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題名 學習間隔如何影響長期記憶：從McCabe效應出發，以詞句檢驗
How Does Time-Spacing Influence LTM？ Begin with McCabe and Examining with Sentence
作者 林育棋
Lin, Yu-Chi
貢獻者 楊立行<br>顏乃欣
Yang, Lee-Xieng<br>Yen, Nai-Shing
林育棋
Lin, Yu-Chi
關鍵詞 序列再憶
工作記憶
固化
詞句刺激
ISI
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-May-2023 15:05:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 McCabe（2008）發現在序列再憶作業中，拉長刺激呈現的時間間距（ISI）並從中填充分心作業，相對於只有短暫ISI，會形成較差的短期、但較好的長期記憶表現，這個現象被稱為McCabe效應（McCabe effect）。有數種假說曾被提出來解釋McCabe效應，而目前的研究證據較支持工作記憶固化假說。另一種相似的注意力刷新假說，指的是一種內容－脈絡綁定的機制，認為長ISI有助於內容和時間標籤的表徵整合，以穩固長期記憶的提取暗示。本研究從內容本身和脈絡兩端著手，檢驗了不同ISI和刺激類型與再憶表現的關係，其中我們最小化ISI，形成同時呈現情境（ISI = 0）。在實驗一，相較於簡單廣度情境（ISI = 0.5秒），同時呈現情境在延遲再憶時的正確率較低，且僅發生於成句刺激，非句刺激則沒有差異；實驗二加入慢速廣度情境作為對照（ISI = 3.5秒），並設計具語法結構但缺乏語義的類句刺激。如同預期，實驗二的延遲再憶正確率為成句>類句>非句刺激，顯示記憶內容的組織性確實提供一定的精緻化效果，但在此基礎上，豐富的語義能夠形成較多與既有長期記憶的連結，進一步幫助長期記憶；其次，實驗二中簡單廣度的立即和延遲再憶正確率皆低於同時呈現情境，說明縮短ISI對長期記憶的影響並非完全連續，本文對此提出了四種較合理的猜測，並且發現這些猜測和近期一篇研究的許多證據（Mızrak & Oberauer, 2021）不謀而合。總結而言，本研究在Souza與Oberauer（2017）提出的工作記憶固化假說基礎上，進行了部分的修正，並且同意Mızrak與Oberauer（2021）的研究發現。
參考文獻 Allen, R. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2009). Working memory and sentence recall. Interactions between short-term and long-term memory in the verbal domain, 63-85.
Baddeley, A. D. (1966a). The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 18(4), 302-309.
Baddeley, A. D. (1966b). Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 18(4), 362-365.
Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J., & Allen, R. J. (2009). Working memory and binding in sentence recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 61(3), 438-456.
Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11(6), 717-726.
Brener, R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of experimental psychology, 26(5), 467.
Brown, G. D., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2007). A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological review, 114(3), 539.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155.
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104(2), 163.
Cowan, N. (1998). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. Oxford University Press.
Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory.
Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
Craik, F. I., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of experimental Psychology: general, 104(3), 268.
Gallo, D. A., Meadow, N. G., Johnson, E. L., & Foster, K. T. (2008). Deep levels of processing elicit a distinctiveness heuristic: Evidence from the criterial recollection task. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(4), 1095-1111.
Greene, R. L. (1987). Effects of maintenance rehearsal on human memory. Psychological Bulletin, 102(3), 403.
Johnson, M. K. (1992). MEM: Mechanisms of recollection. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 4(3), 268-280.
Johnson, M. K., Reeder, J. A., Raye, C. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2002). Second thoughts versus second looks: An age-related deficit in reflectively refreshing just-activated information. Psychological Science, 13(1), 64-67.
Jolicœur, P., & Dell`Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive psychology, 36(2), 138-202.
Klatzky, R. L. (1988). Theories of information processing and theories of aging. Language, memory, and aging, 1-16.
Loaiza, V. M., Duperreault, K. A., Rhodes, M. G., & McCabe, D. P. (2015). Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 22(1), 274-280.
Loaiza, V. M., & Lavilla, E. T. (2021). Elaborative strategies contribute to the long-term benefits of time in working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 117, 104205.
Loaiza, V. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2012). Temporal–contextual processing in working memory: Evidence from delayed cued recall and delayed free recall tests. Memory & Cognition, 40(2), 191-203.
Loaiza, V. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2013). The influence of aging on attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal during working memory on later episodic memory performance. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 20(4), 471-493.
Loaiza, V. M., Rhodes, M. G., & Anglin, J. (2015). The influence of age-related differences in prior knowledge and attentional refreshing opportunities on episodic memory. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(5), 729-736.
McCabe, D. P. (2008). The role of covert retrieval in working memory span tasks: Evidence from delayed recall tests. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(2), 480-494.
Mızrak, E., & Oberauer, K. (2021). What is time good for in working memory? Psychological Science, 32(8), 1325-1337.
Murdock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of experimental psychology, 64(5), 482.
Nieuwenstein, M., & Wyble, B. (2014). Beyond a mask and against the bottleneck: retroactive dual-task interference during working memory consolidation of a masked visual target. Journal of experimental Psychology: general, 143(3), 1409.
Popov, V., & Reder, L. M. (2020). Frequency effects on memory: A resource-limited theory. Psychological review, 127(1), 1.
Ricker, T. J. (2015). The role of short-term consolidation in memory persistence. AIMS Neuroscience, 2(4), 259-279.
Ricker, T. J., & Cowan, N. (2014). Differences between presentation methods in working memory procedures: a matter of working memory consolidation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(2), 417.
Ricker, T. J., & Hardman, K. O. (2017). The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of experimental Psychology: general, 146(11), 1551.
Ricker, T. J., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Bayliss, D. M., & Barrouillet, P. (2018). Working memory consolidation: insights from studies on attention and working memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 8-18.
Souza, A. S., & Oberauer, K. (2017). Time to process information in working memory improves episodic memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 96, 155-167.
Turvey, M. T. (1973). On peripheral and central processes in vision: inferences from an information-processing analysis of masking with patterned stimuli. Psychological review, 80(1), 1.
Vergauwe, E., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2014). The impact of storage on processing: How is information maintained in working memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(4), 1072.
Vergauwe, E., & Langerock, N. (2017). Attentional refreshing of information in working memory: Increased immediate accessibility of just-refreshed representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 96, 23-35.
Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The time course of consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(6), 1436.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
106752004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106752004
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊立行<br>顏乃欣zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Lee-Xieng<br>Yen, Nai-Shingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林育棋zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Yu-Chien_US
dc.creator (作者) 林育棋zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Yu-Chien_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2023 15:05:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2023 15:05:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2023 15:05:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106752004en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/144601-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106752004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) McCabe（2008）發現在序列再憶作業中，拉長刺激呈現的時間間距（ISI）並從中填充分心作業，相對於只有短暫ISI，會形成較差的短期、但較好的長期記憶表現，這個現象被稱為McCabe效應（McCabe effect）。有數種假說曾被提出來解釋McCabe效應，而目前的研究證據較支持工作記憶固化假說。另一種相似的注意力刷新假說，指的是一種內容－脈絡綁定的機制，認為長ISI有助於內容和時間標籤的表徵整合，以穩固長期記憶的提取暗示。本研究從內容本身和脈絡兩端著手，檢驗了不同ISI和刺激類型與再憶表現的關係，其中我們最小化ISI，形成同時呈現情境（ISI = 0）。在實驗一，相較於簡單廣度情境（ISI = 0.5秒），同時呈現情境在延遲再憶時的正確率較低，且僅發生於成句刺激，非句刺激則沒有差異；實驗二加入慢速廣度情境作為對照（ISI = 3.5秒），並設計具語法結構但缺乏語義的類句刺激。如同預期，實驗二的延遲再憶正確率為成句>類句>非句刺激，顯示記憶內容的組織性確實提供一定的精緻化效果，但在此基礎上，豐富的語義能夠形成較多與既有長期記憶的連結，進一步幫助長期記憶；其次，實驗二中簡單廣度的立即和延遲再憶正確率皆低於同時呈現情境，說明縮短ISI對長期記憶的影響並非完全連續，本文對此提出了四種較合理的猜測，並且發現這些猜測和近期一篇研究的許多證據（Mızrak & Oberauer, 2021）不謀而合。總結而言，本研究在Souza與Oberauer（2017）提出的工作記憶固化假說基礎上，進行了部分的修正，並且同意Mızrak與Oberauer（2021）的研究發現。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 i
圖目次 vi
表目次 viii
第一章、緒論 1
第二章、研究背景 4
第一節、McCabe效應 4
第二節、各假說之檢驗 6
第三節、注意力閒置時間內可能的歷程 8
第三章、研究目的 12
第四章、實驗一 14
第一節、方法 14
壹、實驗設計 14
貳、參與者 15
參、刺激材料 15
記憶作業 15
區辨反應作業 16
肆、實驗程序 16
學習和立即再憶 17
區辨反應作業 17
延遲再憶 17
第二節、結果 18
壹、立即再憶 18
貳、延遲再憶 20
參、序列中次序和正確率的關係 22
第三節、討論 25
壹、記憶內容性質 26
貳、以記憶內容性質幫助探討操弄刺激呈現頻率的效果 26
參、和過去研究的比較 27
第五章、實驗二 28
第一節、方法 28
壹、實驗設計 28
貳、參與者 29
參、刺激材料 29
記憶作業 29
區辨反應作業 30
肆、實驗程序 30
學習和立即再憶 30
區辨反應作業 31
延遲再憶 31
第二節、結果 31
壹、立即再憶 32
貳、延遲再憶 33
參、序列中次序和正確率的關係 35
第三節、討論 40
壹、同時呈現>簡單廣度優勢的可能因素 41
簡單廣度的閒置時間不及固化記憶內容 41
個體使用的學習策略 42
每個區段中的嘗試次數量 42
同時呈現出乎意料的優勢 44
第六章、綜合討論 45
第七章、研究限制和未來研究方向 47
參考文獻 49		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1796095 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106752004en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 序列再憶zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作記憶zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 固化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞句刺激zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ISIzh_TW
dc.title (題名) 學習間隔如何影響長期記憶：從McCabe效應出發，以詞句檢驗zh_TW
dc.title (題名) How Does Time-Spacing Influence LTM？ Begin with McCabe and Examining with Sentenceen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, R. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2009). Working memory and sentence recall. Interactions between short-term and long-term memory in the verbal domain, 63-85.
Baddeley, A. D. (1966a). The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 18(4), 302-309.
Baddeley, A. D. (1966b). Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 18(4), 362-365.
Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J., & Allen, R. J. (2009). Working memory and binding in sentence recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 61(3), 438-456.
Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11(6), 717-726.
Brener, R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of experimental psychology, 26(5), 467.
Brown, G. D., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2007). A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological review, 114(3), 539.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155.
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104(2), 163.
Cowan, N. (1998). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. Oxford University Press.
Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory.
Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
Craik, F. I., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of experimental Psychology: general, 104(3), 268.
Gallo, D. A., Meadow, N. G., Johnson, E. L., & Foster, K. T. (2008). Deep levels of processing elicit a distinctiveness heuristic: Evidence from the criterial recollection task. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(4), 1095-1111.
Greene, R. L. (1987). Effects of maintenance rehearsal on human memory. Psychological Bulletin, 102(3), 403.
Johnson, M. K. (1992). MEM: Mechanisms of recollection. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 4(3), 268-280.
Johnson, M. K., Reeder, J. A., Raye, C. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2002). Second thoughts versus second looks: An age-related deficit in reflectively refreshing just-activated information. Psychological Science, 13(1), 64-67.
Jolicœur, P., & Dell`Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive psychology, 36(2), 138-202.
Klatzky, R. L. (1988). Theories of information processing and theories of aging. Language, memory, and aging, 1-16.
Loaiza, V. M., Duperreault, K. A., Rhodes, M. G., & McCabe, D. P. (2015). Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 22(1), 274-280.
Loaiza, V. M., & Lavilla, E. T. (2021). Elaborative strategies contribute to the long-term benefits of time in working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 117, 104205.
Loaiza, V. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2012). Temporal–contextual processing in working memory: Evidence from delayed cued recall and delayed free recall tests. Memory & Cognition, 40(2), 191-203.
Loaiza, V. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2013). The influence of aging on attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal during working memory on later episodic memory performance. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 20(4), 471-493.
Loaiza, V. M., Rhodes, M. G., & Anglin, J. (2015). The influence of age-related differences in prior knowledge and attentional refreshing opportunities on episodic memory. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(5), 729-736.
McCabe, D. P. (2008). The role of covert retrieval in working memory span tasks: Evidence from delayed recall tests. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(2), 480-494.
Mızrak, E., & Oberauer, K. (2021). What is time good for in working memory? Psychological Science, 32(8), 1325-1337.
Murdock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of experimental psychology, 64(5), 482.
Nieuwenstein, M., & Wyble, B. (2014). Beyond a mask and against the bottleneck: retroactive dual-task interference during working memory consolidation of a masked visual target. Journal of experimental Psychology: general, 143(3), 1409.
Popov, V., & Reder, L. M. (2020). Frequency effects on memory: A resource-limited theory. Psychological review, 127(1), 1.
Ricker, T. J. (2015). The role of short-term consolidation in memory persistence. AIMS Neuroscience, 2(4), 259-279.
Ricker, T. J., & Cowan, N. (2014). Differences between presentation methods in working memory procedures: a matter of working memory consolidation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(2), 417.
Ricker, T. J., & Hardman, K. O. (2017). The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of experimental Psychology: general, 146(11), 1551.
Ricker, T. J., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Bayliss, D. M., & Barrouillet, P. (2018). Working memory consolidation: insights from studies on attention and working memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 8-18.
Souza, A. S., & Oberauer, K. (2017). Time to process information in working memory improves episodic memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 96, 155-167.
Turvey, M. T. (1973). On peripheral and central processes in vision: inferences from an information-processing analysis of masking with patterned stimuli. Psychological review, 80(1), 1.
Vergauwe, E., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2014). The impact of storage on processing: How is information maintained in working memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(4), 1072.
Vergauwe, E., & Langerock, N. (2017). Attentional refreshing of information in working memory: Increased immediate accessibility of just-refreshed representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 96, 23-35.
Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The time course of consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(6), 1436.		zh_TW