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題名 跨越太平洋:美國官方視野下的台灣島(1786-1895)
Across the Pacific: The Island of Taiwan in the Official Vision of the United States (1786-1895)
作者 林于庭
Lin, Yu-Ting
貢獻者 林文凱
Lin, Wen-Kai
林于庭
Lin, Yu-Ting
關鍵詞 美國帝國擴張
台灣知識
美國官方檔案
太平洋航線
煤礦
羅發號事件
牡丹社事件
美國擴張
日期 2023
上傳時間 9-Mar-2023 18:45:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究從十九世紀美國向太平洋與東亞擴張為視角,運用美國國會檔案、國務院檔案、領事與公使檔案等政府文件為主要材料,按照時間順序檢視美國官方單位對台灣島的認識。美國官方單位對台灣島態度的變化,既受到美國領土拓展與商貿、教會等利益團體的影響,同時也受到歐洲列強在東亞的活動與東亞局勢變動的衝擊。

1844年以前,美國人主要依賴商貿團體與傳教士社群為認識東亞的知識渠道,對台灣島的相關記述內容多為台灣島海域的航行知識以及台灣島民間活動的狀況,前者反映十九世紀新興的美國太平洋貿易航路;後者顯示美國福音教派宣教士特殊的宗教理念。商貿人員與傳教士不僅是最早前往東亞活動的美國社群,還在美國外交制度建置初期,制度尚未完善時期成為美國在華外交系統的重要支柱。

1850年代是十九世紀上半葉美國社會輿論對於台灣島最感興趣的一段時期,此時恰逢美國經歷美墨戰爭的勝利,將領土擴張至加利福尼亞地區,國內擴張呼聲強烈;再加上海上蒸汽輪船技術成熟,歐洲列國投入跨洋輪船航線的建置,引發美國官方與民間對於興建跨太平洋蒸氣航線,擴展美國在太平洋與東亞的議題甚感興趣。台灣島正好位於東亞第一島鏈,連結美洲西岸港口與中國大陸的大圓航線周圍,並且擁有蒸氣輪船不可欠缺的煤礦資源,因而更加受到美國各方的重視。前往日本執行外交任務的培里艦隊停留東亞期間,特別到台灣島北部進行煤炭調查,留存大量的田野考察報告。1850年代末,歐美各國與清政府換約期限來臨,美國人面對東亞局勢再次變動,甚至出現佔領台灣島為美國在東亞據點的呼聲。

1860年代,美國中央政府確定將「合作政策」列為對華最高原則,尋求與清政府及歐洲列強保持友善關係,共同合作確保條約內容賦予各方的權利義務得以落實。約略同一時期,隨著日本逐漸對歐美人士敞開大門,美國人將1850年代對台灣島的興趣,轉移到與台灣島具備相似煤礦資源與地理位置優勢的日本,最終也將跨太平洋航線與海軍據點設置在日本。1860年代末至1870年代中期發生羅發號事件與日本出兵台灣島兩起與美國相關的外交事件。對此,華盛頓政府維持一貫合作政策的態度,希望美國外交人員採取中立,儘量避免介入東亞國際紛爭。然而,駐華外交人員與海軍人員礙於資訊傳遞的落差,又缺乏明確上下層級關係,自行其事的情況時而有之。從美國外交人員處理涉台事件的行動與決定可見,當時美國外交人員的行動,絕非由上而下一以貫之的外交決策。兩起美國涉台的外交糾紛也顯示美國自身在東亞面臨的國際法、條約體制與國內法之間法律體系的衝突。

1870與1880年代,臺灣島受到清政府的重視,展開一系列的建設計畫;再加上從1870年代中期開始,台灣茶葉大量輸往美國,引起美國外交人員對臺灣島商貿活動的高度重視。

1895年的甲午戰爭期間,清政府向美國政府尋求國際法顧問,協助滿清與日本協商馬關條約的內容。美國官方普遍對於台灣島主權轉移給日本抱持樂觀態度,預期美國在台灣的商貿活動將更加興盛;但同時也對日本人口與領土的快速擴張顯現出防備與憂慮。

本研究嘗試以十九世紀美國官方對台灣島的認知為主題,藉此呈現台灣歷史發展與美國帝國擴展及東亞局勢變動的相互連動,擴充台灣史研究的材料,反思台灣史書寫的疆界,從島嶼之外的視角來呈現台灣島在世界格局中的重要性。
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Johnson, Allen edited, Dictionary of American Biography Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929.
Kagan, Robert. Dangerous Nation: America’s Place in the World from its Earlies Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Kennedy, Charles S.. The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service, 1776–1914. Westport: Greenwood, 1990.
Luts, Jessie G.. Opening China: Karl F. A. Gutzlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827-1852. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 2008.
LaFeber, Walter. The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.
Matsuda, Matt K.. Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Otness, Harold M.. One Thousand Westerners in Taiwan, to 1945; A Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica, 1999.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. Sea of Glory: America’s Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. New York: Viking Penguin, 2003.
Stephanson, Anders. Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995.
Symonds, Craig L.. The U.S. Navy: A Concise History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Seagraves, Eleanor Roosevelt edited. Delano`s Voyages of Commerce and Discovery: Amasa Delano in China, the Pacific Islands, Australia, and South America, 1789-1807. Stockbridge: Berkshire House Publishers, 1994.
Williams, William Appleman. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (50th Anniversary edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.
Yen, Sophia Su-fei. Taiwan in China’s Foreign Relations 1836-1874. Connecticut: The Shoe String Press, Inc., 1965.
五、中英日文期刊論文與專書論文
方豪,〈康熙五十三年測繪臺灣地圖考〉,《文獻專刊》1:1(1949.08),頁28-58。
山本芳美,〈明治初期の新聞錦绘とかわら版に見る牡丹社事件――想像された台灣出兵と台灣原住民族〉,收入:日本順益台灣原住民研究會編,《台灣原住民研究の射程》(東京:風響社,2014),頁247-285。
朱瑪瓏,〈外交情報與港際報業:以1874年臺灣事件日、中兩國輪船運兵消息為例〉,《中央研究院近代史研究所集刊》93(2016.12),頁8-11。
李鶩哲,〈郭實獵的早年經歷與人格特徵〉,《漢學研究》38:1(2020.03),頁233-258。
周婉窈,〈從琉球人船難受害到牡丹社事件:「新」材料與多元詮釋的可能〉,《臺灣風物》65:2(2015.06),頁 23–89。
林欣宜,〈James W. Davidson的臺灣歷史書寫及其影響之考察〉,《新史學》29:3,(2018.09),頁63-110。
若熱里奧.米蓋爾.普加,〈首開美國至澳門之行:山茂召(Samuel Shaw)日記1754-1794〉,《行政》21:3(總81期)(2008.09),頁619-644。
張隆志,〈殖民接觸與文化轉譯:一八七四年臺灣「番地」主權論爭的再思考〉,收入甘懷真編,《東亞歷史上的天下與中國概念》(台北:台灣大學出版中心,2007),頁255-284。
徐美珠,〈1850年代美國擴張主義者經營臺灣謀略受挫之芻議:以美國外交政策為視角〉,《臺灣文獻季刊》69:3(2018.09),頁105-152。
陳其南,〈牡丹少女事件簿〉,收入:陳其南,《臺.博.物.語:臺博館藏早期臺灣現代性記憶》(台北:國立台灣博物館,2010),頁102-161。
黃清琦,〈牡丹社事件的地圖史料與空間探索(上)(中)(下)〉,《台灣原住民族文獻》第8期(2014.04),頁4-17。
盧令北,〈「經濟擴張」與「門戶開放」:論威廉‧艾普曼‧威廉斯(William Appleman Williams)解釋美國歷史的主要基礎〉,《輔仁歷史學報》38(2017.11),頁1-38。
費德廉(Douglas Fix)著,李曉婷譯,〈那些地方的忠實再現:李仙得眼中的福爾摩沙風景(1868-1874)〉,《臺灣文學學報》10(2007.06),頁19-55。
費德廉,〈一塊高度開發的地帶:李仙得1869~1870 年之臺灣西部圖譜〉),《臺灣史研究》18:3(2011.09),頁1-45。
費德廉,〈《臺灣紀行》中的相片〉,收入費德廉、蘇約翰主編,羅效德、費德廉中譯,《李仙得臺灣紀行》(臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2013),頁xxxv-xlix。
費德廉,〈《臺灣紀行》中的小林永濯畫作〉收入費德廉、蘇約翰主編,羅效德、費德廉中譯,《李仙得臺灣紀行》(臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2013),,頁li-lxxi。
費德廉,〈Sketching and Framing Formosan Landscapes: 19th-Century EuroAmerican Views〉,收錄於陳龍廷主編,《臺灣文學的大河—歷史‧土地與新文化》(高雄:春暉出版社,2009),頁120-183。
聶友軍,〈1874年橫濱英文報刊對「台灣遠征」的報導——以《日本笨拙》與《日本郵報周刊》為中心〉,《年報:非文字資料研究》10(2014.03),頁251-262。
羅運治,〈「留美幼童」—清末首批赴美留學生的探討〉,《淡江人文社會學刊》31(2007.09),頁1-50。
Adelman , Jeremy and Stephen Aaron. “From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History” American Historical Review 104 (June 1999), p. 814-841.
Buhl, Lance C. "Maintaining `An American Navy,` 1865-1889" in Kenneth J. Hagan edited, In Peace and War. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984, p. 145-170.
Brown, Margaret L.. “Asa Whitney and His Pacific Railroad Publicity Campaign,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol.20 No.2 (Sep. 1933), p.209-224.
Cotterill, Robert S.. “Early Agitation for a Pacific Railroad 1845-1850,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 5, No. 4 (March 1919), p. 396-414.
Conroy, Hilary Conroy, “Meiji Imperialism: “Mostly Ad Hoc”,” in Harry Wray and Hilary Conroy edited, Japan Examined: perspectives on modern Japanese history (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983), p.136-140.
Downs, Jacques M.. “Bad Luck in the China Trade,” Rhode Island History 25 no.3 (July 1966), p. 73-80.
Fix, Douglas. “Intelligence, Artistry and Illustration: The Frontier Collaboration of Charles Le Gendre and his Associates in Formosa: 1867-1875,” in Taiwan Imaged and Its
Reality—An Exploration of Literature, History and Culture, Taiwan Studies Series, No.1 (Santa Barbara: Center for Taiwan Studies, 2005), p.13-33.
Fix, Douglas L.. “Roadstead, Ruins, and Remembrances: Euro-American Mappings of Taiwanfu, 1842–1876,” 收入國立成功大學歷史學系編,《海洋古都:府城文明之形塑學術論文集》(新北:稻鄉出版社,2012),頁257–321。
Fix, Douglas L.. “The Changing Contours of Lived Communities on the Hengchun Peninsula: 1850-1874,” 收入洪麗完編,《國家與原住民:亞太地區族群歷史研究》(台北:中央研究院台灣史研究所,2009),頁233-282。
Frederic W. Howay, “Early Days of the Maritime Fur Trade on the Northwest Coast,” Canadian Historical Review vol.4, no.1 (March 1923), p. 26-33.
Kampmark, Binoy. “William A. Williams’s Tragedy Fifty Years on,” The Historical Journal vol.53, no.3 (Sep. 2010), p. 783-794.
Keliher, Macabe. “Anglo-American Rivalry and the Origins of U.S. China Policy” Diplomatic History vol.31, no.2 (April 2007), p.227-257.
Langley, Harold D. “Gideon Nye and the Formosan Annexation Scheme,” Pacific Historical Review vol.34, no.4, (November 1965), p.397-420
McCormick, Thomas. “Insular Imperialism and the Open Door: The China Market and the Spanish-American War,” Pacific Historical Review (May 1963), p.155-169.
Phillips, Dennis. “The Tragedy of American Diplomacy: A Tribute to the Legacy of William Appleman Williams,” Australasian Journal of American Studies vol.32, no.2 ( December 2007), p.89-98.
Unzelman, Gail. “Thomas Hart Hyatt: The Man and His Book,” Wayward Tendrils Quarterly vol.23, no.3 (July 2013), p.1-19.
六、時人論著
Camille Imbault-Huart著,黎烈文譯,《臺灣島之歷史與地誌》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1958。
Charles W. LeGendre(李仙得)著、Robert Eskildsen、黃怡、陳秋坤,《南台灣踏查手記:李仙得台灣紀行》,台北:前衛出版社,2012。
E. Garnot著,黎烈文譯,《法軍侵臺始末》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1960。
George L. Mackay著,J. A. Macdonald編,周學普譯,《臺灣六記》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1960。
James W. Davidson著,蔡啟恆譯,《臺灣之過去與現在》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1972。
Ludwig Riess著,周學普譯,〈臺灣島史〉,收錄於《臺灣經濟史三集》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1956。
Stephane Ferrero著,帥仕婷,石岱譯,《當Jean遇上福爾摩沙:一名法國小兵的手札(1884~1885)》,台北:玉山社,2003。
William A. Pickering著,吳明遠譯,《老臺灣》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1959。
山茂召(Samuel Shaw)著,喬西亞‧昆西(Josiah Quincy)編,常征翻譯,《帝國的相遇:美國駐廣州首任領事山茂召實錄》,北京市:人民出版社,2015。
于雅樂(Camille Imbault-Huart)著,郭維雄譯,《福爾摩沙之歷史與地誌》(臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館,2019)。
艾德華‧豪士(E. H. House)著,陳政三譯,《征臺紀事——牡丹社事件始末》,台北:台灣書房,2008。
必麒麟(W. A. Pickering)著,陳逸君譯,《歷險福爾摩沙:回憶在滿大人、海賊與「獵頭番」間的激盪歲月》,台北:前衛出版社,2010。
史蒂瑞(Joseph B. Steere)著、林弘宣譯,《福爾摩沙及其住民:19世紀美國博物學家的台灣調查筆記》,台北:前衛出版社,2009。
甘為霖(William Campbell)著、林弘宣、許雅琦、陳佩馨譯,《素描福爾摩沙:甘為霖台灣筆記》,台北:前衛出版社,2009。
李庥與伊麗莎白‧李庥(Hugh and Elizabeth Ritchie)著,林淑琴譯,《李庥與伊麗莎白‧李庥宣道書信集》,臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館、台灣基督長老教會總會教會歷史委員會、台灣基督長老教會台南神學院,2019。
巴克禮、伊莉莎白(Thomas Barclay and Elisabeth A. Turner)著,張洵宜譯,《福爾摩沙的呼召:巴克禮牧師夫婦文集》,台北:前衛出版社,2022。
杜德橋編,謝世忠、劉瑞超譯,《1880年代南台灣的原住民族:南岬燈塔駐守員喬治.泰勒撰述文集》,台北:順益台灣原住民博物館,2010。
姚紹基編譯,《1880年德國民族學者Wilhelm Joest的臺灣之旅:導讀‧文物目錄及遊記譯註》,臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2018。
約翰‧陶德(John Dodd)著,陳政三譯,《泡茶走西仔反——清法戰爭臺灣外記》,台北:台灣書房,2007。
保羅.伊比斯(Paul I. Ibis)著,劉宇衛翻譯,《1875福爾摩沙之旅:俄國海軍保羅.伊比斯的臺灣調查筆記》,台北:聯經出版社,2022。
季茱莉譯註,《北圻回憶錄:清法戰爭與福爾摩沙》(臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館,2013)。
陳政三,《美國油匠在台灣:1877-78年在苗栗出磺坑採油紀行》,台北:台灣書房,2012。
陳政三,《紅毛探親再記:島內島外趴趴走》,台北:五南出版社,2013。
陳政三,《翱翔福爾摩沙:英國外交官郇和晚清台灣紀》,台北:五南出版社,2015。
陳政三,《紅毛探親記:1870年代福爾摩沙縱走探險行》,台北:五南出版社,2022。
游永福、許毓良著,《尋找湯姆生:1871臺灣文化遺產大發現》,台北:遠足文化,2020。
馬偕(George L. Mackay)著,林晚生譯,《福爾摩沙紀事:馬偕台灣回憶錄》,台北:前衛出版社,2007。
達飛聲(James W. Davidson)著,陳政三譯,《福爾摩沙島的過去與現在》,臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2014。
劉克襄,《橫越福爾摩沙》,台北:自立晚報,1989。
劉克襄策畫,宋文薰等著,《探險家在臺灣》,台北:自立晚報,1988。
劉克襄譯著,《後山探險——十九世紀外國人在臺灣東海岸的旅行(一八六○~一八八○)》,台北:自立晚報,1992。
劉克襄,《深入陌生地——外國旅行者所見的臺灣》,台北:自立晚報,1993。
龐維德(Frédéric Laplanche)著、徐麗松譯,《穿越福爾摩沙1630-1930:法國人眼中的台灣印象》,台北:八旗文化,2021。
費德廉、羅效德編譯,《看見十九世紀臺灣:十四位西方旅行者的福爾摩沙故事》,臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館籌備處,2006。
費德廉、蘇約翰主編,羅孝德、費德廉中譯,《李仙得臺灣紀行》,臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2013。
七、史料集
Davis, Jules editorial director, American Diplomatic and Public Paper 1842-1860, v.12 Formosa. Delaware: SR Scholarly Resources Inc., 1973.
Eskildsen, Robert edited, Foreign adventurers and the aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867-1874: Western sources related to Japan`s 1874 expedition to Taiwan. Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica, 2005.
Lossing, Benson John edited. The American Historical Record vol.3. Philadelphia: J.E. Potter, 1874.
王學新、黃得峰譯,《風港營所雜記》,南投:國史館臺灣文獻館,2004。
王學新、黃得峰譯,《處蕃提要》,南投:國史館臺灣文獻館,2005年。
賴大衛(Davis Curtis Wright)、林欣宜編著,《禮密臣臺灣資料選集》,台北:中央研究院臺灣史研究所與加拿大卡加立大學出版社共同出版,2017。
八、中英碩博士論文
Wood, James Benjamin. “The American Response to China, 1784-1844: Consensus Policy and the Origin of the East India Squadron,” PhD diss. University of Duke, 1969.
林希樺,〈回望福爾摩沙:十九世紀來臺西方人旅行書寫在臺灣的譯介〉(國立臺灣師範大學翻譯研究所碩士,2013)。
九、網路資源
Bailey DeSimone, “From (and Before) the Serial Set: Collecting the American State Papers”, in Library of Congress,
https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/06/from-and-before-the-serial-set-collecting-the-american-state-papers/
Douglas L. Stein, “Consular Certificates (Miscellaneous): American Maritime Documents 1776-1860,” in Mystic Seaport Museum,
https://research.mysticseaport.org/item/item/l006405/l006405-c014/
Daniel A. Métraux, “American Visitors to Meiji Japan,” in The Association for Asian Studies
https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/american-visitors-to-meiji-japan/
David H. Wallace, “Biography – MACDONALD, RANALD,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_ranald_12E.html
Frederick J. Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893),” in American Historical Association,
https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/historical-archives/the-significance-of-the-frontier-in-american-history-(1893)
Gerald H. Anderson, “The Legacy of Peter Parker, M.D.,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research vol. 37 no. 3 (July 2013),
http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2013-03/2013-03-152-anderson.html#_ednref22
Kelly Buchanan, “The Treaty of Wanghia – Pic of the Week,” in Library of Congress, https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2011/02/the-treaty-of-wanghia-pic-of-the-week/
Tim St. Onge, “Scientist of the Seas: The Legacy of Matthew Fontaine Maury” in Library of Congress,
https://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2018/07/scientist-of-the-seas-the-legacy-of-matthew-fontaine-maury/
William B. McAllister and Aaron W. Marrs, “Chapter 1: The Parameters of Openness and Executive Discretion, 1790–1860” in William B. McAllister, Joshua Botts, Peter Cozzens and Aaron W. Marrs, Toward “Thorough, Accurate, and Reliable”: A History of the Foreign Relations of the United States Series,
https://history.state.gov/hisotricaldocuments/frus-history/chapter-1
“America in the World” in Princeton University Press,
https://press.princeton.edu/series/america-in-the-world
“Administrative Timeline of the Department of State,” in Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899
“Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster,” in Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/foster-john-watson
“Chapter 6: U.S. North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856,” in Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries,
https://huh.harvard.edu/book/chapter-6-us-north-pacific-exploring-expedition-1853-1856
“Chiefs of Mission for China” in Office of the Historian,
https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/china
“Construction of the first transcontinental railroad,” in Panama Canal Railway Company, http://www.panarail.com/en/history/index.html
“CUSHING, Caleb 1800 – 1879, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,” in Office of the House Historian,
https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001016
“Historical Documents,” in Office of the Historian,
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“KING, Thomas Butler,” in History, Art & Archives United States House of Representative, https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/16346#biography
“Second Great Awakening,” in Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Great-Awakening
“Shipwrecks in Pacific Waters: 1800s” in The Maritime Heritage Project,
https://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/shipwrecks.html
“The Selected Paper of John Jay,” in Founders Online,
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“The Forty Niners,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/collections/california-first-person-narratives/articles-and-essays/early-california-history/forty-niners/
“Timeline of the 1852-1855 Voyage of the U.S. steam frigate Mississippi,” Library of Congress,
https://www.loc.gov/collections/william-speiden-journals/articles-and-essays/voyage-of-mississippi-to-china-seas-and-japan/
“The United States in the World” in Cornell University Press,
https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/series/the-united-states-in-the-world/;
“Portrait of Captain Samuel Snow of Providence, RI, wearing the Order of Cincinnati” in RISD Museum, https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/collection/portrait-captain-samuel-snow-providence-ri-wearing-order-cincinnati-199822
“President Fillmore’s letter to the Emperor of Japan, delivered July 14, 1853,” in Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
http://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/black_ships_and_samurai/presletter.html
“NYE MUSEUM,” in NYE MUSEUM, https://www.nyemuseum.org/
“Formosa Nineteenth Century Images,” copyrighted by the Reed Institute and Douglas Fix,
https://rdc.reed.edu/c/formosa/home/
「美國水道測量局〈福爾摩沙島雞籠港〉」,國立台灣歷史博物館典藏網,
https://collections.nmth.gov.tw/CollectionContent.aspx?a=132&rno=2003.015.0094.0001
「James Ackerman〈福爾摩沙島地圖〉」,國立台灣歷史博物館典藏網,
https://collections.nmth.gov.tw/CollectionContent.aspx?a=132&rno=2002.006.0072
十、圖像資料
Maury, William L., Cartographer, and Millard Fillmore. Chart of the coast of China and of the Japan islands: including the Marianes and part of the Philippines. [Washington, D.C.: U.S.N, 1855] Map.
https://www.loc.gov/item/92684883/
United States. Hydrographic Office & Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 1794-1858 & Sels, Edward & Siebert, Selmar & Preble, George Henry, 1816-1885 et al. (1854) Keelung Harbor, Formosa Island : surveyed by order of Commodore M.C. Perry U.S.N.. [Washington Hydrographic Dept.], Hydrographic Dept., Washington,.
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20737713 United States. Hydrographic Office & Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 1794-1858 & Sels, Edward & Siebert, Selmar & Preble, George Henry, 1816-1885 et al. (1854). Keelung Harbor, Formosa Island : surveyed by order of Commodore M.C. Perry U.S.N.. [Washington Hydrographic Dept.],
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20737713?versionId=24606085
United States. Hydrographic Office & Perry, Matthew Calbraith & Sels, Edward & Siebert, Selmar & Preble, George Henry & Jones, Walter F. (1854). Keelung Harbor, Formosa Island surveyed by order of Commodore M.C. Perry U.S.N
http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231473707
Resource Library of National Geographic. Territorial Gains by the U.S. From the book The Making of America, published by National Geographic Society, National Geographic Books.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/territorial-gains
History 420 - Dr. Gayle Olson-Raymer. Manifest Destiny Moves into the Pacific.
http://gorhistory.com/hist420/MapofPacific.png
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
台灣史研究所
107158001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107158001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林文凱zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Wen-Kaien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林于庭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Yu-Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林于庭zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Yu-Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-Mar-2023 18:45:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Mar-2023 18:45:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Mar-2023 18:45:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107158001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143869-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 台灣史研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107158001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究從十九世紀美國向太平洋與東亞擴張為視角,運用美國國會檔案、國務院檔案、領事與公使檔案等政府文件為主要材料,按照時間順序檢視美國官方單位對台灣島的認識。美國官方單位對台灣島態度的變化,既受到美國領土拓展與商貿、教會等利益團體的影響,同時也受到歐洲列強在東亞的活動與東亞局勢變動的衝擊。

1844年以前,美國人主要依賴商貿團體與傳教士社群為認識東亞的知識渠道,對台灣島的相關記述內容多為台灣島海域的航行知識以及台灣島民間活動的狀況,前者反映十九世紀新興的美國太平洋貿易航路;後者顯示美國福音教派宣教士特殊的宗教理念。商貿人員與傳教士不僅是最早前往東亞活動的美國社群,還在美國外交制度建置初期,制度尚未完善時期成為美國在華外交系統的重要支柱。

1850年代是十九世紀上半葉美國社會輿論對於台灣島最感興趣的一段時期,此時恰逢美國經歷美墨戰爭的勝利,將領土擴張至加利福尼亞地區,國內擴張呼聲強烈;再加上海上蒸汽輪船技術成熟,歐洲列國投入跨洋輪船航線的建置,引發美國官方與民間對於興建跨太平洋蒸氣航線,擴展美國在太平洋與東亞的議題甚感興趣。台灣島正好位於東亞第一島鏈,連結美洲西岸港口與中國大陸的大圓航線周圍,並且擁有蒸氣輪船不可欠缺的煤礦資源,因而更加受到美國各方的重視。前往日本執行外交任務的培里艦隊停留東亞期間,特別到台灣島北部進行煤炭調查,留存大量的田野考察報告。1850年代末,歐美各國與清政府換約期限來臨,美國人面對東亞局勢再次變動,甚至出現佔領台灣島為美國在東亞據點的呼聲。

1860年代,美國中央政府確定將「合作政策」列為對華最高原則,尋求與清政府及歐洲列強保持友善關係,共同合作確保條約內容賦予各方的權利義務得以落實。約略同一時期,隨著日本逐漸對歐美人士敞開大門,美國人將1850年代對台灣島的興趣,轉移到與台灣島具備相似煤礦資源與地理位置優勢的日本,最終也將跨太平洋航線與海軍據點設置在日本。1860年代末至1870年代中期發生羅發號事件與日本出兵台灣島兩起與美國相關的外交事件。對此,華盛頓政府維持一貫合作政策的態度,希望美國外交人員採取中立,儘量避免介入東亞國際紛爭。然而,駐華外交人員與海軍人員礙於資訊傳遞的落差,又缺乏明確上下層級關係,自行其事的情況時而有之。從美國外交人員處理涉台事件的行動與決定可見,當時美國外交人員的行動,絕非由上而下一以貫之的外交決策。兩起美國涉台的外交糾紛也顯示美國自身在東亞面臨的國際法、條約體制與國內法之間法律體系的衝突。

1870與1880年代,臺灣島受到清政府的重視,展開一系列的建設計畫;再加上從1870年代中期開始,台灣茶葉大量輸往美國,引起美國外交人員對臺灣島商貿活動的高度重視。

1895年的甲午戰爭期間,清政府向美國政府尋求國際法顧問,協助滿清與日本協商馬關條約的內容。美國官方普遍對於台灣島主權轉移給日本抱持樂觀態度,預期美國在台灣的商貿活動將更加興盛;但同時也對日本人口與領土的快速擴張顯現出防備與憂慮。

本研究嘗試以十九世紀美國官方對台灣島的認知為主題,藉此呈現台灣歷史發展與美國帝國擴展及東亞局勢變動的相互連動,擴充台灣史研究的材料,反思台灣史書寫的疆界,從島嶼之外的視角來呈現台灣島在世界格局中的重要性。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 i
目錄 iii
第一章:導論 1
一、前言 1
二、十九世紀美國向太平洋與東亞擴張概略 4
三、文獻回顧 13
(一)十九世紀美國帝國的擴張 13
1. 美國帝國擴張史與帝國史的發展概略 11
2. 美國在太平洋與東亞的擴張 16
(二)十九世紀美中關係下的美台關係 18
(三)十九世紀歐美人的台灣島書寫 21
1. 歐美人臺灣島書寫的翻譯概況 21
2. 歐美人台灣島書寫的研究——以美國人的活動為中心 24
四、美國東亞外交制度與檔案介紹 29
五、章節安排 34
第二章:認識臺灣島的最初階段:商人、傳教士與外交系統(1784-1844) 37
一、1783年以前在北美十三州流傳的台灣島知識 37
二、美國商業暨傳教活動與台灣島知識 40
(一)對華毛皮貿易與台灣島海域紀錄 40
(二)美國宗教大覺醒運動與台灣島知識的傳布 45
三、美國駐華外交的草創與政府檔案中的台灣島 47
(一)美國駐廣州領事的設置與運作狀況 47
(二)駐廣州領事報告與國務院檔案的台灣島紀錄 49
1. 1786年林爽文事件 49
2. 1839年鴉片戰爭與台灣島 50
四、小結 52
iv
第三章:跨洋航線‧煤礦‧自由港(1844-1858) 53
一、望廈條約與美國駐華外交制度的建立 53
(一)望廈條約與駐華外交系統的擴展 53
(二)廈門領事的創建初期的狀況 55
二、美國領土擴張與跨太平洋航線的討論 57
(一)加利福尼亞與蒸汽輪船航線的討論(1846-1848) 57
(二)惠特尼的蒸氣航線計畫 59
(三)莫里的蒸氣航線計畫 62
三、駐華美國外交人員與海軍的初步調查:煤礦、船難與貿易(1849-1851) 66
(一)台灣煤礦的片段資訊 67
(二)美國海員在台灣島的傳聞 68
四、培里遠征隊的台灣調查(1852-1853) 71
(一)艾伯特小隊:調查落難海員 76
(二)瓊恩小隊:調查煤礦樣本與煤礦產區 77
(三)普雷布爾的地質繪測 80
(四)其他調查成果 82
(五)培里奪取台灣島的提議 85
五、望廈條約修約的插曲:佔領台灣島(1856-1857) 87
(一)重啟修約與佔領台灣島的呼聲 87
(二)佔領台灣島:從和平修約到軍事威脅 88
(三)美商在台灣島經商的消息 89
(四)美國國務院對於台灣島的態度 92
六、小結 93
第四章:台灣開港‧羅發號事件(1858-1868) 96
一、1860年代的美國對華合作政策 97
(一)布坎南政府的對華態度 97
(二) 西華德與蒲安臣的對華合作政策(Cooperative Policy) 98
(三)美國在東亞的商貿活動與海軍布置 100
v
二、台灣開港 102
三、橫斷太平洋航路的開通 106
四、開港後台灣島的相關調查與羅發號事件 108
(一)台灣開港後的初步調查 108
(二)羅發號事件 109
五、小結 118
第五章:日本出兵‧台茶貿易‧甲午戰爭(1868-1895) 120
一、日本出兵台灣 121
(一)1874年以前的美日關係與日本政府雇用美國人的法源依據 121
(二)清日修好條約、副島種臣使節團與李仙得 123
(三)國務院的反對與事件落幕 135
二、美國茶葉在美國市場的成功 137
三、甲午戰爭 141
四、小結 146
第六章:結論 148
引用資料 152
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 10733159 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107158001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國帝國擴張zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣知識zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國官方檔案zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 太平洋航線zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 煤礦zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 羅發號事件zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 牡丹社事件zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國擴張zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 跨越太平洋:美國官方視野下的台灣島(1786-1895)zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Across the Pacific: The Island of Taiwan in the Official Vision of the United States (1786-1895)en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、史料
(一)書籍
Beckman, W. M.. The Kenton Cook Book. Ohio: Kenton, 1888.
Compiled by members of the Proteus Club, Proteus Club Cook Book. Iowa: The Geo. A. Miller Printing Company, 1900.
Delano, Amasa. A Narrative of Voyages and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Boston: Printed by E. G. House, for the author, 1817.
Grosier, Jean-Baptiste. A General Description of China. London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1795.
Goddard, F. B.. Grocers’ Goods: A Family Guide. New York: The Tradesmen’s Publishing Company, 1888.
Hawks, Francis. Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy Vol.1, Vol.2, Vol.3. Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson, Printer, 1856.
Otis, Fessenden N.. History of the Panama Railroad: and of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, together with a traveler’s guide and business man`s hand-book for the Panama Railroad, and the lines of steamships. New York: Harper and Bros., 1867.
Gutzlaff, Charles, Journal of three voyages along the coast of China in 1831, 1832, & 1833. London: Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis, 1834.
Quincy, Josiah. The Life and Journals of Major Samuel Shaw: the first American Consul at Canton with the Life of the Author. Boston: WM. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1847.
Walsh, Joseph M.. Tea-Blending as A Fine Art. Philadelphia: published by the author, 1896.
Winterbotham, William. An Historical, Geographical, and Philosophical View of the Chinese Empire. Printed for, and sold by the editor; J. Ridgway; and W. Button, 1795.
Whitney, Asa. A Project for Railroad to the Pacific. New York: Printed by George W. Wood, 1849.
(二)單篇文章與報告
Cleveland, Richard J. “Captain Cleveland`s Voyage from China to the Northwest Coast of America,” The North American Review 25, no. 57 (October 1827), p. 458-464.
Shaler, William “Journal of A Voyage between China and the North Western Coast of America,” Made in 1804,” in Charles Brockden Brown eds, The American Register, or General Repository of History, Politics and Science, v.3. Philadelphia: C. & A. Conrad, 1808, p.137-138.
“Comparative analysis of Cumberland, Formosa, and Japan Coal, by Dr. B. F. Bache, United States Navy,” in Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron Vol.2, p.167-172.
“Remarks of Commodore Perry upon the Expediency of Extending further Encouragement to American Commerce in the East,” in Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron Vol.2, p173-185
“Reports on the Coal Regions of the Island of Formosa, By Rev. George Jones, Chaplain United States Navy,” in Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron Vol.2, p.153-166
“Instructions and Reports in relation to the Island of Formosa and Manila,” in Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron Vol.2, p.137-152.
* Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron Vol.2 refers to Francis Hawks, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy Vol.2. Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson, Printer, 1856. Also published in Serial Set Vol. No. 751, Session Vol. No. 6, 34th Congress, 2nd Session, S. exdoc.34 (January 1855).
(三)報章雜誌
“Shipping Intelligence: DISASTERS ON THE CHINA SEA,” Daily Alta California, (San Francisco, California), August 5, 1851.
“The following are the principal articles of intelligence brought by the last Overland Mail” Household Narrative of Current Events (London), July 29, 1851, p.188.
“Law Report,” The Japan Weekly Mail (Yokohama), July 4, 1874.
(四)U.S. Congressional Serial Set
Serial Set Vol. No. 364, Session Vol. No. 2, 26th Congress, 1st Session, H. Doc. 40 (Jan., 1840)
Serial Set Vol. No. 526 Session Vol. No. 3, 30th Congress, 1st Session, H.rp.596 (May 1848)
Serial Set Vol. No. 751, Session Vol. No. 6, 34th Congress, 2nd Session, S. exdoc.34 (January 1855)
Serial Set Vol. No. 770, Session Vol. No. 14, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session, S. Exec. Doc. 79 pt. 2 (1856)
Serial Set Vol. No. 803, Session Vol. No. 12, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session, H. Exec. Doc. 97, pt. 2 (1856)
Serial Set Vol. No. 982, Session Vol. No. 8, 35th Congress, 2nd Session, S. Exec. Doc. 22, pt. 1 (Feb. 1859).
Serial Set Vol. No. 929, Session Vol. No. 12, 35th Congress, 1st Session, S. Exec. Doc. 47 (April, 1858)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1078, Session Vol. No. 1, 36th Congress, 2nd Session, S. Exec. Doc. 1 pt. 1 (December, 1860)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1032, Session Vol. No. 10, 36th Congress, 1st Session, S. Exec. Doc. 30 (April 1860)
Serial Set Vol. No.1070, Session Vol. No. 4, 36th Congress, 1st Session, H.rp. 564. (May 1860)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1240, Session Vol. No. 1, 39th Congress, 1st Session, H.rp. 116 (June, 1866)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1327, Session Vol. No.4, 40th Congress, 2nd Session, H. exdoc.1/17 (December, 1867)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1323, Session Vol. No.1, 40th Congress, 2nd Session, H. exdoc.1/3 (December, 1867)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1340, Session Vol. No. 14, 40th Congress, 2th Session, H. Ex. Doc. 160 (February 1868)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1317, Session Vol. No. 2, 40th Congress, 2th Session, S. Exec. Doc. 52 (April 1868)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1365, Session Vol. No.1, 40th Congress, 3rd Session, H. exdoc.1/3 (September 1868)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1364, Session Vol. No.1, 40th Congress, 3rd Session, H. exdoc.1/2 (December 1868)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1382, Session Vol. No. 14, 40th Congress, 3rd Session, H. exdoc.87 (February 1869)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1454, Session Vol. No.8, 41st Congress, 3rd Session, H. exdoc.93. (January 1870)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1520, Session Vol. No. 15, 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, H. exdoc.317. (May 1872)
Serial Set Vol. No. 1692, Session Vol. No.15, 44th Congress, 2nd Session, H. exdoc.166. (January 1876)
Serial Set Vol. No. 2413, Session Vol. No. 8, 49th Congress, 1st Session, H. misdoc.29/1. (March 1885)
Serial Set Vol. No 3403, Session Vol. No.36, 54th Congress, 1st Session, H. doc.31. (September 1895)
Serial Set Vol. No. 3419, Session Vol. No.52, 54th Congress, 1st Session, H. doc.132. (January 1896)
Serial Set Vol. No.3359, Session Vol. No. 13, 54th Congress, 1st Session, S.doc.315. (January 1896)
Serial Set Vol. No.3439, Session Vol. No.72, 54th Congress, 1st Session, H. doc.377. (February 1896)
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Serial Set Vol. No.3466, Session Vol. No.10, 54th Congress, 1st Session, H.rp.2263. (June 1896)
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(五)Foreign Relations of the United States
“China,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1873, Vol.1, p.47-84.
“Japan,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1873, Vol.1, p.244-269.
“China,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1873, p.134-177.
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“Chinese-Japanese war,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, p.1-107.
(六)Dispatches from U.S. Minister and Consul
Amoy Consular Report, No. 5. U.S. Consul at Amoy W. Bradley to Secretary of States John M. Clayton, March 3 1850.
Amoy Consular Report, No. 9. U.S. Consul at Amoy W. Bradley to Secretary of States Daniel Webster, December 26 1850.
From T. Hart Hyatt to Robert M. McLane, United States Consulate Amoy, March 30, 1854
Amoy Consular Report, No.8. U.S. Consul at Amoy H. Hyatt to Secretary of States Lewis Cass, June, 1859.
Despatches from U.S. Ministers to China, 1843-1906. Volume 15, Mr. William B. Reed to Secretary of States Lewis Cass, May 16, 1858.
September 29, 1866-December 31, 1869. No.22, MS Despatches from U.S. Consuls in Hong Kong, 1844-1906 Volume 6. National Archives (United States). Nineteenth Century Collections Online, Accessed 6 Aug. 2022.
(五)私人書信與回憶錄
“To John Jay from Samuel Shaw, 21 December 1787,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jay/01-04-02-0298. [Original source: The Selected Papers of John Jay, vol. 4, 1785–1788, ed. Elizabeth M. Nuxoll. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015, pp. 631–635.]
Foster, John W. Diplomatic Memoirs Vol.2. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909.
二、中文專書(中文譯著)
(一)中文專書
李定一,《中美早期外交史》,台北:三民出版社,1985。
吳翎君,《美國大企業與近代中國的近代化》,台北:聯經出版社,2012。
林呈蓉,《牡丹社事件的真相》,台北:博洋文化,2016。
林呈蓉,《19世紀強權競逐下的台灣》,台北:玉山社,2019。
林紋沛,《行旅致知:李仙得、達飛聲等西方人建構的臺灣知識1860-1905》,台北:南天書局,2020。
故宮博物院明清檔案部、福建師範大學歷史系合編,《清季中外使領年表》,北京:中華書局, 1995。
徐中約,《中國近代史》,香港:香港中文大學出版社,2001。
黃嘉謨,《甲午戰前的臺灣煤務》,台北:中央研究院近史所,1961。
黃嘉謨,《美國與臺灣》,台北:中央研究院,1979。
葉振輝,《台灣開埠之研究》,台北:標準書局,1985。
鄭維中,《製作福爾摩沙:追尋西洋古書中的台灣身影》,臺北:如果出版社,2005。
戴寶村,《帝國的入侵:牡丹社事件》,台北:自立晚報,1993。
藤井志津枝,《近代中日關係史源起:1871-74年臺灣事件》,台北:金禾出版社,1992。
蘇精,《上帝的人馬:十九世紀在華傳教士的作為》,香港:基督教中國宗教文化研究社,2006。
(二)中文譯著
三谷博著,張憲生、謝躍譯,《黑船來航──對長期危機的預測摸索與美國使節的到來》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2013。
丹尼爾.因莫瓦爾(Daniel Immerwahr)著,林玉菁譯,《被隱藏的帝國:一部發生於「美國」之外,被忽略的美國史》,台北:臉譜出版社,2021。
布鲁斯·卡明思(Bruce Cumings),《海洋上的美國霸權 全球化背景下太平洋支配地位的形成》,北京:新世界出版社,2018。
埃里克‧多林(E. J. Dolin),《最初的相遇:航海時代奇異的中美關係史》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2013。
埃里克‧多林(E. J. Dolin),《皮毛、財富和帝國:美國皮毛交易的史詩》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2018。
威廉‧烏克斯(William Ukers),依佳、劉濤、姜海蒂翻譯,《茶葉全書(下)》,北京:東方出版社,2011。
偉烈亞力 (Alexander Wylie) 著、倪文君翻譯,《1867年以前來華基督教傳教士列傳及著作目錄(廣西:廣西師範大學出版社,2011) 。
索貝爾(Dava Sobel),范昱峰、劉鐵虎翻譯,《尋找地球刻度的人》,台北:時報文化,2006。
唐纳德‧弗里曼(Donald B. Freeman)著,王成志翻譯,《太平洋史》,上海:東方出版社,2015。
泰勒米堤(Etienne Taillemite)原著、桂裕芳譯,《南太平洋征旅:航海家的冒險樂園》,台北:時報文化,1995。
雅克‧當斯(Jacques M. Downs),《黃金圈住地—廣州的美國商人群體與美國對華政策的形(1784-1844)》,廣州:廣東人民出版社,2015。
費里曼(Donald B. Freeman)著,王成至翻譯,《太平洋史》,上海:東方出版中心,2011。
斯蒂芬‧豪沃斯(Stephen Howarth),《駛向陽光燦爛的大海:美國海軍史》,北京:世界知識出版社,1997。
呂理政、謝國興主編,《乙未之役隨軍見聞錄》,台北:中央研究院臺灣史研究所、國立臺灣歷史博物館,2015。
羅伯特‧埃斯基爾森(Robert Eskildsen)著,林欣宜譯,《日本與東亞的帝國轉型:臺灣出兵與日本帝國主義之萌芽》,台北:國立臺灣大學出版中心,2021。
韓德(Michael. H. Hunt)著,項立嶺、林勇軍譯,《中美特殊關係的形成:1914年前的美國與中國》,上海:復旦大學出版社,1993。
三、日文專書
園田英弘,《世界一周の誕生――グローバリズムの起源》,東京:文藝春秋,2003。
小風秀雅,《帝国主義下の日本海運―国際競争と対外自立》,東京:山川出版社,1995。
オフィス宮崎編訳,《ペリー艦隊遠征記》,東京:有限会社万来舎,2009。
陳萱,《明治日本における台湾像の形成―新聞メディアによる1874 年「台湾事件」の表象》(台北:國立台灣大學出版社,2013)。
四、英文專書
Anderson, David L.. Imperialism and Idealism American Diplomats in China, 1861-1898. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1987.
Billington, Ray Allen and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2001.
Barnes, William and John Morgan, Foreign Service of the United States: Origins, Development, and Functions. Washington D.C.: Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 1961.
Chang, Hsiu-Jung (張秀蓉) edited. A Chronology of 19th Century Writings on FORMOSA: From the Chinese Repository, the Chinese Recorder, and the China Review. Taipei: Ts’ao Yung-ho Foundation for Culture and Education: 2008.
Campbell, Ian C.. A History of the Pacific Islands. California: University of California Press, 1990.
Chandler, Robert J and Stephen J. Potash, Gold, Silk, Pioneers & Mail: the story of the Pacific Mail Steamship. California: Friends of the San Francisco Maritime Museum Library, 2007.
Dennett, Tyler. Americans In Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of The Policy of The United States with Reference to China, Japan And Korea In The 19th Century. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922.
Dolin, Eric J.. Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America. New York: W. W. Norton &. Company, Inc., 2007.
Gibson, James R.. Otter, Skins Boston Ships and China Goods. Montreal: McGill-Queen`s University Press, 1992.
Gordon, Leonard H. D.. Confrontation over Taiwan:Nineteenth-century China and the Powers. Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007.
Gardner, Lloyd, C.. Walter LaFeber and Thomas McMormick edited, The Creation of the American Empire: U.S. Diplomatic History. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973.
Griffin, Eldon. Clippers and Consuls: American Consular and Commercial Relations with Eastern Asia 1845-1860. Taipei: reprinted by Cheng Wen Publishing Company, 1972.
Howland, Franklyn. A History of the Town of Acushnet, Bristol County, State of Massachusetts. Massachusetts: published by the author, 1907.
Headrick, Daniel R.. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Immerman, Richard H.. Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Johnson, Robert E. Far China Station: the U.S. Navy in Asian Waters, 1800-1898. New York: Naval Institute Press, 2013.
Johnson, Allen edited, Dictionary of American Biography Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929.
Kagan, Robert. Dangerous Nation: America’s Place in the World from its Earlies Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Kennedy, Charles S.. The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service, 1776–1914. Westport: Greenwood, 1990.
Luts, Jessie G.. Opening China: Karl F. A. Gutzlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827-1852. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 2008.
LaFeber, Walter. The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.
Matsuda, Matt K.. Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Otness, Harold M.. One Thousand Westerners in Taiwan, to 1945; A Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica, 1999.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. Sea of Glory: America’s Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. New York: Viking Penguin, 2003.
Stephanson, Anders. Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995.
Symonds, Craig L.. The U.S. Navy: A Concise History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Seagraves, Eleanor Roosevelt edited. Delano`s Voyages of Commerce and Discovery: Amasa Delano in China, the Pacific Islands, Australia, and South America, 1789-1807. Stockbridge: Berkshire House Publishers, 1994.
Williams, William Appleman. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (50th Anniversary edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.
Yen, Sophia Su-fei. Taiwan in China’s Foreign Relations 1836-1874. Connecticut: The Shoe String Press, Inc., 1965.
五、中英日文期刊論文與專書論文
方豪,〈康熙五十三年測繪臺灣地圖考〉,《文獻專刊》1:1(1949.08),頁28-58。
山本芳美,〈明治初期の新聞錦绘とかわら版に見る牡丹社事件――想像された台灣出兵と台灣原住民族〉,收入:日本順益台灣原住民研究會編,《台灣原住民研究の射程》(東京:風響社,2014),頁247-285。
朱瑪瓏,〈外交情報與港際報業:以1874年臺灣事件日、中兩國輪船運兵消息為例〉,《中央研究院近代史研究所集刊》93(2016.12),頁8-11。
李鶩哲,〈郭實獵的早年經歷與人格特徵〉,《漢學研究》38:1(2020.03),頁233-258。
周婉窈,〈從琉球人船難受害到牡丹社事件:「新」材料與多元詮釋的可能〉,《臺灣風物》65:2(2015.06),頁 23–89。
林欣宜,〈James W. Davidson的臺灣歷史書寫及其影響之考察〉,《新史學》29:3,(2018.09),頁63-110。
若熱里奧.米蓋爾.普加,〈首開美國至澳門之行:山茂召(Samuel Shaw)日記1754-1794〉,《行政》21:3(總81期)(2008.09),頁619-644。
張隆志,〈殖民接觸與文化轉譯:一八七四年臺灣「番地」主權論爭的再思考〉,收入甘懷真編,《東亞歷史上的天下與中國概念》(台北:台灣大學出版中心,2007),頁255-284。
徐美珠,〈1850年代美國擴張主義者經營臺灣謀略受挫之芻議:以美國外交政策為視角〉,《臺灣文獻季刊》69:3(2018.09),頁105-152。
陳其南,〈牡丹少女事件簿〉,收入:陳其南,《臺.博.物.語:臺博館藏早期臺灣現代性記憶》(台北:國立台灣博物館,2010),頁102-161。
黃清琦,〈牡丹社事件的地圖史料與空間探索(上)(中)(下)〉,《台灣原住民族文獻》第8期(2014.04),頁4-17。
盧令北,〈「經濟擴張」與「門戶開放」:論威廉‧艾普曼‧威廉斯(William Appleman Williams)解釋美國歷史的主要基礎〉,《輔仁歷史學報》38(2017.11),頁1-38。
費德廉(Douglas Fix)著,李曉婷譯,〈那些地方的忠實再現:李仙得眼中的福爾摩沙風景(1868-1874)〉,《臺灣文學學報》10(2007.06),頁19-55。
費德廉,〈一塊高度開發的地帶:李仙得1869~1870 年之臺灣西部圖譜〉),《臺灣史研究》18:3(2011.09),頁1-45。
費德廉,〈《臺灣紀行》中的相片〉,收入費德廉、蘇約翰主編,羅效德、費德廉中譯,《李仙得臺灣紀行》(臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2013),頁xxxv-xlix。
費德廉,〈《臺灣紀行》中的小林永濯畫作〉收入費德廉、蘇約翰主編,羅效德、費德廉中譯,《李仙得臺灣紀行》(臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2013),,頁li-lxxi。
費德廉,〈Sketching and Framing Formosan Landscapes: 19th-Century EuroAmerican Views〉,收錄於陳龍廷主編,《臺灣文學的大河—歷史‧土地與新文化》(高雄:春暉出版社,2009),頁120-183。
聶友軍,〈1874年橫濱英文報刊對「台灣遠征」的報導——以《日本笨拙》與《日本郵報周刊》為中心〉,《年報:非文字資料研究》10(2014.03),頁251-262。
羅運治,〈「留美幼童」—清末首批赴美留學生的探討〉,《淡江人文社會學刊》31(2007.09),頁1-50。
Adelman , Jeremy and Stephen Aaron. “From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History” American Historical Review 104 (June 1999), p. 814-841.
Buhl, Lance C. "Maintaining `An American Navy,` 1865-1889" in Kenneth J. Hagan edited, In Peace and War. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984, p. 145-170.
Brown, Margaret L.. “Asa Whitney and His Pacific Railroad Publicity Campaign,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol.20 No.2 (Sep. 1933), p.209-224.
Cotterill, Robert S.. “Early Agitation for a Pacific Railroad 1845-1850,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 5, No. 4 (March 1919), p. 396-414.
Conroy, Hilary Conroy, “Meiji Imperialism: “Mostly Ad Hoc”,” in Harry Wray and Hilary Conroy edited, Japan Examined: perspectives on modern Japanese history (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983), p.136-140.
Downs, Jacques M.. “Bad Luck in the China Trade,” Rhode Island History 25 no.3 (July 1966), p. 73-80.
Fix, Douglas. “Intelligence, Artistry and Illustration: The Frontier Collaboration of Charles Le Gendre and his Associates in Formosa: 1867-1875,” in Taiwan Imaged and Its
Reality—An Exploration of Literature, History and Culture, Taiwan Studies Series, No.1 (Santa Barbara: Center for Taiwan Studies, 2005), p.13-33.
Fix, Douglas L.. “Roadstead, Ruins, and Remembrances: Euro-American Mappings of Taiwanfu, 1842–1876,” 收入國立成功大學歷史學系編,《海洋古都:府城文明之形塑學術論文集》(新北:稻鄉出版社,2012),頁257–321。
Fix, Douglas L.. “The Changing Contours of Lived Communities on the Hengchun Peninsula: 1850-1874,” 收入洪麗完編,《國家與原住民:亞太地區族群歷史研究》(台北:中央研究院台灣史研究所,2009),頁233-282。
Frederic W. Howay, “Early Days of the Maritime Fur Trade on the Northwest Coast,” Canadian Historical Review vol.4, no.1 (March 1923), p. 26-33.
Kampmark, Binoy. “William A. Williams’s Tragedy Fifty Years on,” The Historical Journal vol.53, no.3 (Sep. 2010), p. 783-794.
Keliher, Macabe. “Anglo-American Rivalry and the Origins of U.S. China Policy” Diplomatic History vol.31, no.2 (April 2007), p.227-257.
Langley, Harold D. “Gideon Nye and the Formosan Annexation Scheme,” Pacific Historical Review vol.34, no.4, (November 1965), p.397-420
McCormick, Thomas. “Insular Imperialism and the Open Door: The China Market and the Spanish-American War,” Pacific Historical Review (May 1963), p.155-169.
Phillips, Dennis. “The Tragedy of American Diplomacy: A Tribute to the Legacy of William Appleman Williams,” Australasian Journal of American Studies vol.32, no.2 ( December 2007), p.89-98.
Unzelman, Gail. “Thomas Hart Hyatt: The Man and His Book,” Wayward Tendrils Quarterly vol.23, no.3 (July 2013), p.1-19.
六、時人論著
Camille Imbault-Huart著,黎烈文譯,《臺灣島之歷史與地誌》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1958。
Charles W. LeGendre(李仙得)著、Robert Eskildsen、黃怡、陳秋坤,《南台灣踏查手記:李仙得台灣紀行》,台北:前衛出版社,2012。
E. Garnot著,黎烈文譯,《法軍侵臺始末》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1960。
George L. Mackay著,J. A. Macdonald編,周學普譯,《臺灣六記》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1960。
James W. Davidson著,蔡啟恆譯,《臺灣之過去與現在》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1972。
Ludwig Riess著,周學普譯,〈臺灣島史〉,收錄於《臺灣經濟史三集》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1956。
Stephane Ferrero著,帥仕婷,石岱譯,《當Jean遇上福爾摩沙:一名法國小兵的手札(1884~1885)》,台北:玉山社,2003。
William A. Pickering著,吳明遠譯,《老臺灣》,台北:台灣銀行經濟研究室,1959。
山茂召(Samuel Shaw)著,喬西亞‧昆西(Josiah Quincy)編,常征翻譯,《帝國的相遇:美國駐廣州首任領事山茂召實錄》,北京市:人民出版社,2015。
于雅樂(Camille Imbault-Huart)著,郭維雄譯,《福爾摩沙之歷史與地誌》(臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館,2019)。
艾德華‧豪士(E. H. House)著,陳政三譯,《征臺紀事——牡丹社事件始末》,台北:台灣書房,2008。
必麒麟(W. A. Pickering)著,陳逸君譯,《歷險福爾摩沙:回憶在滿大人、海賊與「獵頭番」間的激盪歲月》,台北:前衛出版社,2010。
史蒂瑞(Joseph B. Steere)著、林弘宣譯,《福爾摩沙及其住民:19世紀美國博物學家的台灣調查筆記》,台北:前衛出版社,2009。
甘為霖(William Campbell)著、林弘宣、許雅琦、陳佩馨譯,《素描福爾摩沙:甘為霖台灣筆記》,台北:前衛出版社,2009。
李庥與伊麗莎白‧李庥(Hugh and Elizabeth Ritchie)著,林淑琴譯,《李庥與伊麗莎白‧李庥宣道書信集》,臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館、台灣基督長老教會總會教會歷史委員會、台灣基督長老教會台南神學院,2019。
巴克禮、伊莉莎白(Thomas Barclay and Elisabeth A. Turner)著,張洵宜譯,《福爾摩沙的呼召:巴克禮牧師夫婦文集》,台北:前衛出版社,2022。
杜德橋編,謝世忠、劉瑞超譯,《1880年代南台灣的原住民族:南岬燈塔駐守員喬治.泰勒撰述文集》,台北:順益台灣原住民博物館,2010。
姚紹基編譯,《1880年德國民族學者Wilhelm Joest的臺灣之旅:導讀‧文物目錄及遊記譯註》,臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2018。
約翰‧陶德(John Dodd)著,陳政三譯,《泡茶走西仔反——清法戰爭臺灣外記》,台北:台灣書房,2007。
保羅.伊比斯(Paul I. Ibis)著,劉宇衛翻譯,《1875福爾摩沙之旅:俄國海軍保羅.伊比斯的臺灣調查筆記》,台北:聯經出版社,2022。
季茱莉譯註,《北圻回憶錄:清法戰爭與福爾摩沙》(臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館,2013)。
陳政三,《美國油匠在台灣:1877-78年在苗栗出磺坑採油紀行》,台北:台灣書房,2012。
陳政三,《紅毛探親再記:島內島外趴趴走》,台北:五南出版社,2013。
陳政三,《翱翔福爾摩沙:英國外交官郇和晚清台灣紀》,台北:五南出版社,2015。
陳政三,《紅毛探親記:1870年代福爾摩沙縱走探險行》,台北:五南出版社,2022。
游永福、許毓良著,《尋找湯姆生:1871臺灣文化遺產大發現》,台北:遠足文化,2020。
馬偕(George L. Mackay)著,林晚生譯,《福爾摩沙紀事:馬偕台灣回憶錄》,台北:前衛出版社,2007。
達飛聲(James W. Davidson)著,陳政三譯,《福爾摩沙島的過去與現在》,臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2014。
劉克襄,《橫越福爾摩沙》,台北:自立晚報,1989。
劉克襄策畫,宋文薰等著,《探險家在臺灣》,台北:自立晚報,1988。
劉克襄譯著,《後山探險——十九世紀外國人在臺灣東海岸的旅行(一八六○~一八八○)》,台北:自立晚報,1992。
劉克襄,《深入陌生地——外國旅行者所見的臺灣》,台北:自立晚報,1993。
龐維德(Frédéric Laplanche)著、徐麗松譯,《穿越福爾摩沙1630-1930:法國人眼中的台灣印象》,台北:八旗文化,2021。
費德廉、羅效德編譯,《看見十九世紀臺灣:十四位西方旅行者的福爾摩沙故事》,臺南:國立臺灣歷史博物館籌備處,2006。
費德廉、蘇約翰主編,羅孝德、費德廉中譯,《李仙得臺灣紀行》,臺南:國立台灣歷史博物館,2013。
七、史料集
Davis, Jules editorial director, American Diplomatic and Public Paper 1842-1860, v.12 Formosa. Delaware: SR Scholarly Resources Inc., 1973.
Eskildsen, Robert edited, Foreign adventurers and the aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867-1874: Western sources related to Japan`s 1874 expedition to Taiwan. Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica, 2005.
Lossing, Benson John edited. The American Historical Record vol.3. Philadelphia: J.E. Potter, 1874.
王學新、黃得峰譯,《風港營所雜記》,南投:國史館臺灣文獻館,2004。
王學新、黃得峰譯,《處蕃提要》,南投:國史館臺灣文獻館,2005年。
賴大衛(Davis Curtis Wright)、林欣宜編著,《禮密臣臺灣資料選集》,台北:中央研究院臺灣史研究所與加拿大卡加立大學出版社共同出版,2017。
八、中英碩博士論文
Wood, James Benjamin. “The American Response to China, 1784-1844: Consensus Policy and the Origin of the East India Squadron,” PhD diss. University of Duke, 1969.
林希樺,〈回望福爾摩沙:十九世紀來臺西方人旅行書寫在臺灣的譯介〉(國立臺灣師範大學翻譯研究所碩士,2013)。
九、網路資源
Bailey DeSimone, “From (and Before) the Serial Set: Collecting the American State Papers”, in Library of Congress,
https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/06/from-and-before-the-serial-set-collecting-the-american-state-papers/
Douglas L. Stein, “Consular Certificates (Miscellaneous): American Maritime Documents 1776-1860,” in Mystic Seaport Museum,
https://research.mysticseaport.org/item/item/l006405/l006405-c014/
Daniel A. Métraux, “American Visitors to Meiji Japan,” in The Association for Asian Studies
https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/american-visitors-to-meiji-japan/
David H. Wallace, “Biography – MACDONALD, RANALD,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_ranald_12E.html
Frederick J. Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893),” in American Historical Association,
https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/historical-archives/the-significance-of-the-frontier-in-american-history-(1893)
Gerald H. Anderson, “The Legacy of Peter Parker, M.D.,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research vol. 37 no. 3 (July 2013),
http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2013-03/2013-03-152-anderson.html#_ednref22
Kelly Buchanan, “The Treaty of Wanghia – Pic of the Week,” in Library of Congress, https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2011/02/the-treaty-of-wanghia-pic-of-the-week/
Tim St. Onge, “Scientist of the Seas: The Legacy of Matthew Fontaine Maury” in Library of Congress,
https://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2018/07/scientist-of-the-seas-the-legacy-of-matthew-fontaine-maury/
William B. McAllister and Aaron W. Marrs, “Chapter 1: The Parameters of Openness and Executive Discretion, 1790–1860” in William B. McAllister, Joshua Botts, Peter Cozzens and Aaron W. Marrs, Toward “Thorough, Accurate, and Reliable”: A History of the Foreign Relations of the United States Series,
https://history.state.gov/hisotricaldocuments/frus-history/chapter-1
“America in the World” in Princeton University Press,
https://press.princeton.edu/series/america-in-the-world
“Administrative Timeline of the Department of State,” in Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899
“Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster,” in Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/foster-john-watson
“Chapter 6: U.S. North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856,” in Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries,
https://huh.harvard.edu/book/chapter-6-us-north-pacific-exploring-expedition-1853-1856
“Chiefs of Mission for China” in Office of the Historian,
https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/china
“Construction of the first transcontinental railroad,” in Panama Canal Railway Company, http://www.panarail.com/en/history/index.html
“CUSHING, Caleb 1800 – 1879, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,” in Office of the House Historian,
https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/C001016
“Historical Documents,” in Office of the Historian,
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments
“KING, Thomas Butler,” in History, Art & Archives United States House of Representative, https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/16346#biography
“Second Great Awakening,” in Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Great-Awakening
“Shipwrecks in Pacific Waters: 1800s” in The Maritime Heritage Project,
https://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/shipwrecks.html
“The Selected Paper of John Jay,” in Founders Online,
https://founders.archives.gov/about/Jay
“The Forty Niners,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/collections/california-first-person-narratives/articles-and-essays/early-california-history/forty-niners/
“Timeline of the 1852-1855 Voyage of the U.S. steam frigate Mississippi,” Library of Congress,
https://www.loc.gov/collections/william-speiden-journals/articles-and-essays/voyage-of-mississippi-to-china-seas-and-japan/
“The United States in the World” in Cornell University Press,
https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/series/the-united-states-in-the-world/;
“Portrait of Captain Samuel Snow of Providence, RI, wearing the Order of Cincinnati” in RISD Museum, https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/collection/portrait-captain-samuel-snow-providence-ri-wearing-order-cincinnati-199822
“President Fillmore’s letter to the Emperor of Japan, delivered July 14, 1853,” in Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
http://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/black_ships_and_samurai/presletter.html
“NYE MUSEUM,” in NYE MUSEUM, https://www.nyemuseum.org/
“Formosa Nineteenth Century Images,” copyrighted by the Reed Institute and Douglas Fix,
https://rdc.reed.edu/c/formosa/home/
「美國水道測量局〈福爾摩沙島雞籠港〉」,國立台灣歷史博物館典藏網,
https://collections.nmth.gov.tw/CollectionContent.aspx?a=132&rno=2003.015.0094.0001
「James Ackerman〈福爾摩沙島地圖〉」,國立台灣歷史博物館典藏網,
https://collections.nmth.gov.tw/CollectionContent.aspx?a=132&rno=2002.006.0072
十、圖像資料
Maury, William L., Cartographer, and Millard Fillmore. Chart of the coast of China and of the Japan islands: including the Marianes and part of the Philippines. [Washington, D.C.: U.S.N, 1855] Map.
https://www.loc.gov/item/92684883/
United States. Hydrographic Office & Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 1794-1858 & Sels, Edward & Siebert, Selmar & Preble, George Henry, 1816-1885 et al. (1854) Keelung Harbor, Formosa Island : surveyed by order of Commodore M.C. Perry U.S.N.. [Washington Hydrographic Dept.], Hydrographic Dept., Washington,.
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20737713 United States. Hydrographic Office & Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 1794-1858 & Sels, Edward & Siebert, Selmar & Preble, George Henry, 1816-1885 et al. (1854). Keelung Harbor, Formosa Island : surveyed by order of Commodore M.C. Perry U.S.N.. [Washington Hydrographic Dept.],
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/20737713?versionId=24606085
United States. Hydrographic Office & Perry, Matthew Calbraith & Sels, Edward & Siebert, Selmar & Preble, George Henry & Jones, Walter F. (1854). Keelung Harbor, Formosa Island surveyed by order of Commodore M.C. Perry U.S.N
http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231473707
Resource Library of National Geographic. Territorial Gains by the U.S. From the book The Making of America, published by National Geographic Society, National Geographic Books.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/territorial-gains
History 420 - Dr. Gayle Olson-Raymer. Manifest Destiny Moves into the Pacific.
http://gorhistory.com/hist420/MapofPacific.png
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