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題名 初探非同質化代幣之法律議題—以著作權法為中心
A Preliminary Study on Non-Fungible Token: A focus on Copyright Law作者 陳楨
Chen, Jhen貢獻者 宋皇志
Sung, Huang-Chih
陳楨
Chen, Jhen關鍵詞 著作權
非同質化代幣
加密貨幣
區塊鏈
超連結
避風港
Copyright
Non-Fungible Tokens (Nfts)
Cryptocurrency
Blockchain
Hyperlink
Safe Harbor日期 2023 上傳時間 6-Jul-2023 16:23:23 (UTC+8) 摘要 儘管非同質化代幣（Non-Fungible Token, NFT）在市場上掀起熱潮，但背後的法律基礎與適用仍未明朗，尤其與著作權相關的爭議頻傳，故本文欲以NFT的技術與商業實例為對象，探討NFT之著作權法律議題。本文首先探討NFT與其內容的著作權法律關係，透過學說與實務案例的研究發現，普遍對於NFT本身與NFT內容兩者之權利並無掛勾有所共識，換言之當買受人購買到NFT時並無必然取得NFT內容之著作權利。有所爭議者為當NFT內容受著作權保護但未經著作權人同意而被鑄造成NFT時，鑄造者是否會構成著作權侵害？為解答此問題本文深入NFT鑄造的過程與技術，發現其與設置超連結行為的相似性，並以我國、美國、歐洲三地法律見解對設置超連結的著作權侵權案例進行類比，嘗試解答鑄造NFT所生的著作權侵權爭議。接著本文延伸探討至NFT交易生態中NFT內容的著作權法律關係，以NFT專案與NFT交易平台兩大角色為切入點。前者以NFT專案對NFT內容的著作權授權條款為對象進行分析，嘗試類型化NFT專案與NFT購買者的可能著作權利義務關係，並實際案例檢視可能的利弊；後者以現行我國、美國、歐洲的避風港法規作為框架，分析NFT交易平台對NFT內容的著作權政策，觀察各大平台規劃之NFT內容著作權法律關係與可能法律風險，並提出平台在法律要求外進一步的主動作為，以供其他市場參與者參考。最後本文綜合以上議題，分別對NFT交易生態中的買家、專案方（賣家）與交易平台進行建議，期待能在快速變動的NFT市場中，提供些許指引。
Despite the NFT market hype, there is still uncertainty surrounding the legal aspects of NFTs and copyright. This article focuses on NFT technology and business case to discuss the copyright issues related to NFTs.Firstly, this article explores the legal relationship between NFTs and their underlying content. Through the study of scholarly opinions and court opinions, it is found that there is a consensus that buying an NFT does not imply acquiring the copyright of its underlying content. But there is controversy regarding whether the buyer of an NFT would infringe copyright when they mint an NFT using copyrighted content without obtaining the copyright holder`s permission. To address this issue, this article delves into the process and technology of NFT minting, finding similarities to the act of setting hyperlinks. By drawing analogies from copyright infringement cases involving hyperlinks in Taiwan, the United States, and Europe, this article attempts to resolve the potential copyright infringement disputes arising from NFT minting.Furthermore, this article extends the discussion to the copyright relationships of NFTs’ underlying content within the NFT trading market, focusing on two key roles: NFT projects and NFT trading platforms. Regarding the former, this article analyzes the copyright licensing terms of NFT projects, attempting to categorize the possible copyright relationships and obligations of NFTs’ underlying content between NFT project owners and NFT buyers. As for the latter, this article analyzes the copyright policies of NFT trading platforms within the existing safe harbor regulations in Taiwan, the United States, and Europe. This analysis observes the copyright relationships and potential legal risks of NFTs’ underlying content between NFT trading platforms and NFT projects while suggesting proactive actions for platforms to take beyond legal requirements.In conclusion, this article provides recommendations for buyers, project owners (sellers), and platforms participating in the NFT market, aiming to offer some guidance in this rapidly evolving landscape.參考文獻 一、中文文獻期刊論文1. 陳宏志，區塊鏈科技應用對博物館數位著作蒐藏之影響與因應—以著作權代幣化後之可能法律議題為例，博物館學季刊，35.3，頁47-59，2021年。2. 李治安、羅方妤，著作權法中網路服務提供者責任避風港規範之研究研究成果報告，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫，頁24-27，2011年10月。3. 林紘宇，元宇宙NFT的法律爭議－評析NFT權利定性及洗錢防制定位，會計研究月刊，437期，頁54 - 59，2022年4月。4. 郭戎晉，從 NFT 藝術品探討非同質化代幣於著作權法之適用，科技法學論叢，17期，頁113-154，2021年12月。5. 馮震宇，NFT 藝術品前世今生，能力雜誌，789期，頁98-105，2021年11月。法院判決1. 智慧財產及商業法院99年度刑智上訴字第61號刑事判決。2. 智慧財產及商業法院103年度刑智上易字第93號刑事判決。3. 智慧財產及商業法院104年度刑智上易字第76號刑事判決。4. 智慧財產及商業法院110年度刑智上易字第46號刑事判決。5. 最高法院109年度台上字第2616號刑事判決。6. 臺灣高等法院96年度上易字第2332號刑事判決。7. 杭州互聯網法院(2022)浙0192民初1008號。網路資源1. 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國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
109364206資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109364206 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 宋皇志 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Sung, Huang-Chih en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳楨 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Jhen en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳楨 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Jhen en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 6-Jul-2023 16:23:23 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 6-Jul-2023 16:23:23 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Jul-2023 16:23:23 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109364206 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/145746 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 科技管理與智慧財產研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109364206 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 儘管非同質化代幣（Non-Fungible Token, NFT）在市場上掀起熱潮，但背後的法律基礎與適用仍未明朗，尤其與著作權相關的爭議頻傳，故本文欲以NFT的技術與商業實例為對象，探討NFT之著作權法律議題。本文首先探討NFT與其內容的著作權法律關係，透過學說與實務案例的研究發現，普遍對於NFT本身與NFT內容兩者之權利並無掛勾有所共識，換言之當買受人購買到NFT時並無必然取得NFT內容之著作權利。有所爭議者為當NFT內容受著作權保護但未經著作權人同意而被鑄造成NFT時，鑄造者是否會構成著作權侵害？為解答此問題本文深入NFT鑄造的過程與技術，發現其與設置超連結行為的相似性，並以我國、美國、歐洲三地法律見解對設置超連結的著作權侵權案例進行類比，嘗試解答鑄造NFT所生的著作權侵權爭議。接著本文延伸探討至NFT交易生態中NFT內容的著作權法律關係，以NFT專案與NFT交易平台兩大角色為切入點。前者以NFT專案對NFT內容的著作權授權條款為對象進行分析，嘗試類型化NFT專案與NFT購買者的可能著作權利義務關係，並實際案例檢視可能的利弊；後者以現行我國、美國、歐洲的避風港法規作為框架，分析NFT交易平台對NFT內容的著作權政策，觀察各大平台規劃之NFT內容著作權法律關係與可能法律風險，並提出平台在法律要求外進一步的主動作為，以供其他市場參與者參考。最後本文綜合以上議題，分別對NFT交易生態中的買家、專案方（賣家）與交易平台進行建議，期待能在快速變動的NFT市場中，提供些許指引。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Despite the NFT market hype, there is still uncertainty surrounding the legal aspects of NFTs and copyright. This article focuses on NFT technology and business case to discuss the copyright issues related to NFTs.Firstly, this article explores the legal relationship between NFTs and their underlying content. Through the study of scholarly opinions and court opinions, it is found that there is a consensus that buying an NFT does not imply acquiring the copyright of its underlying content. But there is controversy regarding whether the buyer of an NFT would infringe copyright when they mint an NFT using copyrighted content without obtaining the copyright holder`s permission. To address this issue, this article delves into the process and technology of NFT minting, finding similarities to the act of setting hyperlinks. By drawing analogies from copyright infringement cases involving hyperlinks in Taiwan, the United States, and Europe, this article attempts to resolve the potential copyright infringement disputes arising from NFT minting.Furthermore, this article extends the discussion to the copyright relationships of NFTs’ underlying content within the NFT trading market, focusing on two key roles: NFT projects and NFT trading platforms. Regarding the former, this article analyzes the copyright licensing terms of NFT projects, attempting to categorize the possible copyright relationships and obligations of NFTs’ underlying content between NFT project owners and NFT buyers. As for the latter, this article analyzes the copyright policies of NFT trading platforms within the existing safe harbor regulations in Taiwan, the United States, and Europe. This analysis observes the copyright relationships and potential legal risks of NFTs’ underlying content between NFT trading platforms and NFT projects while suggesting proactive actions for platforms to take beyond legal requirements.In conclusion, this article provides recommendations for buyers, project owners (sellers), and platforms participating in the NFT market, aiming to offer some guidance in this rapidly evolving landscape. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機 1第二節 研究方法 2第三節 研究範圍與限制 3第四節 論文架構 4第二章 NFT概述 5第一節 NFT簡介 5第二節 NFT的技術 6第一項 區塊鏈 6第二項 智能合約 8第三項 加密貨幣錢包 10第四項 NFT標準 11第五項 IPFS 16第三節 NFT的應用 17第一項 NFT應用概述 17第二項 數位收藏品 18第三項 域名 21第四項 遊戲內容 22第五項 實體賦能 23第四節 NFT的法律性質 25第一項 代幣化的法律意義 25第二項 NFT的定性 26第三章 鑄造NFT的著作權爭議 28第一節 NFT與其內容之著作權關係 28第一項 學說見解 28第二項 實務見解 29第三項 小結 32第二節 NFT的鑄造 32第一項 準備測試網環境 32第二項 準備元數據 34第三項 開發與部署智能合約 36第四項 鑄造代幣 39第五項 檢視鑄造結果 41第三節 鑄造NFT侵權見解的疑義 43第一項 學說見解對鑄造NFT侵權見解的疑義 43第二項 實務見解對鑄造NFT侵權見解的疑義 44第三項 小結 45第四節 鑄造NFT是否構成著作權侵害 46第一項 設置超連結是否構成著作權侵權判斷—我國法 46第二項 設置超連結是否構成著作權侵權判斷—歐盟法 47第三項 設置超連結是否構成著作權侵權判斷—美國法 50第四項 鑄造NFT是否構成著作權侵權判斷 52第四章 NFT相關的其他著作權議題 54第一節 NFT專案對NFT內容的著作權權利義務規劃 54第一項 前言 54第二項 著作權無限制授權 54第三項 公眾領域貢獻宣告 56第四項 著作權有限制授權 57第五項 無著作權授權聲明 58第六項 小結 59第二節 NFT交易平台對NFT內容的著作權權利義務規劃 59第一項 前言 59第二項 NFT交易平台的著作權法規範 60第三項 NFT交易平台的著作權政策 65第四項 小結 69第五章 研究結論與建議 71第一節 本文結論 71第二節 本文建議 73第一項 對NFT買家之建議 73第二項 對NFT專案（賣家）之建議 73第三項 對NFT交易平台之建議 74參考文獻 75 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3590542 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109364206 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 著作權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非同質化代幣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 加密貨幣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 區塊鏈 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 超連結 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 避風港 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Copyright en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Non-Fungible Tokens (Nfts) en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cryptocurrency en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Blockchain en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hyperlink en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Safe Harbor en_US dc.title (題名) 初探非同質化代幣之法律議題—以著作權法為中心 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Preliminary Study on Non-Fungible Token: A focus on Copyright Law en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻期刊論文1. 陳宏志，區塊鏈科技應用對博物館數位著作蒐藏之影響與因應—以著作權代幣化後之可能法律議題為例，博物館學季刊，35.3，頁47-59，2021年。2. 李治安、羅方妤，著作權法中網路服務提供者責任避風港規範之研究研究成果報告，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫，頁24-27，2011年10月。3. 林紘宇，元宇宙NFT的法律爭議－評析NFT權利定性及洗錢防制定位，會計研究月刊，437期，頁54 - 59，2022年4月。4. 郭戎晉，從 NFT 藝術品探討非同質化代幣於著作權法之適用，科技法學論叢，17期，頁113-154，2021年12月。5. 馮震宇，NFT 藝術品前世今生，能力雜誌，789期，頁98-105，2021年11月。法院判決1. 智慧財產及商業法院99年度刑智上訴字第61號刑事判決。2. 智慧財產及商業法院103年度刑智上易字第93號刑事判決。3. 智慧財產及商業法院104年度刑智上易字第76號刑事判決。4. 智慧財產及商業法院110年度刑智上易字第46號刑事判決。5. 最高法院109年度台上字第2616號刑事判決。6. 臺灣高等法院96年度上易字第2332號刑事判決。7. 杭州互聯網法院(2022)浙0192民初1008號。網路資源1. 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