1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of International Affairs
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 印尼軍方角色的轉變及其政治影響（1967－1998）
The Evolution of the Military and Its Political Consequences in Indonesia (1967-1998)
作者 陳祁
Sutanto, Maleakhi Misael
貢獻者 孫采薇
Sun, Tsai-wei
陳祁
Maleakhi Misael Sutanto
關鍵詞 印尼
軍方
歷史制度主義
新秩序
Indonesia
Military
Historical Institutionalism
New Order
日期 2023
上傳時間 9-Mar-2023 18:46:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨在通過追溯導致國家民主化的軍隊演變過程，以幫助更好地理解軍隊在軍人政權民主轉型中的作用。本論文探討了文獻中確定的一個發生這種過程的案例，即蘇哈托領導下的印度尼西亞新秩序政權。
本文采用歷史制度的方法，將軍隊視為一個自身利益獨立於政權的機構，但其決策是在各種結構性約束下做出的。因此，本文首先闡述了整個新秩序政權長達32年的軍政動態，然後定位了關鍵時刻的存在，並確定了案例中發生的製度變革模式 以啟發軍隊的演變如何無意中促進了印度尼西亞的民主化。
This thesis seeks to contribute to the greater understanding of the role of the military in democratic transition within military regimes by tracing the process of the evolution of the military, which process led to the democratization of the country. This thesis explores one case identified within the literature where such process happened, namely the New Order regime of Indonesia under Soeharto.
This thesis utilizes the historical institutional approach, taking the military as an institution with its own interests independent from the regime but whose decisions are made within various structural constraints. Thus, this thesis first lays out the dynamics between the military and the regime throughout the entirety of the 32 years long period of the New Order regime, and then locates the existence of critical junctures and identifies the modes of institutional change which occurred within the case in order to enlighten how the evolution of the military might have inadvertently contributed to the democratization of the Indonesia.
參考文獻 Adrianto S., Muhammad. 2021. Diburu Kopassus, Ini Sosok Mbah Suro Dukun Sakti Antek PKI yang Kebal Peluru. Oktober 14. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2021/10/13/337/2485888/diburu-kopassus-ini-sosok-mbah-suro-dukun-sakti-antek-pki-yang-kebal-peluru?page=1.
Agence France-Presse. 1998. Speech by Indonesia’s Military Chief after Suharto’s Resignation. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ library/world/asia/052198indonesia-military-text.html.
Albrecht, Holger, Aurel Croissant, and Fred H. Lawson, . 2016. Armies and Insurgencies in the Arab Spring. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Andryanto, S. Dian. 2021. 23 Tahun Reformasi: Detik-detik Menentukan Presiden Soeharto Lengser. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1464346/23-tahun-reformasi-detik-detik-menentukan-presiden-soeharto-lengser.
—. 2021. 23 Tahun Reformasi: Pidato Lengkap Pengunduran Diri Soeharto sebagai Presiden. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1464364/23-tahun-reformasi-pidato-lengkap-pengunduran-diri-soeharto-sebagai-presiden.
Aspinall, Edward. 2005. Opposing Suharto: Compromise, Resistance, and Regime Change in Indonesia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Aspinall, Edward, Gerry van Klinken, and Herb Feith, . 1999. The Last Days of President Suharto. Clayton: Monash Asia Institute.
Backes, Uwe, and Steffen Kailitz, . 2016. Ideocracies in Comparison: Legitimation-Cooptation-Repression. New York: Routledge.
Barany, Zoltan. 2016. How Armies Respond to Revolutions and Why. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—. 2012. The Soldier and the Changing State: Building Democratic Armies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bassford, Christopher. 2020. Tip-Toe through the Trinity. September 15. Accessed January 16, 2021. https://www.clausewitzstudies.org/mobile/trinity8.htm.
Blair, Dennis C. 2012. “Military Support for Democracy.” PRISM 3 (3): 3-21.
Bourchier, David, and Vedi R. Hadiz, . 2003. Indonesian Politics and Society: A Reader. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Bresnan, John. 1993. Managing Indonesia: The Modern Political Economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Čajić, Jasmin. 2016. “The Relevance of Clausewitz’s Theory of War to Contemporary Conflict Resolution.” Connections 15 (1): 1-7.
Capoccia, Giovanni, and R. Daniel Keleman. 2007. “The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism.” World Politics 59 (3): 341-369.
Clausewitz, Carl von. 2007. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, Ruth B., and David Collier. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Croissant, Aurel. 2018. Civil-Military Relations in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Croissant, Aurel, and Philip Lorenz. 2018. Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, and Tanja Eschenauer. 2018. “Mass Protests and the Military.” Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 141-155.
Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, Philip Lorenz, and Paul W. Chambers. 2013. Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Croissant, Aurel, Tanja Eschenauer, and Jil Kamerling. 2016. “Militaries’ roles in political regimes: introducing the PRM data set.” European Political Science 16 (3): 400-414.
Crouch, Harold. 1978. The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University.
Dodd, Lawrence, and Calvin Jillison, . 1994. The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations. Boulder: Westview Press.
Drakeley, Steven. 2005. The History of Indonesia. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Droz-Vincent, Philippe. 2021. Military Politics of the Contemporary Arab World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dzulfaroh, Ahmad Naufal. 2020. Hari ini dalam Sejarah: Soeharto Lengser, Akhir Kisah Orde Baru. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/05/21/ 064221665/hari-ini-dalam-sejarah-soeharto-lengser-akhir-kisah-orde-baru?page=all.
Eckstein, Harry, and David E. Apter, . 1963. Comparative Politics. New York: The Free Press.
Farcau, Bruce W. 1996. The Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Military. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Fioretos, Orfeo, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate, . 2016. Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Galih, Bayu. 2016. Sehari Sebelum Soeharto Mundur, Dinamika “Ring 1”, dan Kegelisahan Kabinet. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/05/ 21/07070071/Sehari.Sebelum.Soeharto.Mundur.Dinamika.Ring.1.dan.Kegelisahan.Kabinet?page=all.
Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sandcastles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Goemans, Henk, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Giacomo Chiozza. 2009. “Introducing Archigos: A Dataset of Political Leaders.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (2): 269-283.
Gunitsky, Seva. 2018. “Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective.” Perspectives on Politics 16 (3): 634-651.
Gürsoy, Yaprak. 2017. Between Military Rule and Democracy: Regime Consolidation in Greece, Turkey, and Beyond. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Hadimadja, Ramadhan Karta. 1996. Soemitro, Former Commander of Indonesian Security Apparatus. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Hearman, Vannessa. 2015. “Sweet Potato Dreaming: Development, Displacement and Food Crisis in South Blitar, East Java, 1968.” Global Food History 1 (1): 81-102.
Hende, Julia. 2017. No Justice in Sight for Talangsari Massacre Victims. February 27. Accessed May 8, 2022. https://www.vice.com/en/article/nzk8xm/no-justice-in-sight-for-talangsari-massacre-victims.
Honna, Jun. 2009. “From Dwifungsi to NKRI: Regime Change and Political Activism of the Indonesian Military.” In Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by Marco Bünte and Andreas Ufen, 226-247. New York: Routledge.
—. 2005. Military Politics and Democratization in Indonesia. New York: Routledge.
Huneeus, Carlos. 2007. The Pinochet Regime. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
Hunter, Wendy. 1997. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil Politicians against Soldiers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Huntington, Samuel. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
—. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Kartasasmita, Ginandjar. 2013. Managing Indonesia’s Transformation: An Oral History. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1984. “Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics.” Comparative Politics 16 (2): 223-246.
Lai, Brian, and Dan Slater. 2006. “Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950-1992.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 113-126.
Landler, Mark. 1998. The Fall of Suharto: The Military; Army Is a Power Broker, But Subtly This Time. May 22. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/22/ world/the-fall-of-suharto-the-military-army-is-a-power-broker-but-subtly-this-time.html.
Lee, Terence. 2005. “Military Cohesion and Regime Maintenance.” Armed Forces & Society 32 (1): 80-104.
Lee, Terence. 2008. “The Military’s Corporate Interests: The Main Reason for Intervention in Indonesia and the Philippines?” Armed Forces & Society 34 (3): 491-502.
Lee, Terence. 2000. “The Nature and Future of Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia.” Asian Survey 40 (4): 692-706.
Leon, Gabriel. 2014. “Loyalty for Sale? Military Spending and Coup d’etat.” Public Choice 159 (3/4): 363-383.
Levitsky, Steven, and Maria Victoria Murillo. 2009. “Variation in Institutional Strength.” Annual Reviews Political Science 12: 115-133.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69-105.
Mahoney, James. 2000. “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.” Theory and Society 29 (4): 507-548.
Mahoney, James, and Kathleen Thelen, . 2010. Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mietzner, Marcus. 2009. Military Politics, Islam, and the State of Indonesia: From Turbulent Transition to Democratic Consolidation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Morgenbesser, Lee. 2016. “The Autocratic Mandate: Elections, Legitimacy, and Regime Stability.” The Pacific Review 30 (2): 205-231.
Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. 2013. “Mutiny and Nonviolence in the Arab Spring: Exploring Military Defections and Loyalty in Egypt, Bahrain, and Syria.” Journal of Peace Research 50 (3): 337-349.
Perlmutter, Amos. 1977. The Military and Politics in Modern Times: On Professionals, Praetorians, and Revolutionary Soldiers. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94 (2): 251-267.
—. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pion-Berlin, David, and Harold Trinkunas. 2010. “Civilian Praetorianism and Military Shirking during Constitutional Crises in Latin Amrica.” Comparative Politics 42 (4): 395-411.
Pion-Berlin, David, Diego Esparza, and Kevin Grisham. 2014. “Staying Quartered: Civilian Uprisings and Military Disobedience in the Twenty-First Century.” Comparative Political Studies 47 (2): 230-259.
Pour, Julius. 1993. Benny Moerdani: Profil Prajurit Negarawan. Jakarta: Yayasan Kejuangan Panglima Besar Sudirman.
PT Dirgantara Indonesia. n.d. History. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://indonesian-aerospace.com/about/history.
Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. 2008. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Saunders, Joseph. 1998. Academic Freedom in Indonesia: Dismantling Soeharto-Era Barriers. August. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/indonesia2/ Borneote-09.htm.
Schickler, Eric. 2001. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Schwarz, Adam. 1999. A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia’s Search for Stability. Boulder: Westview Press.
Slater, Dan. 2005. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Soifer, Hillel David . 2012. “The Causal Logic of Critical Junctures.” Comparative Politics Studies 45 (12): 1572-1597.
Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, . 1992. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Hotte, . 2007. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Streeck, Wolfgang, and Kathleen Thelen, . 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sukma, Rizal. 2013. “The Military and Democratic Reform in Indonesia.” In Military Engagement: Influencing Armed Forces Worldwide to Support Democratic Transitions, 113-138. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
The Age. 2003. We must not get back in bed with Kopassus. August 14. Accessed May 7, 2002. https://www.theage.com.au/national/we-must-not-get-back-in-bed-with-kopassus-20030814-gdw74j.html.
The Sydney Morning Herald. 2002. Soeharto’s Komando Jihad chickens come home to roost. October 14. Accessed May 7, 2020. https://www.smh.com.au/national/soehartos-komando-jihad-chickens-come-home-to-roost-20021014-gdfq1h.html.
Trinkunas, Harold A. 2005. Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Vatikiotis, Michael R. J. 1998. Indonesian Politics under Suharto: The Rise and Fall of the New Order. London: Routledge.
Vinco, M. S. Mitchel. 2009. Kebijakan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia terhadap PGRS/Paraku di Kalimantan Barat 1963-1967. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Weiss, Meredith L., and Edward Aspinall, . 2012. Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Yulianto, Dwi Pratomo. 2003. “Oposisi Berseragam: Catatan tentang Hubungan Politik Suharto dan Militer di Akhir 1980-an.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 6 (3): 254-284.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
108862009
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 孫采薇zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Tsai-weien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳祁zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Maleakhi Misael Sutantoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳祁zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sutanto, Maleakhi Misaelen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-Mar-2023 18:46:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Mar-2023 18:46:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Mar-2023 18:46:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108862009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143873-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108862009zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在通過追溯導致國家民主化的軍隊演變過程，以幫助更好地理解軍隊在軍人政權民主轉型中的作用。本論文探討了文獻中確定的一個發生這種過程的案例，即蘇哈托領導下的印度尼西亞新秩序政權。
本文采用歷史制度的方法，將軍隊視為一個自身利益獨立於政權的機構，但其決策是在各種結構性約束下做出的。因此，本文首先闡述了整個新秩序政權長達32年的軍政動態，然後定位了關鍵時刻的存在，並確定了案例中發生的製度變革模式 以啟發軍隊的演變如何無意中促進了印度尼西亞的民主化。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis seeks to contribute to the greater understanding of the role of the military in democratic transition within military regimes by tracing the process of the evolution of the military, which process led to the democratization of the country. This thesis explores one case identified within the literature where such process happened, namely the New Order regime of Indonesia under Soeharto.
This thesis utilizes the historical institutional approach, taking the military as an institution with its own interests independent from the regime but whose decisions are made within various structural constraints. Thus, this thesis first lays out the dynamics between the military and the regime throughout the entirety of the 32 years long period of the New Order regime, and then locates the existence of critical junctures and identifies the modes of institutional change which occurred within the case in order to enlighten how the evolution of the military might have inadvertently contributed to the democratization of the Indonesia.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF CHARTS vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Research Background and Motivation 1
1.2. Research Question 3
1.3. Research Methods and Data 3
1.4. Thesis Organization 4
CHAPTER II HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM AND THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS 6
2.1. Historical Institutionalism 6
2.1.1. Temporality and Institutions 7
2.1.2. Change and Institutions 9
2.2. The Military as an Institution 13
2.2.1. The Role of the Military in Military Regimes 16
2.2.2. Factors Influencing the Role of the Military in Democratic Transition 20
2.2.3. The Roles of the Military in Democratic Transition 25
2.3. Theory Operationalization 27
CHAPTER III THE DYNAMICS BETWEEN THE INDONESIAN MILITARY AND THE NEW ORDER REGIME 31
3.1. The Periodization of the Dynamics between the ABRI and the New Order 31
3.2. The First Fifteen Years (1967-1983) 32
3.3. The Years of Moerdani’s Influence (1983-1993) 33
3.4. The Feisal Tanjung Period (1993-1998) 36
3.5. The Final Year (1998) 40
CHAPTER IV HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALIST ANALYSIS 48
4.1. Structural Analysis: Locating the Critical Juncture 47
4.1.1. Identifying the Permissive Condition 49
4.1.2. Identifying the Productive Condition 53
4.1.3. The Context of Democratic Transition 54
4.2. Agent-based Analysis: Identifying the Modes of Institutional Change 59
4.2.1. Ascertaining the Regime’s Veto Possibilities 60
4.2.2. Ascertaining the Military’s Degree of Discretion 65
4.2.3. Arguments and Testing 68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 76
5.1. Research Findings 76
5.2. Research Limits and Contributions 78
5.3. Suggestions for Future Research 79
REFERENCES 80		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 864487 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印尼zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 軍方zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歷史制度主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新秩序zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indonesiaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Militaryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Historical Institutionalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) New Orderen_US
dc.title (題名) 印尼軍方角色的轉變及其政治影響（1967－1998）zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Evolution of the Military and Its Political Consequences in Indonesia (1967-1998)en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adrianto S., Muhammad. 2021. Diburu Kopassus, Ini Sosok Mbah Suro Dukun Sakti Antek PKI yang Kebal Peluru. Oktober 14. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2021/10/13/337/2485888/diburu-kopassus-ini-sosok-mbah-suro-dukun-sakti-antek-pki-yang-kebal-peluru?page=1.
Agence France-Presse. 1998. Speech by Indonesia’s Military Chief after Suharto’s Resignation. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ library/world/asia/052198indonesia-military-text.html.
Albrecht, Holger, Aurel Croissant, and Fred H. Lawson, . 2016. Armies and Insurgencies in the Arab Spring. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Andryanto, S. Dian. 2021. 23 Tahun Reformasi: Detik-detik Menentukan Presiden Soeharto Lengser. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1464346/23-tahun-reformasi-detik-detik-menentukan-presiden-soeharto-lengser.
—. 2021. 23 Tahun Reformasi: Pidato Lengkap Pengunduran Diri Soeharto sebagai Presiden. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1464364/23-tahun-reformasi-pidato-lengkap-pengunduran-diri-soeharto-sebagai-presiden.
Aspinall, Edward. 2005. Opposing Suharto: Compromise, Resistance, and Regime Change in Indonesia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Aspinall, Edward, Gerry van Klinken, and Herb Feith, . 1999. The Last Days of President Suharto. Clayton: Monash Asia Institute.
Backes, Uwe, and Steffen Kailitz, . 2016. Ideocracies in Comparison: Legitimation-Cooptation-Repression. New York: Routledge.
Barany, Zoltan. 2016. How Armies Respond to Revolutions and Why. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—. 2012. The Soldier and the Changing State: Building Democratic Armies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bassford, Christopher. 2020. Tip-Toe through the Trinity. September 15. Accessed January 16, 2021. https://www.clausewitzstudies.org/mobile/trinity8.htm.
Blair, Dennis C. 2012. “Military Support for Democracy.” PRISM 3 (3): 3-21.
Bourchier, David, and Vedi R. Hadiz, . 2003. Indonesian Politics and Society: A Reader. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Bresnan, John. 1993. Managing Indonesia: The Modern Political Economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Čajić, Jasmin. 2016. “The Relevance of Clausewitz’s Theory of War to Contemporary Conflict Resolution.” Connections 15 (1): 1-7.
Capoccia, Giovanni, and R. Daniel Keleman. 2007. “The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism.” World Politics 59 (3): 341-369.
Clausewitz, Carl von. 2007. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, Ruth B., and David Collier. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Croissant, Aurel. 2018. Civil-Military Relations in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Croissant, Aurel, and Philip Lorenz. 2018. Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, and Tanja Eschenauer. 2018. “Mass Protests and the Military.” Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 141-155.
Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, Philip Lorenz, and Paul W. Chambers. 2013. Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Croissant, Aurel, Tanja Eschenauer, and Jil Kamerling. 2016. “Militaries’ roles in political regimes: introducing the PRM data set.” European Political Science 16 (3): 400-414.
Crouch, Harold. 1978. The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University.
Dodd, Lawrence, and Calvin Jillison, . 1994. The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations. Boulder: Westview Press.
Drakeley, Steven. 2005. The History of Indonesia. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Droz-Vincent, Philippe. 2021. Military Politics of the Contemporary Arab World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dzulfaroh, Ahmad Naufal. 2020. Hari ini dalam Sejarah: Soeharto Lengser, Akhir Kisah Orde Baru. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/05/21/ 064221665/hari-ini-dalam-sejarah-soeharto-lengser-akhir-kisah-orde-baru?page=all.
Eckstein, Harry, and David E. Apter, . 1963. Comparative Politics. New York: The Free Press.
Farcau, Bruce W. 1996. The Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Military. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Fioretos, Orfeo, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate, . 2016. Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Galih, Bayu. 2016. Sehari Sebelum Soeharto Mundur, Dinamika “Ring 1”, dan Kegelisahan Kabinet. May 21. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/05/ 21/07070071/Sehari.Sebelum.Soeharto.Mundur.Dinamika.Ring.1.dan.Kegelisahan.Kabinet?page=all.
Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sandcastles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Goemans, Henk, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Giacomo Chiozza. 2009. “Introducing Archigos: A Dataset of Political Leaders.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (2): 269-283.
Gunitsky, Seva. 2018. “Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective.” Perspectives on Politics 16 (3): 634-651.
Gürsoy, Yaprak. 2017. Between Military Rule and Democracy: Regime Consolidation in Greece, Turkey, and Beyond. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Hadimadja, Ramadhan Karta. 1996. Soemitro, Former Commander of Indonesian Security Apparatus. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Hearman, Vannessa. 2015. “Sweet Potato Dreaming: Development, Displacement and Food Crisis in South Blitar, East Java, 1968.” Global Food History 1 (1): 81-102.
Hende, Julia. 2017. No Justice in Sight for Talangsari Massacre Victims. February 27. Accessed May 8, 2022. https://www.vice.com/en/article/nzk8xm/no-justice-in-sight-for-talangsari-massacre-victims.
Honna, Jun. 2009. “From Dwifungsi to NKRI: Regime Change and Political Activism of the Indonesian Military.” In Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by Marco Bünte and Andreas Ufen, 226-247. New York: Routledge.
—. 2005. Military Politics and Democratization in Indonesia. New York: Routledge.
Huneeus, Carlos. 2007. The Pinochet Regime. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
Hunter, Wendy. 1997. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil Politicians against Soldiers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Huntington, Samuel. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
—. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Kartasasmita, Ginandjar. 2013. Managing Indonesia’s Transformation: An Oral History. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1984. “Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics.” Comparative Politics 16 (2): 223-246.
Lai, Brian, and Dan Slater. 2006. “Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950-1992.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 113-126.
Landler, Mark. 1998. The Fall of Suharto: The Military; Army Is a Power Broker, But Subtly This Time. May 22. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/22/ world/the-fall-of-suharto-the-military-army-is-a-power-broker-but-subtly-this-time.html.
Lee, Terence. 2005. “Military Cohesion and Regime Maintenance.” Armed Forces & Society 32 (1): 80-104.
Lee, Terence. 2008. “The Military’s Corporate Interests: The Main Reason for Intervention in Indonesia and the Philippines?” Armed Forces & Society 34 (3): 491-502.
Lee, Terence. 2000. “The Nature and Future of Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia.” Asian Survey 40 (4): 692-706.
Leon, Gabriel. 2014. “Loyalty for Sale? Military Spending and Coup d’etat.” Public Choice 159 (3/4): 363-383.
Levitsky, Steven, and Maria Victoria Murillo. 2009. “Variation in Institutional Strength.” Annual Reviews Political Science 12: 115-133.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69-105.
Mahoney, James. 2000. “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology.” Theory and Society 29 (4): 507-548.
Mahoney, James, and Kathleen Thelen, . 2010. Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mietzner, Marcus. 2009. Military Politics, Islam, and the State of Indonesia: From Turbulent Transition to Democratic Consolidation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Morgenbesser, Lee. 2016. “The Autocratic Mandate: Elections, Legitimacy, and Regime Stability.” The Pacific Review 30 (2): 205-231.
Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. 2013. “Mutiny and Nonviolence in the Arab Spring: Exploring Military Defections and Loyalty in Egypt, Bahrain, and Syria.” Journal of Peace Research 50 (3): 337-349.
Perlmutter, Amos. 1977. The Military and Politics in Modern Times: On Professionals, Praetorians, and Revolutionary Soldiers. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94 (2): 251-267.
—. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pion-Berlin, David, and Harold Trinkunas. 2010. “Civilian Praetorianism and Military Shirking during Constitutional Crises in Latin Amrica.” Comparative Politics 42 (4): 395-411.
Pion-Berlin, David, Diego Esparza, and Kevin Grisham. 2014. “Staying Quartered: Civilian Uprisings and Military Disobedience in the Twenty-First Century.” Comparative Political Studies 47 (2): 230-259.
Pour, Julius. 1993. Benny Moerdani: Profil Prajurit Negarawan. Jakarta: Yayasan Kejuangan Panglima Besar Sudirman.
PT Dirgantara Indonesia. n.d. History. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://indonesian-aerospace.com/about/history.
Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. 2008. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Saunders, Joseph. 1998. Academic Freedom in Indonesia: Dismantling Soeharto-Era Barriers. August. Accessed May 7, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/indonesia2/ Borneote-09.htm.
Schickler, Eric. 2001. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Schwarz, Adam. 1999. A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia’s Search for Stability. Boulder: Westview Press.
Slater, Dan. 2005. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Soifer, Hillel David . 2012. “The Causal Logic of Critical Junctures.” Comparative Politics Studies 45 (12): 1572-1597.
Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, . 1992. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Hotte, . 2007. Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Streeck, Wolfgang, and Kathleen Thelen, . 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sukma, Rizal. 2013. “The Military and Democratic Reform in Indonesia.” In Military Engagement: Influencing Armed Forces Worldwide to Support Democratic Transitions, 113-138. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
The Age. 2003. We must not get back in bed with Kopassus. August 14. Accessed May 7, 2002. https://www.theage.com.au/national/we-must-not-get-back-in-bed-with-kopassus-20030814-gdw74j.html.
The Sydney Morning Herald. 2002. Soeharto’s Komando Jihad chickens come home to roost. October 14. Accessed May 7, 2020. https://www.smh.com.au/national/soehartos-komando-jihad-chickens-come-home-to-roost-20021014-gdfq1h.html.
Trinkunas, Harold A. 2005. Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Vatikiotis, Michael R. J. 1998. Indonesian Politics under Suharto: The Rise and Fall of the New Order. London: Routledge.
Vinco, M. S. Mitchel. 2009. Kebijakan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia terhadap PGRS/Paraku di Kalimantan Barat 1963-1967. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Weiss, Meredith L., and Edward Aspinall, . 2012. Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Yulianto, Dwi Pratomo. 2003. “Oposisi Berseragam: Catatan tentang Hubungan Politik Suharto dan Militer di Akhir 1980-an.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 6 (3): 254-284.		zh_TW