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題名 外籍漁工人權規範之實踐與困境：紐西蘭與臺灣之比較研究
The Enforcement and Difficulties of Foreign Fishers` Human Rights Norms: A Comparative Case Study of New Zealand and Taiwan作者 涂文廷
Tu, Wen-Ting貢獻者 黃兆年
Huang, Jaw-Nian
涂文廷
Tu, Wen-Ting關鍵詞 移工人權
強迫勞動
螺旋模式
國家能力
跨國倡議網絡
Migrant workers’ rights
Forced labor
Spiral Model
State capacity
Transnational advocacy networks日期 2022 上傳時間 5-Jan-2023 15:23:15 (UTC+8) 摘要 漁業向為人類重要之生產活動之一，具有高度經濟價值，惟在其蓬勃發展之背後卻隱藏嚴峻之外籍漁工人權問題。在利益至上之跨國生產鏈模式下，外籍漁工面臨被剝削以及身心受虐等強迫勞動困境。紐西蘭和臺灣雖具有良好的人權形象，然而近年來卻逐步被揭露存在著嚴重的漁工奴役問題。面對來自國內社會之倡議改革聲浪以及潛在之經濟威脅，紐臺兩國一改過往消極否認之態度，漸次開展相關保障規制之建構。惟此受惠於倡議網絡而升溫之改革意願，卻未能進一步推進人權實踐之進程，反而在規範和行為間出現遵從落差。對於此般困境，雙方再度啟動新一波改革，然而此次雙方卻走向不同之發展進程：紐西蘭成功擺脫漁工奴役之陰影，甚至成為該議題之革新典範，反觀臺灣至今仍無法高度地實踐規範效益而處於困境中。究竟是何原因造成其進程之差異？本文透過個案研究梳理兩國發展經驗後發現：兩國各自的發展進程大致符合螺旋模式之設定，且跨國倡議網絡亦於促進政府改革意願上扮演關鍵角色，而就後階段能否達到高度實踐之關鍵實取決於國家能力之良窳。詳言之，雙方於落實改革之過程中面臨著來自於國際、國內以及產業面之不利因素，導致其於能力發展上產生缺陷，使其即便具備改革意願卻因缺乏相對應之實踐能力而成效不彰。而紐西蘭相較於臺灣，於後續規制之改革上，更有效地解決前揭不利因素，從而於實踐進程上走得更遠。為進一步驗證此觀點，本文亦針對紐西蘭與臺灣進行比較個案研究。透過具體之評比數據和資料進一步對其意願和能力進行分析，本文發現紐西蘭和臺灣在社會和物質壓力下均具有一定程度之改革意願，惟於能力發展上，紐臺雙方近年來卻逐漸出現差距，特別是在對強迫勞動等議題之回應能力上，紐西蘭均較臺灣發展更為理想。此般結果和演變趨勢不僅呼應了臺灣現今於此議題上確存有能力缺陷之困境外，亦證實了國家能力之良窳將影響後續人權規範實踐進程之研究命題。
The fishery has been one of the most critical production activities for human beings with high economic value. However, there are serious human rights issues about foreign fishermen behind fishery’s vigorous development. Under the profit-oriented global production chain, foreign fishermen suffer forced labor, including exploitation and physical and mental abuse. Although owning a positive image of human rights, New Zealand and Taiwan have been blamed for the severe enslavement of fishermen in recent years. In response to the domestic calling of reform and the potential economic threat, New Zealand and Taiwan have replaced the passive attitude before with the action to construct the regulation of protecting foreign fisherman’s human rights. Despite governments’ willingness to reform increasing owing to the advocacy network, the two countries failed to advance further human rights in practice, which made the gap between norms and behaviors. To solve the problem, both launched the new reform but came out with different levels of improvement: New Zealand successfully got rid of the enslavement of fishermen and even became the innovative model on this issue. On the contrary, Taiwan has been stuck since it couldn’t wholly implement the norms. What is the reason for the difference?This thesis sorts out the two countries’ development experiences through case studies and finds that both development processes are roughly in line with the spiral model and that the transnational advocacy network also plays a crucial role in promoting the government’s willingness to reform. Whether further development could be implemented depends on the quality of state capacity. Specifically, the two countries faced unfavorable international, domestic and industrial factors when they implemented the reform, which weakened the state capacity. Even though the country is willing to reform, it wouldn’t be effective if it lacks corresponding practical capacity. Compared with Taiwan, New Zealand is more capable of dealing with the disadvantage factors above in the regulation reform, thus going further in practice. The thesis also conducted a comparative case study on New Zealand and Taiwan to confirm the argument. With further analysis of their willingness and capacity through specific data and materials, the thesis finds that both New Zealand and Taiwan have a certain degree of willingness to reform under social and material pressure. However, there has been a gap between New Zealand’s and Taiwan’s state capacities in recent years. Especially in terms of the ability to solve the forced labor issue, New Zealand did better than Taiwan. 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國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
109261002資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109261002 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 黃兆年 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Jaw-Nian en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 涂文廷 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tu, Wen-Ting en_US dc.creator (作者) 涂文廷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Tu, Wen-Ting en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Jan-2023 15:23:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Jan-2023 15:23:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Jan-2023 15:23:15 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109261002 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142910 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國家發展研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109261002 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 漁業向為人類重要之生產活動之一，具有高度經濟價值，惟在其蓬勃發展之背後卻隱藏嚴峻之外籍漁工人權問題。在利益至上之跨國生產鏈模式下，外籍漁工面臨被剝削以及身心受虐等強迫勞動困境。紐西蘭和臺灣雖具有良好的人權形象，然而近年來卻逐步被揭露存在著嚴重的漁工奴役問題。面對來自國內社會之倡議改革聲浪以及潛在之經濟威脅，紐臺兩國一改過往消極否認之態度，漸次開展相關保障規制之建構。惟此受惠於倡議網絡而升溫之改革意願，卻未能進一步推進人權實踐之進程，反而在規範和行為間出現遵從落差。對於此般困境，雙方再度啟動新一波改革，然而此次雙方卻走向不同之發展進程：紐西蘭成功擺脫漁工奴役之陰影，甚至成為該議題之革新典範，反觀臺灣至今仍無法高度地實踐規範效益而處於困境中。究竟是何原因造成其進程之差異？本文透過個案研究梳理兩國發展經驗後發現：兩國各自的發展進程大致符合螺旋模式之設定，且跨國倡議網絡亦於促進政府改革意願上扮演關鍵角色，而就後階段能否達到高度實踐之關鍵實取決於國家能力之良窳。詳言之，雙方於落實改革之過程中面臨著來自於國際、國內以及產業面之不利因素，導致其於能力發展上產生缺陷，使其即便具備改革意願卻因缺乏相對應之實踐能力而成效不彰。而紐西蘭相較於臺灣，於後續規制之改革上，更有效地解決前揭不利因素，從而於實踐進程上走得更遠。為進一步驗證此觀點，本文亦針對紐西蘭與臺灣進行比較個案研究。透過具體之評比數據和資料進一步對其意願和能力進行分析，本文發現紐西蘭和臺灣在社會和物質壓力下均具有一定程度之改革意願，惟於能力發展上，紐臺雙方近年來卻逐漸出現差距，特別是在對強迫勞動等議題之回應能力上，紐西蘭均較臺灣發展更為理想。此般結果和演變趨勢不僅呼應了臺灣現今於此議題上確存有能力缺陷之困境外，亦證實了國家能力之良窳將影響後續人權規範實踐進程之研究命題。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The fishery has been one of the most critical production activities for human beings with high economic value. However, there are serious human rights issues about foreign fishermen behind fishery’s vigorous development. Under the profit-oriented global production chain, foreign fishermen suffer forced labor, including exploitation and physical and mental abuse. Although owning a positive image of human rights, New Zealand and Taiwan have been blamed for the severe enslavement of fishermen in recent years. In response to the domestic calling of reform and the potential economic threat, New Zealand and Taiwan have replaced the passive attitude before with the action to construct the regulation of protecting foreign fisherman’s human rights. Despite governments’ willingness to reform increasing owing to the advocacy network, the two countries failed to advance further human rights in practice, which made the gap between norms and behaviors. To solve the problem, both launched the new reform but came out with different levels of improvement: New Zealand successfully got rid of the enslavement of fishermen and even became the innovative model on this issue. On the contrary, Taiwan has been stuck since it couldn’t wholly implement the norms. What is the reason for the difference?This thesis sorts out the two countries’ development experiences through case studies and finds that both development processes are roughly in line with the spiral model and that the transnational advocacy network also plays a crucial role in promoting the government’s willingness to reform. Whether further development could be implemented depends on the quality of state capacity. Specifically, the two countries faced unfavorable international, domestic and industrial factors when they implemented the reform, which weakened the state capacity. Even though the country is willing to reform, it wouldn’t be effective if it lacks corresponding practical capacity. Compared with Taiwan, New Zealand is more capable of dealing with the disadvantage factors above in the regulation reform, thus going further in practice. The thesis also conducted a comparative case study on New Zealand and Taiwan to confirm the argument. With further analysis of their willingness and capacity through specific data and materials, the thesis finds that both New Zealand and Taiwan have a certain degree of willingness to reform under social and material pressure. However, there has been a gap between New Zealand’s and Taiwan’s state capacities in recent years. Especially in terms of the ability to solve the forced labor issue, New Zealand did better than Taiwan. Such results and evolutionary trends not only demonstrate that Taiwan’s indeed stuck by the lack of capacity in this aspect but also confirm the research proposition that the quality of state capacity will affect the subsequent implementation of human rights regulation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節、研究緣起 1壹、研究背景 1貳、研究目的 4第二節、文獻回顧 5壹、外籍漁工人權發展和實踐困境 5貳、影響外籍漁工人權進展之因素 7參、綜合檢討 11第二章 研究設計 12第一節、 研究架構及假設 12壹、人權規範社會化之意涵和運作機制 12貳、人權規範社會化之動態觀點-從承諾到實踐 15參、架構設計 18第二節、 研究方法 21壹、個案分析方法 22貳、資料蒐集方法 23參、案例國家擇取之比較觀點 25第三節、章節安排 26壹、各國經驗下漁業人權發展及進程困境 26貳、紐臺間外籍漁工人權發展進程之困境比較與分析 27第三章 紐西蘭經驗 28第一節、外籍漁工人權發展之困境:2006之前 28第二節、外籍漁工人權之低度實踐進程:2006～2011 30第三節、紐轉困境-外籍漁工人權之高度實踐進程:2011之後 33第四節、 小結 37第四章 臺灣經驗 40第一節、外籍漁工人權發展之困境:2016之前 41第二節、外籍漁工人權之低度實踐進程:2016～2019 43第三節、臺起困境?外籍漁工人權高度實踐之挑戰:2019之後 50第四節、 小結 57第五章 紐臺間外籍漁工人權發展進程困境之比較與分析 59第一節、意願層面 61壹、政體性質 61貳、國家脆弱性 62第二節、能力層面 66壹、具體評比數據分析 66貳、紐臺漁工人權發展經驗之質性分析比較 69第三節、 小結 74第六章 結論 76第一節、研究發現 76第二節、政策建議和未來研究方向 79壹、政策建議 79貳、未來研究方向 81參考文獻 83 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3370647 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109261002 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 移工人權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 強迫勞動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 螺旋模式 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家能力 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨國倡議網絡 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Migrant workers’ rights en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forced labor en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Spiral Model en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) State capacity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transnational advocacy networks en_US dc.title (題名) 外籍漁工人權規範之實踐與困境：紐西蘭與臺灣之比較研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Enforcement and Difficulties of Foreign Fishers` Human Rights Norms: A Comparative Case Study of New Zealand and Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 成之約，1994，「漁業勞動政策立法發展方向之初論」，勞資關係論叢，第2期，12月：頁123-165。成之約，2006，「產業工會對「派遣勞工」的態度及其對勞資關係意涵之初探」，政大勞動學報，第20期，7月：頁97-123。江世雄，2010，「公海漁業資源之管理問題與其對策：以權宜漁船與IUU漁業為中心」，問題與研究，第49卷第4期，5月:頁33-64。行政院農業委員會漁業署，2019，中華民國漁業簡介（台北：行政院農委會漁業署）。行政院，2022，「漁業與人權行動計畫」: https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/448DE008087A1971/0ac73b25-1520-42ad-a5b9-a38ba39852a0。2022/06/20。行政院農業委員會，2021，「海洋之心生態標章，大啖海鮮守護海洋」: https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2512006。2022/06/27。行政院農業委員會，2022，「農委會執行漁業與人權行動計畫 積極提升船員勞動權益」: https://www.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=news&sub_theme=agri&id=8693。2022/06/18。行政院農業委員會漁業署，2022，「FOC漁船名單」: https://wm.coa.gov.tw/preview_fa/view.php?theme=LOCPLBTCOA&subtheme=&id=19。2022/06/07。辛翠玲，2003，「從中國人權問題看國際人權團體的影響力─論非政府組織及其連結作用」，政治科學論叢，第19期，12月:頁181-202。邱子宇，2019，「從歷史觀點論析境外僱用外籍漁工的勞動權益保障」，臺灣海洋法學報，第27期，12月:頁95-118。邱憶惠，1999，「個案研究: 質化取向」，國立高雄師範大學教育系教育研究，第7期，7月:頁113-127。李雪莉等，2017，血淚漁場：跨國直擊台灣遠洋漁業真相 (台北：行人出版社)。李堯賢、莊慶遠，1997，「影響船員勞動供給之因素分析﹒以海事院職校生為例」，農業經濟叢刊，第2卷第2期，6月：頁241-262。李海龍，2010，「論國際社會中的社會化與制度化-一個社會交往視角下的分析」，燕山大學學報，第11卷第1期，3月：頁83-90。李明印，2015，「從跨國犯罪的全球治理探討兩岸及菲律賓三邊執法合作機制與實踐」，國立中正大學戰略暨國際事務研究所碩士論文。呂冠輝，2020，「全球化時代的外籍漁工勞動保障－公法與私法交錯之觀點」，國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文。周玲妃，2015，「國際共同打擊「非法、未報告、不受規範」漁業行為，維護漁業資源之永續發展」，農政與農情，5月:頁 15~18。周祝瑛，2008，「《比較教育研究:方法與途徑》之評介」，當代教育研究，第16卷第1期，3月:頁155-165。林忠宏、陳威廷，2004，「國內外遠洋漁船船員生活空間之比較檢討」，船舶科技，第32期，3月:頁21-34。林泰誠、蔡豐明、田淑君，2010，「臺灣地區僱用外籍漁業勞工有關問題與勞工管理政策之探討」，航運季刊，第20卷第4期，12月:頁63-81。林芳安、高玉瑄，2016，「境外雇用外籍漁工之管理概況」，臺灣水產，第11卷第6期，12月:頁42-45。林良榮、王漢威，2016，「論我國與日本漁船船員之僱用政策與法制建構---兼論外國籍漁船船員之勞動保護」，臺灣海洋法學報，第24期，12月：頁1-64。林彥佑，2018，「擺盪於民主與威權之間：混合政體之研究」，國立台灣師範大學政治學研究所碩士論文法務部，2017，「對中華民國（臺灣）政府關於落實國際人權公約第二次報告之審查國際審查委員會通過的結論性意見與建議」: https://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/17725/17733/17745/17755/17756/Lpsimplelist。2022/06/07。孟維德，2015，「防治跨國犯罪的挑戰與克服關鍵」，刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊，第10期，10月：頁3-14。高佳伶，2020，「我國遠洋漁船境外聘僱船員勞動權益保障之研究」，國立政治大學法學院在職專班碩士論文。翁珮綺，2019，「遠洋漁船船員勞動權益保障之研究-以境外聘僱漁工為中心」，中央警察大學國境警察學系碩士論文。內政部移民署，2019，「針對美國 2019 年人口販運問題報告中「對於臺灣 13 項建議」之中華民國各部會回應說明」: https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5385/7445/7535/7559/7601/。2022/06/18。內政部移民署，2020，「我國與各國簽署合作備忘錄」: https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5385/7445/7535/251222/7607/106951/cp_news。2022/06/17。張文揚，2014，「民主和平論與非民主和平論之經驗檢證：政治制度相似性的關鍵作用」，人文及社會科學集刊，第26卷第1期，3月:頁1-39。梁莉芳，2019，「結構性脆弱的悲歌：外籍漁工的日常工作與健康經驗」，人文及社會科學集刊，第31卷第2期，6月:頁263-300。國家人權委員會，2021，「「海上人權路」外籍漁工人權專案報告」： https://nhrc.cy.gov.tw/monitor/report/detail?id=da0c9264-2429-4514-8315-3bf1321f2519。2022/5/30。莊文忠，2015，「公民導向的績效衡量與課責模式－以透明治理與開放政府為基礎」，國土及公共治理季刊，第3卷第3期，9月:頁7-19。曾雅真，2017，「國際規範擴散的障礙與挑戰：以臺灣接納IAEA用過核燃料暨放射性廢物管理安全聯合公約為例」，問題與研究，第56卷第3期，9月：頁29-55。黃昱中，2022，「立意良善卻錯誤百出的外籍漁工聘僱雙軌制」，全國律師月刊，第26卷第4期，4月:頁55-60。楊瀅陵，2010，「概論公海船旗國管轄制度」，海巡雙月刊，第45卷，6月:頁18-25。農傳媒，2022年6月1日，https://www.agriharvest.tw/archives/82702。綠色和平，2010，「臺灣權宜船: 不敢面對的真相」: https://www.greenpeace.org/taiwan/%e8%87%ba%e7%81%a3%e9%81%a0%e6%b4%8b%e6%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e6%b0%b8%e7%ba%8c%e5%b0%88%e6%a1%88/。2021/12/15綠色和平，2016，「臺灣製造-失控的遠洋漁業」：https://www.greenpeace.org/taiwan/%e8%87%ba%e7%81%a3%e9%81%a0%e6%b4%8b%e6%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e6%b0%b8%e7%ba%8c%e5%b0%88%e6%a1%88/。2021/12/18綠色和平，2018，浩劫漁生（台北：綠色和平）。綠色和平，2020，「公諸漁事：血汗海鮮如何流入市場」: https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-taiwan-stateless/2020/03/7524affb-2020%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%B8%E6%BC%81%E4%BA%8B%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%89%88.pdf。2021/04/06監察院，2002，「091內正0036糾正案文」:https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent2.aspx?n=718&s=5269。2020/12/02。監察院，2016，「105財調00422調查報告」:https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?n=133&s=4931。2020/12/02。監察院，2019，「108財調0028調查報告」:https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?s=6550。2020/12/10監察院，2020，「109財調0019調查報告」：https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?s=17029。2020/12/10監察院，2021a，「2021酷刑防制國際運作暨漁工人權專業論壇手冊」：https://www-ws.cy.gov.tw/001/Upload/2021nhrcforum/index.html。2022/6/15監察院，2021b，「110財調0007調查報告」：https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?n=133&s=17496。2022/6/15劉黃麗娟、嚴國維，2019，「遠洋漁業勞動體制初探:一個建構在利益極大化、共識與風險轉嫁的工業性漁撈模式」，勞資關係論叢，第21卷第2期，12月：頁68-92。蕭仰歸、李文良，2012，「國際海上勞動公約對我國勞動法制之衝擊」，台灣國際法季刊，第9卷第1期，6月：頁167-228。顏永銘，2016，「人權力量今猶在？-螺旋模式與規範社會化的反思」，中研院法學期刊，第19期，9月:頁253-283。羅國榮，2018，「就保法及勞退條例排除外籍勞工之正當性研究」，全國律師月刊，第22卷第1期，9月:頁92-102。Allison, Edward H., Åsgård, Björn., Ratner, Blake D. 2014. “Fishing for justice: Human rights, development, and fisheries sector reform,” Global Environmental Change, vol. 27, (July), pp. 120~130.Alder, Jackie & Pauly, Daniel. 2008. 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