing countries. PLoS ONE, 5(6).
     Ardiansyah, B. (2016). Effect of Mass Media on Family Planning Choices in Indonesia. 39, 37–66.
     Barber, J. S., & Axinn, W. G. (2004). New ideas and fertility limitation: The role of mass media. Journal of marriage and family, 66(5), 1180-1200.
     Bhushan, K. and Singh, P. (2014), The effect of media on domestic violence norms: evidence from India, Economics of Peace and Security Journal, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 58-63.
     Chakrabarti, S., & Biswas, C. S. (2012). An Exploratory analysis of women’s empowerment in India: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Journal of Development Studies, 48(1), 164–180.
     Chong, A., Duryea, S., & La Ferrara, E. (2007). Soap operas and fertility: Evidence from Brazil. Mimeo, Bocconi University.
     Choudhury, N. (2009). The question of empowerment: Women’s perspective on their internet use. Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 13, pp. 341–363.
     Coale, A. J. (1991). Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population – an estimate of the number of missing females. Population and Development Review, 17, 517–523.
     Das Gupta, M. D. (1987). Selective discrimination against the female child in rural Punjab, India. Population and Development Review, 13(1), 77–100.
     Dasgupta, S. (2019). Impact of exposure to mass media on female empowerment: Evidence from India. International Journal of Development Issues, 18(2), 243-258.
     Davis, S. S. (2007). Empowering women weavers? the internet in rural morocco. Information Technologies & International Development, 4(2), pp-17.
     DellaVigna, S., & Kaplan, E. (2007). The Fox News effect: Media bias and voting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1187-1234.
     Doss, C. (2013), Intrahousehold bargaining and resource allocation in developing countries, Policy Research Working Paper 6337, World Bank, Washington, DC.
     Duflo, E. (2003), Grandmothers and granddaughters: old age pension and intra-household allocation in South Africa, World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 1-25.
     Duflo, E. (2012), Women empowerment and economic development, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp. 1051-1079
     Gallaway, J. H. & Alexandra Bernasek (2004). Literacy and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Implications for Policy, Journal of Economic Issues, 38:2, 519-525.
     Gallaway, J. H., & Bernasek, A. (2004). Literacy and women’s empowerment in Indonesia: Implications for policy. Journal of Economic Issues, 38(2), 519–525.
     Gentzkow, Matthew, A., and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2004. "Media, Education and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18 (3): 117-133
     Harcourt, W., Rabinovich, L., & Alloo, F. (2002). Women’s Networking and Alliance Building: The politics of organizing in and around place. Development, 45(1), 42-47.
     Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc .
     Heymann, J., Levy, J. K., Bose, B., Ríos-Salas, V., Mekonen, Y., Swaminathan, H., … Rao Gupta, G. (2019). Improving health with programmatic, legal, and policy approaches to reduce gender inequality and change restrictive gender norms. The Lancet, 393(10190), 2522–2534.
     Jensen, R., & Oster, E. (2009). The power of TV: Cable television and women’s status. in India. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, 1057–1094.
     Jesmin, S.S. & Amin, I. (2017), Impact of the mass media in changing attitudes towards violence against women in Bangladesh: findings from a national survey, Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 525-534
     Jesmin, S.S., Chaudhuri S, Abdullah S. Educating women for HIV prevention: does exposure to mass media make them more knowledgeable? Health Care Women Int. 2013; 34(3-4):303‐331.
     Johnson K. (2001). Media and Social Change: The Modernizing Influences of Televisions in Rural India, Media, Culture & Society, 23 (9), 147-169.
     Kabeer, N. (1999), Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment, Development and Change, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 435-464.
     Kishor, S. & Gupta, K.(2004). Women’s Empowerment in India and Its States Evidence from the NFHS. 39. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(7), 694–712.
     Lennie, J. (2002) Rural Women’s Empowerment in a Communication Technology Project: Some Contradictory Effects, Rural Society, 12:3, 224-245
     Manser, M., & Brown, M. (1980). Marriage and household decision-making: A bargaining analysis. International Economic Review, 21(1), 31–44.
     Mitchell, C. (1998). Women’s (Community) radio as a feminist public sphere. Javnost, 5(2), 73–85.
     Olken, B. A. (2006). Corruption and the costs of redistribution: Micro evidence from Indonesia. Journal of public economics, 90(4-5), 853-870.
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     B. 網路資料
     i. 中文部分
     BBC NEWS事實核查團隊 (2020)。喬治·佛洛伊德事件：美國法律下，非裔人士到底受到怎樣的對待，2020年6月3日，取自：https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-52903837。
     自由時報-自由財經 (2021)。2020全球流失2.55億份工作 工資減損111兆，2021年1月30日，取自：https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3422095。
     美國在台協會 (2015)，聯合國永續發展目標 (SDGs) 說明，109年5月25日，取自：https://www.ait.org.tw/wp-content/uploads/sites/269/un-sdg.pdf。
     ii. 英文部分
     The DHS Program (2017). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Retrieved May 5, 2020, from https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr342-dhs-final-reports.cfm
     The World Bank (2015). Indonesia’s Rising Divide. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/12/08/indonesia-rising-divide
     State Government of Victoria (2018). Gender inequality affects everyone. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021, from https://www.vic.gov.au/gender-inequality-affects-everyone
     UN WOMEN (2020). Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during COVID-19. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf
     World Economic Forum. (2019). The global gender gap report. Retrieved April 2, 2021, from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200362en_US