學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 正壓呼吸器介入對阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症認知功能與AMYLOID-β和TAU蛋白指標的效果探討
The Effect of Positive Airway Pressure on Cognitive Function and Amyloid-β and Tau Proteins Levels in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea作者 林家玉
Lin, Chia-Yu貢獻者 楊建銘
Yang, Chien-Ming
林家玉
Lin, Chia-Yu關鍵詞 阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症
正壓呼吸器
認知功能
Amyloid-β
Tau蛋白
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Positive airway pressure
Cognitive functions
Amyloid-β
Tau proteins日期 2023 上傳時間 6-Jul-2023 16:58:03 (UTC+8) 摘要 研究目的：阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症患者（Obstructive Sleep Apnea，OSA）的認知功能有受損的表現，而近期被發現顯著累積於OSA患者腦部乙型類澱粉樣蛋白（amyloid β，Aβ）和Tau蛋白可能是背後其中一個機制；OSA主要的治療方式為正壓呼吸器（positvie airway pressure，PAP），PAP能改善OSA患者認知功能表現，但對Aβ和Tau蛋白的效果仍未知。因此，本研究欲再次驗證PAP對OSA患者認知功能表現的效果，並且探究其對血漿中Aβ和Tau蛋白指標的效果，以及前述兩者改變間的關聯性，以進一步澄清OSA患者認知功能受損的背後機制。研究方法：共包含兩個研究，研究一為橫斷設計，受試者均為40至70歲達國際睡眠疾患分類系統第三版（International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition）重度的OSA患者，並且招募21位尚未接受治療的組別作為對照組與15位長期穩定使用PAP至少三個月的組別（PAP組），進行認知功能測驗表現（包含克氏持續度表現測驗第三版、字詞配對記憶測驗、聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版及語言流暢性測驗）和血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白濃度的組間比較。接下來，研究二為縱貫設計，針對研究一對照組願意使用PAP的受試者（N = 12），進行使用至少三個月PAP的前後認知功能測驗表現和血漿中Aβ和Tau蛋白濃度的組內比較，以及前述兩者改變的相關分析。研究結果：研究一的PAP組在字詞配對測驗和聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版ISI2.0s的表現顯著好於對照組，血漿Tau蛋白濃度也顯著低於對照組。其餘認知功能表現和血漿Aβ濃度則未達顯著差異。此外，研究二的結果顯示，PAP介入的後測之字詞配對測驗表現顯著好於前測，聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版ISI2.0s表現的進步則達近似顯著水準，其餘認知功能表現與血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白無任何顯著差異；相關分析中，血漿Aβ濃度降低，與字詞配對測驗立即回憶序列A表現的進步呈顯著相關，而血漿Tau蛋白濃度減少，與聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版ISI2.0s和克氏持續度表現測驗第三版的部分指標的改善呈顯著相關。結論：綜合兩研究結果，關於認知功能表現，PAP介入具有改善OSA患者語文記憶力和工作記憶表現的效果；而關於降低血漿Tau蛋白的效果仍需未來研究加以驗證。此外，雖然本研究未觀察到PAP介入對血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白有顯著效果，但是認知功能表現與血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白濃度的關聯性，可以反映出作為OSA患者認知功能受損的其中機制，以及PAP對OSA患者認知功能表現改善的可能因素之一。
Objectives: Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) exhibit cognitive deficits. Recent studies have reported higher amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins in OSA patients than normal control, which might be a contributing factor for the cognitive deficits in OSA patients. Since positive airway pressure (PAP), main treatment of OSA, was found to improve patients’ cognitive function, the currently study aims to: 1) replicate the effect of PAP treatment on cognitive functions and explore the effect of PAP treatment on amyloid-beta and tau proteins, and 2) examine the association between the changes in amyloid-beta and tau proteins and improvement in cognitive function after PAP intervention, in order to further the understanding of the mechanism of cognitive deficits in OSA patients.Methods: There are two studies. Study one is a cross-sectional design with 36 subjects who aged 40 to 70 and met the diagnosis criteria of severe OSA of International Classification of Sleep Disorders, including 21 untreated patients as control group and 15 patients using PAP stably at least three months as PAP group. All subjects received cognitive tests (Conner’s continuous performance test, edition 3 [CPT-III], verbal paired association, paced auditory serial addition test [PASAT-R], and sematic verbal fluency test) and the blood-test for plasma amyloid-beta and tau proteins. Study two is a longitudinal design with 12 subjects from the control group of Study one who were willing to undergo PAP therapy, and received cognitive tests and the blood-test for plasma amyloid-beta and tau proteins again after at least 3 months of PAP intervention.Results: In Study one, the PAP group showed significantly better performance in verbal paired association and PASAT-R ISI2.0s ,and lower level in plasma tau proteins compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed in other cognitive functions or plasma Aβ levels. In Study two, the results indicated a significant improvement in verbal paired association from pre-test to post-test, and a marginally significant improvement in PASAT-R ISI2.0s. However, no significant differences were found in other measures of cognitive functions, or plasma Aβ or tau proteins levels. Additionaly, the decrease amyloid-beta after treatment correlated significantly with improved performance on the first immediate recall sequence of paired associates; tau proteins reduction correlated with improved performance on PASAT-R 2.0s and some measures of CPT-III. The rest of the comparisons and correlations did not show significant results.Conclusions: The combined results of the two studies indicate that PAP treatment is effective in improving verbal memory and working memory; further research is needed to validate the potential effect of reducing plasma tau proteins. Additionally, although study two did not observe significant effects of PAP intervention on plasma Aβ and tau proteins, the correlation between the improvement of cognitive performance and the reduction of plasma Aβ and tau proteins levels reflects the possibility that the accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins is a possible pathophysiology for the cognitive deficits in OSA patients, as well as a potential factor for the improvement of cognitive function with PAP intervention.參考文獻 車先蕙、盧孟良、陳錫中、張尚文、李宇宙（2006）。中文版貝克焦慮量表之信效度。臺灣醫學，10(4)，447-454。花茂棽、張本聖、林克能、楊建銘、盧小蓉、陳心怡（2005）魏氏記憶量表第三版（WMS–III）中文版。中國行為科學社。陳勁秀（2010）台灣正常中老年人語意流暢度測驗之北部地區常模研究［未出版之碩士論文］。國立台灣大學理學院心理學研究所。柳孟瑩（2013）台灣正常人修訂版時限聽覺序列加法測驗之常模研究［未出版之碩士論文］。國立台灣大學理學院心理學研究所。盧孟良、車先蕙、張尚文、沈武典（200）。中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版之信度和效度。台灣精神醫學，15(4)，301-109。陳心怡（2000）。貝克憂鬱量表第二版（BDI-II）中文版。台北：中國行為科學社。Aaronson, J. A., Hofman, W. F., van Bennekom, C. A., van Bezeij, T., van den Aardweg, J. G., Groet, E., Kylstra, W. A., & Schmand, B. (2016). Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Cognitive and Functional Outcome of Stroke Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Sleep Med, 12(4), 533-541. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5684Adams, J. N., Lockhart, S. N., Li, L., & Jagust, W. J. (2019). Relationships Between Tau and Glucose Metabolism Reflect Alzheimer`s Disease Pathology in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. Cereb Cortex, 29(5), 1997-2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy078Adams, N., Strauss, M., Schluchter, M., & Redline, S. (2001). Relation of measures of sleep-disordered breathing to neuropsychological functioning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163(7), 1626-1631. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2004014Adrover-Roig, D., Sesé, A., Barceló, F., & Palmer, A. (2012). A latent variable approach to executive control in healthy ageing. Brain Cogn, 78(3), 284-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.005Alden, E. C., Pudumjee, S. B., Lundt, E. S., Albertson, S. M., Machulda, M. M., Kremers, W. K., Jack Jr, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Mielke, M. M., & Stricker, N. H. (2021). Diagnostic accuracy of the Cogstate Brief Battery for prevalent MCI and prodromal AD (MCI A+T+) in a population-based sample. Alzheimer`s & Dementia, 17(4), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12219Aloia, M. S., Arnedt, J. T., Davis, J. D., Riggs, R. L., & Byrd, D. (2004). Neuropsychological sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a critical review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 10(5), 772-785. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617704105134Aloia, M. S., Knoepke, C. E., & Lee-Chiong, T. (2010). The new local coverage determination criteria for adherence to positive airway pressure treatment: testing the limits? Chest, 138(4), 875-879. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2237American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596André, C., Rehel, S., Kuhn, E., Landeau, B., Moulinet, I., Touron, E., Ourry, V., Le Du, G., Mézenge, F., Tomadesso, C., de Flores, R., Bejanin, A., Sherif, S., Delcroix, N., Manrique, A., Abbas, A., Marchant, N. L., Lutz, A., Klimecki, O. M., Collette, F., … Medit-Ageing Research Group (2020). Association of Sleep-Disordered Breathing With Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA neurology, 77(6), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0311Antic, N. A., Catcheside, P., Buchan, C., Hensley, M., Naughton, M. T., Rowland, S., Williamson, B., Windler, S., & McEvoy, R. D. (2011). The Effect of CPAP in Normalizing Daytime Sleepiness, Quality of Life, and Neurocognitive Function in Patients with Moderate to Severe OSA. Sleep, 34(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.1.111Arzt, M., Young, T., Finn, L., Skatrud, J. B., & Bradley, T. D. (2005). Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172(11), 1447-1451. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200505-702OCAtkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 2, pp. 89-195). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3Ayalon, L., Ancoli-Israel, S., Aka, A. A., McKenna, B. S., & Drummond, S. P. (2009). Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea severity and brain activation during a sustained attention task. Sleep, 32(3), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.3.373Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1Barthélemy, N. R., Liu, H., Lu, W., Kotzbauer, P. T., Bateman, R. J., & Lucey, B. P. (2020). Sleep Deprivation Affects Tau Phosphorylation in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. Ann Neurol, 87(5), 700-709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25702Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004Beebe, D. W., & Gozal, D. (2002). Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res, 11(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00289.xBeebe, D. W., Groesz, L., Wells, C., Nichols, A., & McGee, K. (2003). The neuropsychological effects of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of norm-referenced and case-controlled data. Sleep, 26(3), 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.3.298Bell, R. D., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2009). Neurovascular mechanisms and blood-brain barrier disorder in Alzheimer`s disease. Acta Neuropathol, 118(1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-009-0522-3Berry, R. B., Albertario, C. L. H., Susan M , Lloyd, R. M., Plante, D. T., Quan, S. F., Troester, M. M., Vaughn, B. V., & Medicine, f. t. A. A. o. S. (2018). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Bhuniya, S., Goyal, M., Chowdhury, N., & Mishra, P. (2022). Intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption in obstructive sleep apnea increase serum tau and amyloid-beta levels. Journal of Sleep Research, 31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13566Biundo, F., Del Prete, D., Zhang, H., Arancio, O., & D`Adamio, L. (2018). A role for tau in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep, 8(1), 3184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21596-3Bålfors, E. M., & Franklin, K. A. (1994). Impairment of cerebral perfusion during obstructive sleep apneas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150(6 Pt 1), 1587-1591. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952619Bondi, M. W., Edmonds, E. C., Jak, A. J., Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Libon, D. J., Au, R., Galasko, D., & Salmon, D. P. (2014). Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment improves diagnostic precision, biomarker associations, and progression rates. J Alzheimers Dis, 42(1), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-140276BORBÉLY, A. A., & ACHERMANN, P. (1992). Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview. Journal of Sleep Research, 1(2), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.1992.tb00013.xBraak, H., Thal, D. R., Ghebremedhin, E., & Del Tredici, K. (2011). Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 70(11), 960-969. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e318232a379Brier, M. R., Gordon, B., Friedrichsen, K., McCarthy, J., Stern, A., Christensen, J., Owen, C., Aldea, P., Su, Y., Hassenstab, J., Cairns, N. J., Holtzman, D. M., Fagan, A. M., Morris, J. C., Benzinger, T. L., & Ances, B. M. (2016). Tau and Aβ imaging, CSF measures, and cognition in Alzheimer`s disease. Sci Transl Med, 8(338), 338ra366. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2362Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., & Crawford, J. R. (1997). Verbal knowledge and speed of information processing as mediators of age differences in verbal fluency performance among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12(3), 473-478. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.3.473Bu, X. L., Liu, Y. H., Wang, Q. H., Jiao, S. S., Zeng, F., Yao, X. Q., Gao, D., Chen, J. C., & Wang, Y. J. (2015). Serum amyloid-beta levels are increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sci Rep, 5, 13917. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13917Bucks, R. S., Olaithe, M., & Eastwood, P. (2013). Neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-review. Respirology, 18(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02255.xBuysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4Caramelli, P., Carthery-Goulart, M. T., Porto, C. S., Charchat-Fichman, H., & Nitrini, R. (2007). Category Fluency as a Screening Test for Alzheimer Disease in Illiterate and Literate Patients. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 21(1), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e31802f244fCarr, S. J. A., Jaeger, J., Bian, S., He, P., Maserejian, N., Wang, W., Maruff, P., Enayetallah, A., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Lerner, A., & Tatsuoka, C. (2019). Associating Cognition With Amyloid Status Using Partially Ordered Set Analysis. Front Neurol, 10, 976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00976Carvalho, D. Z., St Louis, E. K., Schwarz, C. G., Lowe, V. J., Boeve, B. F., Przybelski, S. A., Reddy, A., Mielke, M. M., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Jr., & Vemuri, P. (2020). Witnessed apneas are associated with elevated tau-PET levels in cognitively unimpaired elderly. Neurology, 94(17), e1793-e1802. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009315Castronovo, V., Scifo, P., Castellano, A., Aloia, M. S., Iadanza, A., Marelli, S., Cappa, S. F., Strambi, L. F., & Falini, A. (2014). White Matter Integrity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea before and after Treatment. Sleep, 37(9), 1465-1475. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3994Chang, W. P., Liu, M. E., Chang, W. C., Yang, A. C., Ku, Y. C., Pai, J. T., Huang, H. L., & Tsai, S. J. (2013). Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: a population-based 5-year follow-up study in Taiwan. PLoS One, 8(10), e78655. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078655Chen, N. H., Johns, M. W., Li, H. Y., Chu, C. C., Liang, S. C., Shu, Y. H., Chuang, M. L., & Wang, P. C. (2002). Validation of a Chinese version of the Epworth sleepiness scale. Qual Life Res, 11(8), 817-821. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020818417949Chen, Y. S., Chen, M. H., Wang, P. M., Lu, C. H., Chen, H. L., & Lin, W. C. (2022). Increased Levels of Plasma Alzheimer`s Disease Biomarkers and Their Associations with Brain Structural Changes and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Cognitively Normal Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071522Chiu, M. J., Yang, S. Y., Horng, H. E., Yang, C. C., Chen, T. F., Chieh, J. J., Chen, H. H., Chen, T. C., Ho, C. S., Chang, S. F., Liu, H. C., Hong, C. Y., & Yang, H. C. (2013). Combined plasma biomarkers for diagnosing mild cognition impairment and Alzheimer`s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci, 4(12), 1530-1536. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn400129pChuang, L. P., Hsu, S. C., Lin, S. W., Ko, W. S., Chen, N. H., & Tsai, Y. H. (2008). Prevalence of snoring and witnessed apnea in Taiwanese adults. Chang Gung Med J, 31(2), 175-181.Dalmases, M., Solé-Padullés, C., Torres, M., Embid, C., Nuñez, M. D., Martínez-Garcia, M. Á., Farré, R., Bargalló, N., Bartrés-Faz, D., & Montserrat, J. M. (2015). Effect of CPAP on Cognition, Brain Function, and Structure Among Elderly Patients With OSA: A Randomized Pilot Study. Chest, 148(5), 1214-1223. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0171De Weerd, P. (2006). Attention, Neural Basis of. In. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00382Donohue, M. C., Sperling, R. A., Salmon, D. P., Rentz, D. M., Raman, R., Thomas, R. G., Weiner, M., Aisen, P. S., for the Australian Imaging, B., Ageing, L. F. S. o., Initiative, t. A. s. D. N., & Study, t. A. s. D. C. (2014). The Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite: Measuring Amyloid-Related Decline. JAMA Neurology, 71(8), 961-970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.803Drager, L. F., Jun, J. C., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2010). Metabolic consequences of intermittent hypoxia: relevance to obstructive sleep apnea. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 24(5), 843-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.011Egorov, A. V., Hamam, B. N., Fransén, E., Hasselmo, M. E., & Alonso, A. A. (2002). Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons. Nature, 420(6912), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01171Elias, A., Cummins, T., Tyrrell, R., Lamb, F., Dore, V., Williams, R., Rosenfeld, J. V., Hopwood, M., Villemagne, V. L., & Rowe, C. C. (2018). Risk of Alzheimer`s Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Amyloid-β and Tau Imaging. J Alzheimers Dis, 66(2), 733-741. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180640Engleman, H. M., Kingshott, R. N., Wraith, P. K., Mackay, T. W., Deary, I. J., & Douglas, N. J. (1999). Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure for mild sleep Apnea/Hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159(2), 461-467. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9803121Fang, H., Zhang, L. F., Meng, F. T., Du, X., & Zhou, J. N. (2010). Acute hypoxia promote the phosphorylation of tau via ERK pathway. Neurosci Lett, 474(3), 173-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.037Felver-Gant, J. C., Bruce, A. S., Zimmerman, M., Sweet, L. H., Millman, R. P., & Aloia, M. S. (2007). Working memory in obstructive sleep apnea: construct validity and treatment effects. J Clin Sleep Med, 3(6), 589-594.Fisk, J. E., & Sharp, C. A. (2004). Age-related impairment in executive functioning: updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 26(7), 874-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490510680Fujisawa, S., & Buzsáki, G. (2011). A 4 Hz oscillation adaptively synchronizes prefrontal, VTA, and hippocampal activities. Neuron, 72(1), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.018Fulda, S., & Schulz, H. (2003). Cognitive Dysfunction in Sleep-related Breathing Disorders: A Meta-analysis. Sleep research online: SRO, 5, 19-51.Garbarino, S., Bardwell, W. A., Guglielmi, O., Chiorri, C., Bonanni, E., & Magnavita, N. (2020). Association of Anxiety and Depression in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sleep Med, 18(1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2018.1545649Garbarino, S., Scoditti, E., Lanteri, P., Conte, L., Magnavita, N., & Toraldo, D. M. (2018). Obstructive Sleep Apnea With or Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Clinical and Experimental Data-Driven Phenotyping. Front Neurol, 9, 505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00505Goldstein, S., & Goldstein, M. (1990). Managing attention disorders in children: A guide for practitioners. John Wiley & Sons.Gozal, D., Daniel, J. M., & Dohanich, G. P. (2001). Behavioral and anatomical correlates of chronic episodic hypoxia during sleep in the rat. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 21(7), 2442–2450. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02442.2001Gronwall, D. M. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills, 44(2), 367-373. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367Heinzer, R., Vat, S., Marques-Vidal, P., Marti-Soler, H., Andries, D., Tobback, N., Mooser, V., Preisig, M., Malhotra, A., Waeber, G., Vollenweider, P., Tafti, M., & Haba-Rubio, J. (2015). Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the HypnoLaus study. Lancet Respir Med, 3(4), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00043-0Homack, S., & Riccio, C. A. (2006). Conners` Continuous Performance Test (2nd ed.; CCPT-II). J Atten Disord, 9(3), 556-558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705283578Hrubos-Strøm, H., Einvik, G., Nordhus, I. H., Randby, A., Pallesen, S., Moum, T., Omland, T., & Dammen, T. (2012). Sleep apnoea, anxiety, depression and somatoform pain: a community-based high-risk sample. Eur Respir J, 40(2), 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00111411Hua, M. S., Chang, S. H., & Chen, S. T. (1997). Factor structure and age effects with an aphasia test battery in normal Taiwanese adults. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1037//0894-4105.11.1.156Huang, Z. W., Zeng, H. X., Huang, Y. P., Wang, T. Z., Huang, W. S., Huang, Y. F., Lin, L., & Li, H. (2023). The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and circulating tau levels: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav, e2972. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2972Hughes, D. L., & Bryan, J. (2002). Adult age differences in strategy use during verbal fluency performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 24(5), 642-654. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.5.642.1002Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., Nagelhus, E. A., & Nedergaard, M. (2012). A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med, 4(147), 147ra111. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748Jack, C. R., Jr., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Weiner, M. W., Petersen, R. C., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2010). Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer`s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol, 9(1), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70299-6Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., Wierenga, C., Corey-Bloom, J., Salmon, D. P., & Delis, D. C. (2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 17(5), 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819431d5JASP team (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.4) [Computer software].Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/14.6.540Ju, Y.-E. S., Lucey, B. P., & Holtzman, D. M. (2014). Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology—a bidirectional relationship. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(2), 115-119. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.269Ju, Y.-E. S., Zangrilli, M. A., Finn, M. B., Fagan, A. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea treatment, slow wave activity, and amyloid-β. Annals of Neurology, 85(2), 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25408Jurádo-Gámez, B., Guglielmi, O., Gude, F., & Buela-Casal, G. (2016). Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on cognitive functions in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Neurología (English Edition), 31(5), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.03.008Kandel, E. R. (2006). In search of memory: The emergence of a new science of mind. W W Norton & Co.Kanski, J., Aksenova, M., Schöneich, C., & Butterfield, D. A. (2002). Substitution of isoleucine-31 by helical-breaking proline abolishes oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Alzheimer`s amyloid beta-peptide. Free radical biology & medicine, 32(11), 1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00821-3Kaur, C., & Ling, E. A. (2008). Blood brain barrier in hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Curr Neurovasc Res, 5(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720208783565645Koh, H. E., van Vliet, S., Cao, C., Patterson, B. W., Reeds, D. N., Laforest, R., Gropler, R. J., Ju, Y. S., & Mittendorfer, B. (2022). Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on glucose metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol, 186(4), 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-1025Kong, W., Zheng, Y., Xu, W., Gu, H., & Wu, J. (2021). Biomarkers of Alzheimer`s disease in severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in the Chinese population. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 278(3), 865-872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05948-2Kylstra, W. A., Aaronson, J. A., Hofman, W. F., & Schmand, B. A. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning after CPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev, 17(5), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.002Lacasse, Y., Godbout, C., & Sériès, F. (2002). Health-related quality of life in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J, 19(3), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00216902Largo-Barrientos, P., Apóstolo, N., Creemers, E., Callaerts-Vegh, Z., Swerts, J., Davies, C., McInnes, J., Wierda, K., De Strooper, B., Spires-Jones, T., de Wit, J., Uytterhoeven, V., & Verstreken, P. (2021). Lowering Synaptogyrin-3 expression rescues Tau-induced memory defects and synaptic loss in the presence of microglial activation. Neuron, 109(5), 767-777.e765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.016Lau, E. Y., Eskes, G. A., Morrison, D. L., Rajda, M., & Spurr, K. F. (2010). Executive function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 16(6), 1077-1088. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000901Lavie, L. (2015). Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia--revisited--the bad ugly and good: implications to the heart and brain. Sleep Med Rev, 20, 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.003Lesné, S., Koh, M. T., Kotilinek, L., Kayed, R., Glabe, C. G., Yang, A., Gallagher, M., & Ashe, K. H. (2006). A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature, 440(7082), 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04533Li, L., Zhang, X., Yang, D., Luo, G., Chen, S., & Le, W. (2009). Hypoxia increases Abeta generation by altering beta- and gamma-cleavage of APP. Neurobiol Aging, 30(7), 1091-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.011Liguori, C., Chiaravalloti, A., Izzi, F., Nuccetelli, M., Bernardini, S., Schillaci, O., Mercuri, N. B., & Placidi, F. (2017). Sleep apnoeas may represent a reversible risk factor for amyloid-β pathology. Brain, 140(12), e75. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx281Liguori, C., Mercuri, N. B., Nuccetelli, M., Izzi, F., Cordella, A., Bernardini, S., & Placidi, F. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea may induce orexinergic system and cerebral β-amyloid metabolism dysregulation: is it a further proof for Alzheimer`s disease risk? Sleep Med, 56, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.003Liu, S. A., & Liu, C. Y. (2004). Prevalence of snoring in Taichung area: an epidemiological study. J Chin Med Assoc, 67(1), 32-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15077888/Liu, X., Wei, Z., Chen, L., Duan, W., Li, H., Kong, L., Shu, Y., Li, P., Li, K., Xie, W., Zeng, Y., Huang, L., Long, T., & Peng, D. (2022). Effects of 3-month CPAP therapy on brain structure in obstructive sleep apnea: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Front Neurol, 13, 913193. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.913193Lloyd, E. E., Durgan, D. J., Martini, S. R., & Bryan, R. M. (2015). Pathological effects of obstructive apneas during the sleep cycle in an animal model of cerebral small vessel disease. Hypertension, 66(4), 913-917. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05764Lochhead, J. J., McCaffrey, G., Quigley, C. E., Finch, J., DeMarco, K. M., Nametz, N., & Davis, T. P. (2010). Oxidative stress increases blood-brain barrier permeability and induces alterations in occludin during hypoxia-reoxygenation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 30(9), 1625-1636. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.29Logan, G. D. (1994). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users` guide to the stop signal paradigm. In Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language. (pp. 189-239). Academic Press.Lopez, O. L., Chang, Y., Ives, D. G., Snitz, B. E., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Carlson, M. C., Rapp, S. R., Williamson, J. D., Tracy, R. P., DeKosky, S. T., & Kuller, L. H. (2019). Blood amyloid levels and risk of dementia in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (GEMS): A longitudinal analysis. Alzheimer`s & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer`s Association, 15(8), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.008Lue, L. F., Sabbagh, M. N., Chiu, M. J., Jing, N., Snyder, N. L., Schmitz, C., Guerra, A., Belden, C. M., Chen, T. F., Yang, C. C., Yang, S. Y., Walker, D. G., Chen, K., & Reiman, E. M. (2017). Plasma Levels of Aβ42 and Tau Identified Probable Alzheimer`s Dementia: Findings in Two Cohorts. Front Aging Neurosci, 9, 226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00226Luz, G. P., Guimarães, T. M., Weaver, T. E., Nery, L. E., LO, E. S., Badke, L., Coelho, G., Millani-Carneiro, A., Tufik, S., & Bittencourt, L. (2016). Impaired sustained attention and lapses are present in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 20(2), 681-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-015-1279-7Macchitella, L., Romano, D. L., Marinelli, C. V., Toraldo, D. M., Arigliani, M., De Benedetto, M., & Angelelli, P. (2021). Neuropsychological and socio-cognitive deficits in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 43(5), 514-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2021.1944609Madaeva, I., Semenova, N., Ukhinov, E., Kurashova, N., Sholohov, L., Kolesnikov, S., & Kolesnikova, L. (2019). Plasma Amiloid β42 in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea before and after CPAP-Therapy: Pilot Study. International Journal of Biomedicine, 9, 205-209. https://doi.org/10.21103/Article9(3)_OA3Masa, J. F., & Corral-Peñafiel, J. (2014). Should use of 4 hours continuous positive airway pressure per night be considered acceptable compliance? Eur Respir J, 44(5), 1119-1120. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00121514McDonnell, M., Dill, L., Panos, S., Amano, S., Brown, W., Giurgius, S., Small, G., & Miller, K. (2020). Verbal fluency as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr, 32(9), 1055-1062. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610219000644Medicine, A. A. o. S. (2014). International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd ed.Mehra, S., Ghimire, R. H., Mingi, J. J., Hatch, M., Garg, H., Adams, R., & Heraganahally, S. S. (2020). Gender Differences in the Clinical and Polysomnographic Characteristics Among Australian Aboriginal Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Nat Sci Sleep, 12, 593-602. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.S258330Milton, V. J., & Sweeney, S. T. (2012). Oxidative stress in synapse development and function. Developmental Neurobiology, 72(1), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20957Mirandez, R. M., Aprahamian, I., Talib, L. L., Forlenza, O. V., & Radanovic, M. (2017). Multiple category verbal fluency in mild cognitive impairment and correlation with CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer`s disease. Int Psychogeriatr, 29(6), 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000102Mirrakhimov, A. E., Sooronbaev, T., & Mirrakhimov, E. M. (2013). Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in Asian adults: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Pulm Med, 13, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-10Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol, 41(1), 49-100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Miyamoto, O., & Auer, R. N. (2000). Hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia, and brain necrosis. Neurology, 54(2), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.54.2.362Monsell, S. (1996). Control of mental processes. In Unsolved Mysteries of the Mind. V. Bruce, ed. (Hove: Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis), 93-148.Motamedi, V., Kanefsky, R., Matsangas, P., Mithani, S., Jeromin, A., Brock, M. S., Mysliwiec, V., & Gill, J. (2018). Elevated tau and interleukin-6 concentrations in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med, 43, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1121Naëgelé, B., Thouvard, V., Pépin, J. L., Lévy, P., Bonnet, C., Perret, J. E., Pellat, J., & Feuerstein, C. (1995). Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep, 18(1), 43-52.Neumann, K., Farías, G., Slachevsky, A., Perez, P., & Maccioni, R. B. (2011). Human platelets tau: a potential peripheral marker for Alzheimer`s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 25(1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2011-101641Nissim, N. R., O`Shea, A. M., Bryant, V., Porges, E. C., Cohen, R., & Woods, A. J. (2016). Frontal Structural Neural Correlates of Working Memory Performance in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci, 8, 328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00328Nozawa, S., Urushihata, K., Machida, R., & Hanaoka, M. (2022). Sleep architecture of short sleep time in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective single-facility study. Sleep Breath, 26(4), 1633-1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02533-7O`Connor, C., Thornley, K. S., & Hanly, P. J. (2000). Gender differences in the polysomnographic features of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161(5), 1465-1472. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9904121Ohayon, M. M. (2003). The effects of breathing-related sleep disorders on mood disturbances in the general population. J Clin Psychiatry, 64(10), 1195-1200; quiz, 1274-1196. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v64n1009Olaithe, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2013). Executive Dysfunction in OSA Before and After Treatment: A Meta-Analysis. Sleep, 36(9), 1297-1305. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2950The Oxford handbook of memory. (2000). Oxford University Press.Pai, M. C., Wu, C. C., Hou, Y. C., Jeng, J. S., Tang, S. C., Lin, W. C., Lu, C. H., Chiu, M. J., Chen, T. F., Yan, S. H., Hu, C. J., & Yang, S. Y. (2022). Evidence of plasma biomarkers indicating high risk of dementia in cognitively normal subjects. Sci Rep, 12(1), 1192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05177-zPan, M. L., Tsao, H. M., Hsu, C. C., Wu, K. M., Hsu, T. S., Wu, Y. T., & Hu, G. C. (2016). Bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and depression: A population-based longitudinal study. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(37), e4833. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000004833Patil, S. P., Ayappa, I. A., Caples, S. M., Kimoff, R. J., Patel, S. R., & Harrod, C. G. (2019). Treatment of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Positive Airway Pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15(02), 335-343. https://doi.org/doi:10.5664/jcsm.7640Peppard, P. E., Szklo-Coxe, M., Hla, K. M., & Young, T. (2006). Longitudinal association of sleep-related breathing disorder and depression. Arch Intern Med, 166(16), 1709-1715. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.16.1709Petersen, R. C., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Geda, Y. E., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., & Jack, C. R., Jr. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment: ten years later. Arch Neurol, 66(12), 1447-1455. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.266Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol, 56(3), 303-308. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.3.303Pillai, J. A., Bonner-Jackson, A., Walker, E., Mourany, L., & Cummings, J. L. (2014). Higher working memory predicts slower functional decline in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer`s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 38(3-4), 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362715Piller, C. (2022). Blots on a field? Science, 377(6604), 358-363. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add9993Planel, E., Miyasaka, T., Launey, T., Chui, D. H., Tanemura, K., Sato, S., Murayama, O., Ishiguro, K., Tatebayashi, Y., & Takashima, A. (2004). Alterations in glucose metabolism induce hypothermia leading to tau hyperphosphorylation through differential inhibition of kinase and phosphatase activities: implications for Alzheimer`s disease. J Neurosci, 24(10), 2401-2411. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5561-03.2004Powell, N. B., Schechtman, K. B., Riley, R. W., Guilleminault, C., Chiang, R. P.-Y., & Weaver, E. M. (2007). Sleepy Driver Near-Misses May Predict Accident Risks. Sleep, 30(3), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.3.331Przybylska-Kuć, S., Zakrzewski, M., Dybała, A., Kiciński, P., Dzida, G., Myśliński, W., Prystupa, A., Mosiewicz-Madejska, B., & Mosiewicz, J. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of Alzheimer`s disease. PLoS One, 14(9), e0221255. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221255Qiao, Z., Wang, G., Zhao, X., Wang, K., Fan, D., Chen, Q., & Ai, L. (2022). Neuropsychological Performance Is Correlated With Tau Protein Deposition and Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Alzheimer`s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci, 14, 841942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.841942Ranganath, C., Cohen, M. X., Dam, C., & D`Esposito, M. (2004). Inferior temporal, prefrontal, and hippocampal contributions to visual working memory maintenance and associative memory retrieval. J Neurosci, 24(16), 3917-3925. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5053-03.2004Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013). About sleep`s role in memory. Physiol Rev, 93(2), 681-766. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2012Richards, K. C., Gooneratne, N., Dicicco, B., Hanlon, A., Moelter, S., Onen, F., Wang, Y., Sawyer, A., Weaver, T., Lozano, A., Carter, P., & Johnson, J. (2019). CPAP Adherence May Slow 1-Year Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Apnea. J Am Geriatr Soc, 67(3), 558-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15758Rizzolo, L., Narbutas, J., Van Egroo, M., Chylinski, D., Besson, G., Baillet, M., Ali Bahri, M., Salmon, E., Maquet, P., Vandewalle, G., Bastin, C., & Collette, F. (2021). Relationship between brain AD biomarkers and episodic memory performance in healthy aging. Brain and Cognition, 148, 105680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105680Roberts, K. F., Elbert, D. L., Kasten, T. P., Patterson, B. W., Sigurdson, W. C., Connors, R. E., Ovod, V., Munsell, L. Y., Mawuenyega, K. G., Miller-Thomas, M. M., Moran, C. J., Cross, D. T., 3rd, Derdeyn, C. P., & Bateman, R. J. (2014). Amyloid-β efflux from the central nervous system into the plasma. Ann Neurol, 76(6), 837-844. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24270Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014). Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 44(10), 2029-2040. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002535Rosenzweig, I., Glasser, M., Crum, W. R., Kempton, M. J., Milosevic, M., McMillan, A., Leschziner, G. D., Kumari, V., Goadsby, P., Simonds, A. K., Williams, S. C., & Morrell, M. J. (2016). Changes in Neurocognitive Architecture in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. EBioMedicine, 7, 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.020Sagare, A. P., Bell, R. D., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2012). Neurovascular dysfunction and faulty amyloid β-peptide clearance in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a011452Scullin, M. K., & Bliwise, D. L. (2015). Sleep, cognition, and normal aging: integrating a half century of multidisciplinary research. Perspect Psychol Sci, 10(1), 97-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614556680Shahveisi, K., Jalali, A., Moloudi, M. R., Moradi, S., Maroufi, A., & Khazaie, H. (2018). Sleep Architecture in Patients With Primary Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Basic Clin Neurosci, 9(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.29252/nirp.Bcn.9.2.147Sharma, H., Sharma, S. K., Kadhiravan, T., Mehta, M., Sreenivas, V., Gulati, V., & Sinha, S. (2010). Pattern & correlates of neurocognitive dysfunction in Asian Indian adults with severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Indian J Med Res, 132, 409-414.Sharma, R. A., Varga, A. W., Bubu, O. M., Pirraglia, E., Kam, K., Parekh, A., Wohlleber, M., Miller, M. D., Andrade, A., Lewis, C., Tweardy, S., Buj, M., Yau, P. L., Sadda, R., Mosconi, L., Li, Y., Butler, T., Glodzik, L., Fieremans, E., . . . Osorio, R. S. (2018). Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity Affects Amyloid Burden in Cognitively Normal Elderly. A Longitudinal Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 197(7), 933-943. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201704-0704OCShiota, S., Takekawa, H., Matsumoto, S. E., Takeda, K., Nurwidya, F., Yoshioka, Y., Takahashi, F., Hattori, N., Tabira, T., Mochizuki, H., & Takahashi, K. (2013). Chronic intermittent hypoxia/reoxygenation facilitate amyloid-β generation in mice. J Alzheimers Dis, 37(2), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-130419Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Jr., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., Park, D. C., Reiman, E. M., Rowe, C. C., Siemers, E., Stern, Y., Yaffe, K., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., Morrison-Bogorad, M., . . . Phelps, C. H. (2011). Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer`s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer`s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer`s disease. Alzheimers Dement, 7(3), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003Squire, L. R., & Zola, S. M. (1996). Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93(24), 13515-13522. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.24.13515Stern, C. E., Sherman, S. J., Kirchhoff, B. A., & Hasselmo, M. E. (2001). Medial temporal and prefrontal contributions to working memory tasks with novel and familiar stimuli. Hippocampus, 11(4), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1048Stranks, E. K., & Crowe, S. F. (2016). The Cognitive Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Updated Meta-analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(2), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv087Su, B., Wang, X., Lee, H. G., Tabaton, M., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., & Zhu, X. (2010). Chronic oxidative stress causes increased tau phosphorylation in M17 neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett, 468(3), 267-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.010Subramanian, S., Hesselbacher, S., Mattewal, A., & Surani, S. (2013). Gender and age influence the effects of slow-wave sleep on respiration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 17(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011-0644-4Summers, M. J., & Saunders, N. L. J. (2012). Neuropsychological measures predict decline to Alzheimer`s dementia from mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 26(4), 498-508. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028576Sun, H., Gao, Y., Li, M., Zhang, S., Shen, T., Yuan, X., Shang, X., Li, Z., & Zhang, J. (2022). Altered amyloid-β and tau proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med, 94, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.021Sun, X., He, G., Qing, H., Zhou, W., Dobie, F., Cai, F., Staufenbiel, M., Huang, L. E., & Song, W. (2006). Hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer`s disease pathogenesis by up-regulating BACE1 gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(49), 18727–18732. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606298103Teunissen, C. E., Chiu, M. J., Yang, C. C., Yang, S. Y., Scheltens, P., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2018). Plasma Amyloid-β (Aβ42) Correlates with Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ42 in Alzheimer`s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 62(4), 1857-1863. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170784Togo, T., Katsuse, O., & Iseki, E. (2004). Nitric oxide pathways in Alzheimer`s disease and other neurodegenerative dementias. Neurological Research, 26(5), 563-566. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164104225016236Tsai, C. Y., Liu, Y. S., Majumdar, A., Houghton, R., Lin, S. Y., Lin, Y. T., Ho, S. C., Cheng, W. H., Liu, W. T., Wu, D., Lee, H. C., Kuan, Y. C., Hsu, W. H., Hsu, S. M., Lo, C. C., Chiu, P. C., Chen, Y. R., Lo, K., Chen, C. I., Lai, H. J., … Chen, C. Y. (2022). Association between cyclic variation in the heart rate index and biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 98, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.01.019Tsai, M.-S., Li, H.-Y., Huang, C.-G., Wang, R. Y. L., Chuang, L.-P., Chen, N.-H., Liu, C.-H., Yang, Y.-H., Liu, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-M., Cheng, W.-N., & Lee, L.-A. (2020). Risk of Alzheimer`s Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients With or Without Treatment: Real-World Evidence. The Laryngoscope, 130(9), 2292-2298. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28558Tsai, P.-S., Wang, S.-Y., Wang, M.-Y., Su, C.-T., Yang, T.-T., Huang, C.-J., & Fang, S.-C. (2005). Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in Primary Insomnia and Control Subjects. Quality of Life Research, 14(8), 1943-1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005-4346-xUpton, J. (2013). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In M. D. Gellman & J. R. Turner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (pp. 178-179). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_441Verstraeten E. (2007). Neurocognitive effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 7(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-007-0012-8Wallace, A., & Bucks, R. S. (2013). Memory and obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep, 36(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2374Wang, M.-L., Wang, C., Tuo, M., Yu, Y., Wang, L., Yu, J.-T., Tan, L., & Chi, S. (2020). Cognitive Effects of Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Alzheimer`s Disease, 75, 705-715. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200088Weaver, T. E., & Grunstein, R. R. (2008). Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: the challenge to effective treatment. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 5(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200708-119MGWerner, J. K., Shahim, P., Pucci, J. U., Lai, C., Raiciulescu, S., Gill, J. M., Nakase-Richardson, R., Diaz-Arrastia, R., & Kenney, K. (2021). Poor sleep correlates with biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild traumatic brain injury patients: a CENC study. Sleep, 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa272Winer, J. R., Mander, B. A., Helfrich, R. F., Maass, A., Harrison, T. M., Baker, S. L., Knight, R. T., Jagust, W. J., & Walker, M. P. (2019). Sleep as a Potential Biomarker of Tau and β-Amyloid Burden in the Human Brain. J Neurosci, 39(32), 6315-6324. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0503-19.2019Wirth, M., Oh, H., Mormino, E. C., Markley, C., Landau, S. M., & Jagust, W. J. (2013). The effect of amyloid β on cognitive decline is modulated by neural integrity in cognitively normal elderly. Alzheimers Dement, 9(6), 687-698.e681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.012Witt, K. A., Mark, K. S., Hom, S., & Davis, T. P. (2003). Effects of hypoxia-reoxygenation on rat blood-brain barrier permeability and tight junctional protein expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 285(6), H2820-2831. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00589.2003Witt, K. A., Mark, K. S., Sandoval, K. E., & Davis, T. P. (2008). Reoxygenation stress on blood-brain barrier paracellular permeability and edema in the rat. Microvasc Res, 75(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2007.06.004Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., Takano, T., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain. Science, 342(6156), 373-377. https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.1241224Yaffe, K., Laffan, A. M., Harrison, S. L., Redline, S., Spira, A. P., Ensrud, K. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Stone, K. L. (2011). Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Hypoxia, and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Women. JAMA, 306(6), 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1115Yaffe, K., Nettiksimmons, J., Yesavage, J., & Byers, A. (2015). Sleep Quality and Risk of Dementia Among Older Male Veterans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23(6), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.02.008Yanagisawa, M., Planel, E., Ishiguro, K., & Fujita, S. C. (1999). Starvation induces tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse brain: implications for Alzheimer`s disease. FEBS Lett, 461(3), 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01480-5Young, T., Palta, M., Dempsey, J., Skatrud, J., Weber, S., & Badr, S. (1993). The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med, 328(17), 1230-1235. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199304293281704Yun, C. H., Lee, H. Y., Lee, S. K., Kim, H., Seo, H. S., Bang, S. A., Kim, S. E., Greve, D. N., Au, R., Shin, C., & Thomas, R. J. (2017). Amyloid Burden in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Alzheimers Dis, 59(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-161047Yun, G., Kim, H. J., Kim, H. G., Lee, K. M., Hong, I. K., Kim, S. H., Rhee, H. Y., Jahng, G. H., Yoon, S. S., Park, K. C., Hwang, K. S., & Lee, J. S. (2021). Association Between Plasma Amyloid-β and Neuropsychological Performance in Patients With Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci, 13, 736937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.736937Zhang, Y., Huang, N. Q., Yan, F., Jin, F., Zhou, S. Y., Shi, J. S., Jin, F. (2018) Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease: GSK-3β as a potential link. Behavioural Brain Research, 339, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.015Zhao, Z. A., Ning, Y. L., Li, P., Yang, N., Peng, Y., Xiong, R. P., Zhao, Y., Liu, D., Zeng, X. J., Chen, J. F., & Zhou, Y. G. (2017). Widespread hyperphosphorylated tau in the working memory circuit early after cortical impact injury of brain (Original study). Behav Brain Res, 323, 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.002Zimmerman, M. E., Arnedt, J. T., Stanchina, M., Millman, R. P., & Aloia, M. S. (2006). Normalization of memory performance and positive airway pressure adherence in memory-impaired patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 130(6), 1772-1778. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.6.1772Zlokovic, B. V. (2005). Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer`s neurodegeneration. Trends in Neurosciences, 28(4), 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.02.001 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
108752007資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108752007 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊建銘 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Chien-Ming en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林家玉 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Chia-Yu en_US dc.creator (作者) 林家玉 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Chia-Yu en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 6-Jul-2023 16:58:03 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 6-Jul-2023 16:58:03 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Jul-2023 16:58:03 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108752007 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/145911 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108752007 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 研究目的：阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症患者（Obstructive Sleep Apnea，OSA）的認知功能有受損的表現，而近期被發現顯著累積於OSA患者腦部乙型類澱粉樣蛋白（amyloid β，Aβ）和Tau蛋白可能是背後其中一個機制；OSA主要的治療方式為正壓呼吸器（positvie airway pressure，PAP），PAP能改善OSA患者認知功能表現，但對Aβ和Tau蛋白的效果仍未知。因此，本研究欲再次驗證PAP對OSA患者認知功能表現的效果，並且探究其對血漿中Aβ和Tau蛋白指標的效果，以及前述兩者改變間的關聯性，以進一步澄清OSA患者認知功能受損的背後機制。研究方法：共包含兩個研究，研究一為橫斷設計，受試者均為40至70歲達國際睡眠疾患分類系統第三版（International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition）重度的OSA患者，並且招募21位尚未接受治療的組別作為對照組與15位長期穩定使用PAP至少三個月的組別（PAP組），進行認知功能測驗表現（包含克氏持續度表現測驗第三版、字詞配對記憶測驗、聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版及語言流暢性測驗）和血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白濃度的組間比較。接下來，研究二為縱貫設計，針對研究一對照組願意使用PAP的受試者（N = 12），進行使用至少三個月PAP的前後認知功能測驗表現和血漿中Aβ和Tau蛋白濃度的組內比較，以及前述兩者改變的相關分析。研究結果：研究一的PAP組在字詞配對測驗和聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版ISI2.0s的表現顯著好於對照組，血漿Tau蛋白濃度也顯著低於對照組。其餘認知功能表現和血漿Aβ濃度則未達顯著差異。此外，研究二的結果顯示，PAP介入的後測之字詞配對測驗表現顯著好於前測，聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版ISI2.0s表現的進步則達近似顯著水準，其餘認知功能表現與血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白無任何顯著差異；相關分析中，血漿Aβ濃度降低，與字詞配對測驗立即回憶序列A表現的進步呈顯著相關，而血漿Tau蛋白濃度減少，與聽覺數字記憶廣度測驗修正版ISI2.0s和克氏持續度表現測驗第三版的部分指標的改善呈顯著相關。結論：綜合兩研究結果，關於認知功能表現，PAP介入具有改善OSA患者語文記憶力和工作記憶表現的效果；而關於降低血漿Tau蛋白的效果仍需未來研究加以驗證。此外，雖然本研究未觀察到PAP介入對血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白有顯著效果，但是認知功能表現與血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白濃度的關聯性，可以反映出作為OSA患者認知功能受損的其中機制，以及PAP對OSA患者認知功能表現改善的可能因素之一。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Objectives: Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) exhibit cognitive deficits. Recent studies have reported higher amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins in OSA patients than normal control, which might be a contributing factor for the cognitive deficits in OSA patients. Since positive airway pressure (PAP), main treatment of OSA, was found to improve patients’ cognitive function, the currently study aims to: 1) replicate the effect of PAP treatment on cognitive functions and explore the effect of PAP treatment on amyloid-beta and tau proteins, and 2) examine the association between the changes in amyloid-beta and tau proteins and improvement in cognitive function after PAP intervention, in order to further the understanding of the mechanism of cognitive deficits in OSA patients.Methods: There are two studies. Study one is a cross-sectional design with 36 subjects who aged 40 to 70 and met the diagnosis criteria of severe OSA of International Classification of Sleep Disorders, including 21 untreated patients as control group and 15 patients using PAP stably at least three months as PAP group. All subjects received cognitive tests (Conner’s continuous performance test, edition 3 [CPT-III], verbal paired association, paced auditory serial addition test [PASAT-R], and sematic verbal fluency test) and the blood-test for plasma amyloid-beta and tau proteins. Study two is a longitudinal design with 12 subjects from the control group of Study one who were willing to undergo PAP therapy, and received cognitive tests and the blood-test for plasma amyloid-beta and tau proteins again after at least 3 months of PAP intervention.Results: In Study one, the PAP group showed significantly better performance in verbal paired association and PASAT-R ISI2.0s ,and lower level in plasma tau proteins compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed in other cognitive functions or plasma Aβ levels. In Study two, the results indicated a significant improvement in verbal paired association from pre-test to post-test, and a marginally significant improvement in PASAT-R ISI2.0s. However, no significant differences were found in other measures of cognitive functions, or plasma Aβ or tau proteins levels. Additionaly, the decrease amyloid-beta after treatment correlated significantly with improved performance on the first immediate recall sequence of paired associates; tau proteins reduction correlated with improved performance on PASAT-R 2.0s and some measures of CPT-III. The rest of the comparisons and correlations did not show significant results.Conclusions: The combined results of the two studies indicate that PAP treatment is effective in improving verbal memory and working memory; further research is needed to validate the potential effect of reducing plasma tau proteins. Additionally, although study two did not observe significant effects of PAP intervention on plasma Aβ and tau proteins, the correlation between the improvement of cognitive performance and the reduction of plasma Aβ and tau proteins levels reflects the possibility that the accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins is a possible pathophysiology for the cognitive deficits in OSA patients, as well as a potential factor for the improvement of cognitive function with PAP intervention. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機和目的 1第二章 文獻探討 3第一節 阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症 3（一）阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症之診斷 3（二）OSA的影響 4第二節 OSA患者的認知功能受損與機制 5（一）注意力 5（二）記憶力 7（三）執行功能 11（四）小結 13第三節 OSA與乙型類澱粉樣、TAU蛋白 14（一）乙型類澱粉樣蛋白和Tau蛋白 14（二）OSA患者的Aβ和Tau蛋白 15（三）小結 21第四節 OSA與正壓呼吸器的介入 22（一）正壓呼吸器 22（二）OSA患者認知功能受損與PAP的介入 23（三）OSA患者的Aβ和Tau蛋白與正壓呼吸器的介入 25（四）小結 26第五節 研究問題與假設 26（一）研究一：橫斷研究 27（二）研究二：縱貫研究 28第三章 研究一：橫斷研究 30第一節 研究方法與程序 30（一）研究對象 30（二）研究流程 31（三）研究工具 33（四）資料處理方式 38第二節 研究結果 38（一）受試者基本資料 38（二）組間比較結果 43第四章 研究二：縱貫研究 47第一節 研究方法與程序 47（一）研究對象 47（二）研究流程 47（三）研究工具 49（四）資料處理方式 49第二節 研究結果 49（一）受試者基本資料 49（二）組內前後比較結果 53（三）變項前後改變間的相關分析 57（四）缺失資料分析 60第五章 綜合討論與總結 61第一節 綜合討論 61（一）PAP對OSA患者認知功能的效果 61（二）PAP對OSA患者血漿Aβ和Tau蛋白的效果 66（三）Aβ和Tau蛋白與認知功能的關聯性 69（四）性別差異 72第二節 限制與建議 75第三節 總結與臨床應用 76參考文獻 77附錄一 艾普沃茲嗜睡量表 96附錄二 匹茲堡睡眠品質量表 97 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3887840 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108752007 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正壓呼吸器 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知功能 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Amyloid-β zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tau蛋白 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Obstructive Sleep Apnea en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Positive airway pressure en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cognitive functions en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Amyloid-β en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tau proteins en_US dc.title (題名) 正壓呼吸器介入對阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症認知功能與AMYLOID-β和TAU蛋白指標的效果探討 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Effect of Positive Airway Pressure on Cognitive Function and Amyloid-β and Tau Proteins Levels in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 車先蕙、盧孟良、陳錫中、張尚文、李宇宙（2006）。中文版貝克焦慮量表之信效度。臺灣醫學，10(4)，447-454。花茂棽、張本聖、林克能、楊建銘、盧小蓉、陳心怡（2005）魏氏記憶量表第三版（WMS–III）中文版。中國行為科學社。陳勁秀（2010）台灣正常中老年人語意流暢度測驗之北部地區常模研究［未出版之碩士論文］。國立台灣大學理學院心理學研究所。柳孟瑩（2013）台灣正常人修訂版時限聽覺序列加法測驗之常模研究［未出版之碩士論文］。國立台灣大學理學院心理學研究所。盧孟良、車先蕙、張尚文、沈武典（200）。中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版之信度和效度。台灣精神醫學，15(4)，301-109。陳心怡（2000）。貝克憂鬱量表第二版（BDI-II）中文版。台北：中國行為科學社。Aaronson, J. A., Hofman, W. F., van Bennekom, C. A., van Bezeij, T., van den Aardweg, J. G., Groet, E., Kylstra, W. A., & Schmand, B. (2016). Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Cognitive and Functional Outcome of Stroke Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Sleep Med, 12(4), 533-541. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5684Adams, J. N., Lockhart, S. N., Li, L., & Jagust, W. J. (2019). Relationships Between Tau and Glucose Metabolism Reflect Alzheimer`s Disease Pathology in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. Cereb Cortex, 29(5), 1997-2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy078Adams, N., Strauss, M., Schluchter, M., & Redline, S. (2001). Relation of measures of sleep-disordered breathing to neuropsychological functioning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163(7), 1626-1631. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2004014Adrover-Roig, D., Sesé, A., Barceló, F., & Palmer, A. (2012). A latent variable approach to executive control in healthy ageing. Brain Cogn, 78(3), 284-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.005Alden, E. C., Pudumjee, S. B., Lundt, E. S., Albertson, S. M., Machulda, M. M., Kremers, W. K., Jack Jr, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Mielke, M. M., & Stricker, N. H. (2021). Diagnostic accuracy of the Cogstate Brief Battery for prevalent MCI and prodromal AD (MCI A+T+) in a population-based sample. Alzheimer`s & Dementia, 17(4), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12219Aloia, M. S., Arnedt, J. T., Davis, J. D., Riggs, R. L., & Byrd, D. (2004). Neuropsychological sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a critical review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 10(5), 772-785. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617704105134Aloia, M. S., Knoepke, C. E., & Lee-Chiong, T. (2010). The new local coverage determination criteria for adherence to positive airway pressure treatment: testing the limits? Chest, 138(4), 875-879. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2237American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596André, C., Rehel, S., Kuhn, E., Landeau, B., Moulinet, I., Touron, E., Ourry, V., Le Du, G., Mézenge, F., Tomadesso, C., de Flores, R., Bejanin, A., Sherif, S., Delcroix, N., Manrique, A., Abbas, A., Marchant, N. L., Lutz, A., Klimecki, O. M., Collette, F., … Medit-Ageing Research Group (2020). Association of Sleep-Disordered Breathing With Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA neurology, 77(6), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0311Antic, N. A., Catcheside, P., Buchan, C., Hensley, M., Naughton, M. T., Rowland, S., Williamson, B., Windler, S., & McEvoy, R. D. (2011). The Effect of CPAP in Normalizing Daytime Sleepiness, Quality of Life, and Neurocognitive Function in Patients with Moderate to Severe OSA. Sleep, 34(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.1.111Arzt, M., Young, T., Finn, L., Skatrud, J. B., & Bradley, T. D. (2005). Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172(11), 1447-1451. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200505-702OCAtkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 2, pp. 89-195). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3Ayalon, L., Ancoli-Israel, S., Aka, A. A., McKenna, B. S., & Drummond, S. P. (2009). Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea severity and brain activation during a sustained attention task. Sleep, 32(3), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.3.373Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1Barthélemy, N. R., Liu, H., Lu, W., Kotzbauer, P. T., Bateman, R. J., & Lucey, B. P. (2020). Sleep Deprivation Affects Tau Phosphorylation in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. Ann Neurol, 87(5), 700-709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25702Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004Beebe, D. W., & Gozal, D. (2002). Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res, 11(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00289.xBeebe, D. W., Groesz, L., Wells, C., Nichols, A., & McGee, K. (2003). The neuropsychological effects of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of norm-referenced and case-controlled data. Sleep, 26(3), 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.3.298Bell, R. D., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2009). Neurovascular mechanisms and blood-brain barrier disorder in Alzheimer`s disease. Acta Neuropathol, 118(1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-009-0522-3Berry, R. B., Albertario, C. L. H., Susan M , Lloyd, R. M., Plante, D. T., Quan, S. F., Troester, M. M., Vaughn, B. V., & Medicine, f. t. A. A. o. S. (2018). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Bhuniya, S., Goyal, M., Chowdhury, N., & Mishra, P. (2022). Intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption in obstructive sleep apnea increase serum tau and amyloid-beta levels. Journal of Sleep Research, 31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13566Biundo, F., Del Prete, D., Zhang, H., Arancio, O., & D`Adamio, L. (2018). A role for tau in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep, 8(1), 3184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21596-3Bålfors, E. M., & Franklin, K. A. (1994). Impairment of cerebral perfusion during obstructive sleep apneas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150(6 Pt 1), 1587-1591. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952619Bondi, M. W., Edmonds, E. C., Jak, A. J., Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Libon, D. J., Au, R., Galasko, D., & Salmon, D. P. (2014). Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment improves diagnostic precision, biomarker associations, and progression rates. J Alzheimers Dis, 42(1), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-140276BORBÉLY, A. A., & ACHERMANN, P. (1992). Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview. Journal of Sleep Research, 1(2), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.1992.tb00013.xBraak, H., Thal, D. R., Ghebremedhin, E., & Del Tredici, K. (2011). Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 70(11), 960-969. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e318232a379Brier, M. R., Gordon, B., Friedrichsen, K., McCarthy, J., Stern, A., Christensen, J., Owen, C., Aldea, P., Su, Y., Hassenstab, J., Cairns, N. J., Holtzman, D. M., Fagan, A. M., Morris, J. C., Benzinger, T. L., & Ances, B. M. (2016). Tau and Aβ imaging, CSF measures, and cognition in Alzheimer`s disease. Sci Transl Med, 8(338), 338ra366. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2362Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., & Crawford, J. R. (1997). Verbal knowledge and speed of information processing as mediators of age differences in verbal fluency performance among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12(3), 473-478. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.3.473Bu, X. L., Liu, Y. H., Wang, Q. H., Jiao, S. S., Zeng, F., Yao, X. Q., Gao, D., Chen, J. C., & Wang, Y. J. (2015). Serum amyloid-beta levels are increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sci Rep, 5, 13917. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13917Bucks, R. S., Olaithe, M., & Eastwood, P. (2013). Neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-review. Respirology, 18(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02255.xBuysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4Caramelli, P., Carthery-Goulart, M. T., Porto, C. S., Charchat-Fichman, H., & Nitrini, R. (2007). Category Fluency as a Screening Test for Alzheimer Disease in Illiterate and Literate Patients. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 21(1), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e31802f244fCarr, S. J. A., Jaeger, J., Bian, S., He, P., Maserejian, N., Wang, W., Maruff, P., Enayetallah, A., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Lerner, A., & Tatsuoka, C. (2019). Associating Cognition With Amyloid Status Using Partially Ordered Set Analysis. Front Neurol, 10, 976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00976Carvalho, D. Z., St Louis, E. K., Schwarz, C. G., Lowe, V. J., Boeve, B. F., Przybelski, S. A., Reddy, A., Mielke, M. M., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Jr., & Vemuri, P. (2020). Witnessed apneas are associated with elevated tau-PET levels in cognitively unimpaired elderly. Neurology, 94(17), e1793-e1802. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009315Castronovo, V., Scifo, P., Castellano, A., Aloia, M. S., Iadanza, A., Marelli, S., Cappa, S. F., Strambi, L. F., & Falini, A. (2014). White Matter Integrity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea before and after Treatment. Sleep, 37(9), 1465-1475. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3994Chang, W. P., Liu, M. E., Chang, W. C., Yang, A. C., Ku, Y. C., Pai, J. T., Huang, H. L., & Tsai, S. J. (2013). Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: a population-based 5-year follow-up study in Taiwan. PLoS One, 8(10), e78655. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078655Chen, N. H., Johns, M. W., Li, H. Y., Chu, C. C., Liang, S. C., Shu, Y. H., Chuang, M. L., & Wang, P. C. (2002). Validation of a Chinese version of the Epworth sleepiness scale. Qual Life Res, 11(8), 817-821. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020818417949Chen, Y. S., Chen, M. H., Wang, P. M., Lu, C. H., Chen, H. L., & Lin, W. C. (2022). Increased Levels of Plasma Alzheimer`s Disease Biomarkers and Their Associations with Brain Structural Changes and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Cognitively Normal Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071522Chiu, M. J., Yang, S. Y., Horng, H. E., Yang, C. C., Chen, T. F., Chieh, J. J., Chen, H. H., Chen, T. C., Ho, C. S., Chang, S. F., Liu, H. C., Hong, C. Y., & Yang, H. C. (2013). Combined plasma biomarkers for diagnosing mild cognition impairment and Alzheimer`s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci, 4(12), 1530-1536. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn400129pChuang, L. P., Hsu, S. C., Lin, S. W., Ko, W. S., Chen, N. H., & Tsai, Y. H. (2008). Prevalence of snoring and witnessed apnea in Taiwanese adults. Chang Gung Med J, 31(2), 175-181.Dalmases, M., Solé-Padullés, C., Torres, M., Embid, C., Nuñez, M. D., Martínez-Garcia, M. Á., Farré, R., Bargalló, N., Bartrés-Faz, D., & Montserrat, J. M. (2015). Effect of CPAP on Cognition, Brain Function, and Structure Among Elderly Patients With OSA: A Randomized Pilot Study. Chest, 148(5), 1214-1223. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0171De Weerd, P. (2006). Attention, Neural Basis of. In. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00382Donohue, M. C., Sperling, R. A., Salmon, D. P., Rentz, D. M., Raman, R., Thomas, R. G., Weiner, M., Aisen, P. S., for the Australian Imaging, B., Ageing, L. F. S. o., Initiative, t. A. s. D. N., & Study, t. A. s. D. C. (2014). The Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite: Measuring Amyloid-Related Decline. JAMA Neurology, 71(8), 961-970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.803Drager, L. F., Jun, J. C., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2010). Metabolic consequences of intermittent hypoxia: relevance to obstructive sleep apnea. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 24(5), 843-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.011Egorov, A. V., Hamam, B. N., Fransén, E., Hasselmo, M. E., & Alonso, A. A. (2002). Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons. Nature, 420(6912), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01171Elias, A., Cummins, T., Tyrrell, R., Lamb, F., Dore, V., Williams, R., Rosenfeld, J. V., Hopwood, M., Villemagne, V. L., & Rowe, C. C. (2018). Risk of Alzheimer`s Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Amyloid-β and Tau Imaging. J Alzheimers Dis, 66(2), 733-741. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180640Engleman, H. M., Kingshott, R. N., Wraith, P. K., Mackay, T. W., Deary, I. J., & Douglas, N. J. (1999). Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure for mild sleep Apnea/Hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159(2), 461-467. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9803121Fang, H., Zhang, L. F., Meng, F. T., Du, X., & Zhou, J. N. (2010). Acute hypoxia promote the phosphorylation of tau via ERK pathway. Neurosci Lett, 474(3), 173-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.037Felver-Gant, J. C., Bruce, A. S., Zimmerman, M., Sweet, L. H., Millman, R. P., & Aloia, M. S. (2007). Working memory in obstructive sleep apnea: construct validity and treatment effects. J Clin Sleep Med, 3(6), 589-594.Fisk, J. E., & Sharp, C. A. (2004). Age-related impairment in executive functioning: updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 26(7), 874-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490510680Fujisawa, S., & Buzsáki, G. (2011). A 4 Hz oscillation adaptively synchronizes prefrontal, VTA, and hippocampal activities. Neuron, 72(1), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.018Fulda, S., & Schulz, H. (2003). Cognitive Dysfunction in Sleep-related Breathing Disorders: A Meta-analysis. Sleep research online: SRO, 5, 19-51.Garbarino, S., Bardwell, W. A., Guglielmi, O., Chiorri, C., Bonanni, E., & Magnavita, N. (2020). Association of Anxiety and Depression in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behav Sleep Med, 18(1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2018.1545649Garbarino, S., Scoditti, E., Lanteri, P., Conte, L., Magnavita, N., & Toraldo, D. M. (2018). Obstructive Sleep Apnea With or Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Clinical and Experimental Data-Driven Phenotyping. Front Neurol, 9, 505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00505Goldstein, S., & Goldstein, M. (1990). Managing attention disorders in children: A guide for practitioners. John Wiley & Sons.Gozal, D., Daniel, J. M., & Dohanich, G. P. (2001). Behavioral and anatomical correlates of chronic episodic hypoxia during sleep in the rat. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 21(7), 2442–2450. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02442.2001Gronwall, D. M. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills, 44(2), 367-373. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367Heinzer, R., Vat, S., Marques-Vidal, P., Marti-Soler, H., Andries, D., Tobback, N., Mooser, V., Preisig, M., Malhotra, A., Waeber, G., Vollenweider, P., Tafti, M., & Haba-Rubio, J. (2015). Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the HypnoLaus study. Lancet Respir Med, 3(4), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00043-0Homack, S., & Riccio, C. A. (2006). Conners` Continuous Performance Test (2nd ed.; CCPT-II). J Atten Disord, 9(3), 556-558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705283578Hrubos-Strøm, H., Einvik, G., Nordhus, I. H., Randby, A., Pallesen, S., Moum, T., Omland, T., & Dammen, T. (2012). Sleep apnoea, anxiety, depression and somatoform pain: a community-based high-risk sample. Eur Respir J, 40(2), 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00111411Hua, M. S., Chang, S. H., & Chen, S. T. (1997). Factor structure and age effects with an aphasia test battery in normal Taiwanese adults. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1037//0894-4105.11.1.156Huang, Z. W., Zeng, H. X., Huang, Y. P., Wang, T. Z., Huang, W. S., Huang, Y. F., Lin, L., & Li, H. (2023). The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and circulating tau levels: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav, e2972. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2972Hughes, D. L., & Bryan, J. (2002). Adult age differences in strategy use during verbal fluency performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 24(5), 642-654. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.5.642.1002Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., Nagelhus, E. A., & Nedergaard, M. (2012). A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med, 4(147), 147ra111. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748Jack, C. R., Jr., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Weiner, M. W., Petersen, R. C., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2010). Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer`s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol, 9(1), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70299-6Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., Wierenga, C., Corey-Bloom, J., Salmon, D. P., & Delis, D. C. (2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 17(5), 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819431d5JASP team (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.4) [Computer software].Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/14.6.540Ju, Y.-E. S., Lucey, B. P., & Holtzman, D. M. (2014). Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology—a bidirectional relationship. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(2), 115-119. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.269Ju, Y.-E. S., Zangrilli, M. A., Finn, M. B., Fagan, A. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea treatment, slow wave activity, and amyloid-β. Annals of Neurology, 85(2), 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25408Jurádo-Gámez, B., Guglielmi, O., Gude, F., & Buela-Casal, G. (2016). Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on cognitive functions in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Neurología (English Edition), 31(5), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.03.008Kandel, E. R. (2006). In search of memory: The emergence of a new science of mind. W W Norton & Co.Kanski, J., Aksenova, M., Schöneich, C., & Butterfield, D. A. (2002). Substitution of isoleucine-31 by helical-breaking proline abolishes oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Alzheimer`s amyloid beta-peptide. Free radical biology & medicine, 32(11), 1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00821-3Kaur, C., & Ling, E. A. (2008). Blood brain barrier in hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Curr Neurovasc Res, 5(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720208783565645Koh, H. E., van Vliet, S., Cao, C., Patterson, B. W., Reeds, D. N., Laforest, R., Gropler, R. J., Ju, Y. S., & Mittendorfer, B. (2022). Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on glucose metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol, 186(4), 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-1025Kong, W., Zheng, Y., Xu, W., Gu, H., & Wu, J. (2021). Biomarkers of Alzheimer`s disease in severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in the Chinese population. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 278(3), 865-872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05948-2Kylstra, W. A., Aaronson, J. A., Hofman, W. F., & Schmand, B. A. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning after CPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev, 17(5), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.002Lacasse, Y., Godbout, C., & Sériès, F. (2002). Health-related quality of life in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J, 19(3), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00216902Largo-Barrientos, P., Apóstolo, N., Creemers, E., Callaerts-Vegh, Z., Swerts, J., Davies, C., McInnes, J., Wierda, K., De Strooper, B., Spires-Jones, T., de Wit, J., Uytterhoeven, V., & Verstreken, P. (2021). Lowering Synaptogyrin-3 expression rescues Tau-induced memory defects and synaptic loss in the presence of microglial activation. Neuron, 109(5), 767-777.e765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.016Lau, E. Y., Eskes, G. A., Morrison, D. L., Rajda, M., & Spurr, K. F. (2010). Executive function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 16(6), 1077-1088. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000901Lavie, L. (2015). Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia--revisited--the bad ugly and good: implications to the heart and brain. Sleep Med Rev, 20, 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.003Lesné, S., Koh, M. T., Kotilinek, L., Kayed, R., Glabe, C. G., Yang, A., Gallagher, M., & Ashe, K. H. (2006). A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature, 440(7082), 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04533Li, L., Zhang, X., Yang, D., Luo, G., Chen, S., & Le, W. (2009). Hypoxia increases Abeta generation by altering beta- and gamma-cleavage of APP. Neurobiol Aging, 30(7), 1091-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.011Liguori, C., Chiaravalloti, A., Izzi, F., Nuccetelli, M., Bernardini, S., Schillaci, O., Mercuri, N. B., & Placidi, F. (2017). Sleep apnoeas may represent a reversible risk factor for amyloid-β pathology. Brain, 140(12), e75. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx281Liguori, C., Mercuri, N. B., Nuccetelli, M., Izzi, F., Cordella, A., Bernardini, S., & Placidi, F. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea may induce orexinergic system and cerebral β-amyloid metabolism dysregulation: is it a further proof for Alzheimer`s disease risk? Sleep Med, 56, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.003Liu, S. A., & Liu, C. Y. (2004). Prevalence of snoring in Taichung area: an epidemiological study. J Chin Med Assoc, 67(1), 32-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15077888/Liu, X., Wei, Z., Chen, L., Duan, W., Li, H., Kong, L., Shu, Y., Li, P., Li, K., Xie, W., Zeng, Y., Huang, L., Long, T., & Peng, D. (2022). Effects of 3-month CPAP therapy on brain structure in obstructive sleep apnea: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Front Neurol, 13, 913193. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.913193Lloyd, E. E., Durgan, D. J., Martini, S. R., & Bryan, R. M. (2015). Pathological effects of obstructive apneas during the sleep cycle in an animal model of cerebral small vessel disease. Hypertension, 66(4), 913-917. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05764Lochhead, J. J., McCaffrey, G., Quigley, C. E., Finch, J., DeMarco, K. M., Nametz, N., & Davis, T. P. (2010). Oxidative stress increases blood-brain barrier permeability and induces alterations in occludin during hypoxia-reoxygenation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 30(9), 1625-1636. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.29Logan, G. D. (1994). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users` guide to the stop signal paradigm. In Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language. (pp. 189-239). Academic Press.Lopez, O. L., Chang, Y., Ives, D. G., Snitz, B. E., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Carlson, M. C., Rapp, S. R., Williamson, J. D., Tracy, R. P., DeKosky, S. T., & Kuller, L. H. (2019). Blood amyloid levels and risk of dementia in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (GEMS): A longitudinal analysis. Alzheimer`s & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer`s Association, 15(8), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.008Lue, L. F., Sabbagh, M. N., Chiu, M. J., Jing, N., Snyder, N. L., Schmitz, C., Guerra, A., Belden, C. M., Chen, T. F., Yang, C. C., Yang, S. Y., Walker, D. G., Chen, K., & Reiman, E. M. (2017). Plasma Levels of Aβ42 and Tau Identified Probable Alzheimer`s Dementia: Findings in Two Cohorts. Front Aging Neurosci, 9, 226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00226Luz, G. P., Guimarães, T. M., Weaver, T. E., Nery, L. E., LO, E. S., Badke, L., Coelho, G., Millani-Carneiro, A., Tufik, S., & Bittencourt, L. (2016). Impaired sustained attention and lapses are present in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 20(2), 681-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-015-1279-7Macchitella, L., Romano, D. L., Marinelli, C. V., Toraldo, D. M., Arigliani, M., De Benedetto, M., & Angelelli, P. (2021). Neuropsychological and socio-cognitive deficits in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 43(5), 514-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2021.1944609Madaeva, I., Semenova, N., Ukhinov, E., Kurashova, N., Sholohov, L., Kolesnikov, S., & Kolesnikova, L. (2019). Plasma Amiloid β42 in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea before and after CPAP-Therapy: Pilot Study. International Journal of Biomedicine, 9, 205-209. https://doi.org/10.21103/Article9(3)_OA3Masa, J. F., & Corral-Peñafiel, J. (2014). Should use of 4 hours continuous positive airway pressure per night be considered acceptable compliance? Eur Respir J, 44(5), 1119-1120. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00121514McDonnell, M., Dill, L., Panos, S., Amano, S., Brown, W., Giurgius, S., Small, G., & Miller, K. (2020). Verbal fluency as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr, 32(9), 1055-1062. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610219000644Medicine, A. A. o. S. (2014). International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd ed.Mehra, S., Ghimire, R. H., Mingi, J. J., Hatch, M., Garg, H., Adams, R., & Heraganahally, S. S. (2020). Gender Differences in the Clinical and Polysomnographic Characteristics Among Australian Aboriginal Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Nat Sci Sleep, 12, 593-602. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.S258330Milton, V. J., & Sweeney, S. T. (2012). Oxidative stress in synapse development and function. Developmental Neurobiology, 72(1), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20957Mirandez, R. M., Aprahamian, I., Talib, L. L., Forlenza, O. V., & Radanovic, M. (2017). Multiple category verbal fluency in mild cognitive impairment and correlation with CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer`s disease. Int Psychogeriatr, 29(6), 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000102Mirrakhimov, A. E., Sooronbaev, T., & Mirrakhimov, E. M. (2013). Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in Asian adults: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Pulm Med, 13, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-10Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol, 41(1), 49-100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Miyamoto, O., & Auer, R. N. (2000). Hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia, and brain necrosis. Neurology, 54(2), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.54.2.362Monsell, S. (1996). Control of mental processes. In Unsolved Mysteries of the Mind. V. Bruce, ed. (Hove: Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis), 93-148.Motamedi, V., Kanefsky, R., Matsangas, P., Mithani, S., Jeromin, A., Brock, M. S., Mysliwiec, V., & Gill, J. (2018). Elevated tau and interleukin-6 concentrations in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med, 43, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1121Naëgelé, B., Thouvard, V., Pépin, J. L., Lévy, P., Bonnet, C., Perret, J. E., Pellat, J., & Feuerstein, C. (1995). Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep, 18(1), 43-52.Neumann, K., Farías, G., Slachevsky, A., Perez, P., & Maccioni, R. B. (2011). Human platelets tau: a potential peripheral marker for Alzheimer`s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 25(1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2011-101641Nissim, N. R., O`Shea, A. M., Bryant, V., Porges, E. C., Cohen, R., & Woods, A. J. (2016). Frontal Structural Neural Correlates of Working Memory Performance in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci, 8, 328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00328Nozawa, S., Urushihata, K., Machida, R., & Hanaoka, M. (2022). Sleep architecture of short sleep time in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective single-facility study. Sleep Breath, 26(4), 1633-1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02533-7O`Connor, C., Thornley, K. S., & Hanly, P. J. (2000). Gender differences in the polysomnographic features of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161(5), 1465-1472. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9904121Ohayon, M. M. (2003). The effects of breathing-related sleep disorders on mood disturbances in the general population. J Clin Psychiatry, 64(10), 1195-1200; quiz, 1274-1196. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v64n1009Olaithe, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2013). Executive Dysfunction in OSA Before and After Treatment: A Meta-Analysis. Sleep, 36(9), 1297-1305. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2950The Oxford handbook of memory. (2000). Oxford University Press.Pai, M. C., Wu, C. C., Hou, Y. C., Jeng, J. S., Tang, S. C., Lin, W. C., Lu, C. H., Chiu, M. J., Chen, T. F., Yan, S. H., Hu, C. J., & Yang, S. Y. (2022). Evidence of plasma biomarkers indicating high risk of dementia in cognitively normal subjects. Sci Rep, 12(1), 1192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05177-zPan, M. L., Tsao, H. M., Hsu, C. C., Wu, K. M., Hsu, T. S., Wu, Y. T., & Hu, G. C. (2016). Bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and depression: A population-based longitudinal study. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(37), e4833. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000004833Patil, S. P., Ayappa, I. A., Caples, S. M., Kimoff, R. J., Patel, S. R., & Harrod, C. G. (2019). Treatment of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Positive Airway Pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15(02), 335-343. https://doi.org/doi:10.5664/jcsm.7640Peppard, P. E., Szklo-Coxe, M., Hla, K. M., & Young, T. (2006). Longitudinal association of sleep-related breathing disorder and depression. Arch Intern Med, 166(16), 1709-1715. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.16.1709Petersen, R. C., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Geda, Y. E., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., & Jack, C. R., Jr. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment: ten years later. Arch Neurol, 66(12), 1447-1455. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.266Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol, 56(3), 303-308. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.3.303Pillai, J. A., Bonner-Jackson, A., Walker, E., Mourany, L., & Cummings, J. L. (2014). Higher working memory predicts slower functional decline in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer`s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 38(3-4), 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362715Piller, C. (2022). Blots on a field? Science, 377(6604), 358-363. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add9993Planel, E., Miyasaka, T., Launey, T., Chui, D. H., Tanemura, K., Sato, S., Murayama, O., Ishiguro, K., Tatebayashi, Y., & Takashima, A. (2004). Alterations in glucose metabolism induce hypothermia leading to tau hyperphosphorylation through differential inhibition of kinase and phosphatase activities: implications for Alzheimer`s disease. J Neurosci, 24(10), 2401-2411. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5561-03.2004Powell, N. B., Schechtman, K. B., Riley, R. W., Guilleminault, C., Chiang, R. P.-Y., & Weaver, E. M. (2007). Sleepy Driver Near-Misses May Predict Accident Risks. Sleep, 30(3), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.3.331Przybylska-Kuć, S., Zakrzewski, M., Dybała, A., Kiciński, P., Dzida, G., Myśliński, W., Prystupa, A., Mosiewicz-Madejska, B., & Mosiewicz, J. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of Alzheimer`s disease. PLoS One, 14(9), e0221255. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221255Qiao, Z., Wang, G., Zhao, X., Wang, K., Fan, D., Chen, Q., & Ai, L. (2022). Neuropsychological Performance Is Correlated With Tau Protein Deposition and Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Alzheimer`s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci, 14, 841942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.841942Ranganath, C., Cohen, M. X., Dam, C., & D`Esposito, M. (2004). Inferior temporal, prefrontal, and hippocampal contributions to visual working memory maintenance and associative memory retrieval. J Neurosci, 24(16), 3917-3925. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5053-03.2004Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013). About sleep`s role in memory. Physiol Rev, 93(2), 681-766. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2012Richards, K. C., Gooneratne, N., Dicicco, B., Hanlon, A., Moelter, S., Onen, F., Wang, Y., Sawyer, A., Weaver, T., Lozano, A., Carter, P., & Johnson, J. (2019). CPAP Adherence May Slow 1-Year Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Apnea. J Am Geriatr Soc, 67(3), 558-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15758Rizzolo, L., Narbutas, J., Van Egroo, M., Chylinski, D., Besson, G., Baillet, M., Ali Bahri, M., Salmon, E., Maquet, P., Vandewalle, G., Bastin, C., & Collette, F. (2021). Relationship between brain AD biomarkers and episodic memory performance in healthy aging. Brain and Cognition, 148, 105680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105680Roberts, K. F., Elbert, D. L., Kasten, T. P., Patterson, B. W., Sigurdson, W. C., Connors, R. E., Ovod, V., Munsell, L. Y., Mawuenyega, K. G., Miller-Thomas, M. M., Moran, C. J., Cross, D. T., 3rd, Derdeyn, C. P., & Bateman, R. J. (2014). Amyloid-β efflux from the central nervous system into the plasma. Ann Neurol, 76(6), 837-844. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24270Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014). Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 44(10), 2029-2040. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002535Rosenzweig, I., Glasser, M., Crum, W. R., Kempton, M. J., Milosevic, M., McMillan, A., Leschziner, G. D., Kumari, V., Goadsby, P., Simonds, A. K., Williams, S. C., & Morrell, M. J. (2016). Changes in Neurocognitive Architecture in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. EBioMedicine, 7, 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.020Sagare, A. P., Bell, R. D., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2012). Neurovascular dysfunction and faulty amyloid β-peptide clearance in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a011452Scullin, M. K., & Bliwise, D. L. (2015). Sleep, cognition, and normal aging: integrating a half century of multidisciplinary research. Perspect Psychol Sci, 10(1), 97-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614556680Shahveisi, K., Jalali, A., Moloudi, M. R., Moradi, S., Maroufi, A., & Khazaie, H. (2018). Sleep Architecture in Patients With Primary Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Basic Clin Neurosci, 9(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.29252/nirp.Bcn.9.2.147Sharma, H., Sharma, S. K., Kadhiravan, T., Mehta, M., Sreenivas, V., Gulati, V., & Sinha, S. (2010). Pattern & correlates of neurocognitive dysfunction in Asian Indian adults with severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Indian J Med Res, 132, 409-414.Sharma, R. A., Varga, A. W., Bubu, O. M., Pirraglia, E., Kam, K., Parekh, A., Wohlleber, M., Miller, M. D., Andrade, A., Lewis, C., Tweardy, S., Buj, M., Yau, P. L., Sadda, R., Mosconi, L., Li, Y., Butler, T., Glodzik, L., Fieremans, E., . . . Osorio, R. S. (2018). Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity Affects Amyloid Burden in Cognitively Normal Elderly. A Longitudinal Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 197(7), 933-943. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201704-0704OCShiota, S., Takekawa, H., Matsumoto, S. E., Takeda, K., Nurwidya, F., Yoshioka, Y., Takahashi, F., Hattori, N., Tabira, T., Mochizuki, H., & Takahashi, K. (2013). Chronic intermittent hypoxia/reoxygenation facilitate amyloid-β generation in mice. J Alzheimers Dis, 37(2), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-130419Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Jr., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., Park, D. C., Reiman, E. M., Rowe, C. C., Siemers, E., Stern, Y., Yaffe, K., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., Morrison-Bogorad, M., . . . Phelps, C. H. (2011). Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer`s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer`s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer`s disease. Alzheimers Dement, 7(3), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003Squire, L. R., & Zola, S. M. (1996). Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93(24), 13515-13522. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.24.13515Stern, C. E., Sherman, S. J., Kirchhoff, B. A., & Hasselmo, M. E. (2001). Medial temporal and prefrontal contributions to working memory tasks with novel and familiar stimuli. Hippocampus, 11(4), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1048Stranks, E. K., & Crowe, S. F. (2016). The Cognitive Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Updated Meta-analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(2), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv087Su, B., Wang, X., Lee, H. G., Tabaton, M., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., & Zhu, X. (2010). Chronic oxidative stress causes increased tau phosphorylation in M17 neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett, 468(3), 267-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.010Subramanian, S., Hesselbacher, S., Mattewal, A., & Surani, S. (2013). Gender and age influence the effects of slow-wave sleep on respiration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 17(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011-0644-4Summers, M. J., & Saunders, N. L. J. (2012). Neuropsychological measures predict decline to Alzheimer`s dementia from mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 26(4), 498-508. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028576Sun, H., Gao, Y., Li, M., Zhang, S., Shen, T., Yuan, X., Shang, X., Li, Z., & Zhang, J. (2022). Altered amyloid-β and tau proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med, 94, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.021Sun, X., He, G., Qing, H., Zhou, W., Dobie, F., Cai, F., Staufenbiel, M., Huang, L. E., & Song, W. (2006). Hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer`s disease pathogenesis by up-regulating BACE1 gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(49), 18727–18732. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606298103Teunissen, C. E., Chiu, M. J., Yang, C. C., Yang, S. Y., Scheltens, P., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2018). Plasma Amyloid-β (Aβ42) Correlates with Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ42 in Alzheimer`s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 62(4), 1857-1863. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170784Togo, T., Katsuse, O., & Iseki, E. (2004). Nitric oxide pathways in Alzheimer`s disease and other neurodegenerative dementias. Neurological Research, 26(5), 563-566. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164104225016236Tsai, C. Y., Liu, Y. S., Majumdar, A., Houghton, R., Lin, S. Y., Lin, Y. T., Ho, S. C., Cheng, W. H., Liu, W. T., Wu, D., Lee, H. C., Kuan, Y. C., Hsu, W. H., Hsu, S. M., Lo, C. C., Chiu, P. C., Chen, Y. R., Lo, K., Chen, C. I., Lai, H. J., … Chen, C. Y. (2022). Association between cyclic variation in the heart rate index and biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 98, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.01.019Tsai, M.-S., Li, H.-Y., Huang, C.-G., Wang, R. Y. L., Chuang, L.-P., Chen, N.-H., Liu, C.-H., Yang, Y.-H., Liu, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-M., Cheng, W.-N., & Lee, L.-A. (2020). Risk of Alzheimer`s Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients With or Without Treatment: Real-World Evidence. The Laryngoscope, 130(9), 2292-2298. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28558Tsai, P.-S., Wang, S.-Y., Wang, M.-Y., Su, C.-T., Yang, T.-T., Huang, C.-J., & Fang, S.-C. (2005). Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in Primary Insomnia and Control Subjects. Quality of Life Research, 14(8), 1943-1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005-4346-xUpton, J. (2013). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In M. D. Gellman & J. R. Turner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (pp. 178-179). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_441Verstraeten E. (2007). Neurocognitive effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 7(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-007-0012-8Wallace, A., & Bucks, R. S. (2013). Memory and obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep, 36(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2374Wang, M.-L., Wang, C., Tuo, M., Yu, Y., Wang, L., Yu, J.-T., Tan, L., & Chi, S. (2020). Cognitive Effects of Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Alzheimer`s Disease, 75, 705-715. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200088Weaver, T. E., & Grunstein, R. R. (2008). Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: the challenge to effective treatment. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 5(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200708-119MGWerner, J. K., Shahim, P., Pucci, J. U., Lai, C., Raiciulescu, S., Gill, J. M., Nakase-Richardson, R., Diaz-Arrastia, R., & Kenney, K. (2021). Poor sleep correlates with biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild traumatic brain injury patients: a CENC study. Sleep, 44(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa272Winer, J. R., Mander, B. A., Helfrich, R. F., Maass, A., Harrison, T. M., Baker, S. L., Knight, R. T., Jagust, W. J., & Walker, M. P. (2019). Sleep as a Potential Biomarker of Tau and β-Amyloid Burden in the Human Brain. J Neurosci, 39(32), 6315-6324. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0503-19.2019Wirth, M., Oh, H., Mormino, E. C., Markley, C., Landau, S. M., & Jagust, W. J. (2013). The effect of amyloid β on cognitive decline is modulated by neural integrity in cognitively normal elderly. Alzheimers Dement, 9(6), 687-698.e681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.012Witt, K. A., Mark, K. S., Hom, S., & Davis, T. P. (2003). Effects of hypoxia-reoxygenation on rat blood-brain barrier permeability and tight junctional protein expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 285(6), H2820-2831. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00589.2003Witt, K. A., Mark, K. S., Sandoval, K. E., & Davis, T. P. (2008). Reoxygenation stress on blood-brain barrier paracellular permeability and edema in the rat. Microvasc Res, 75(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2007.06.004Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., Takano, T., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain. Science, 342(6156), 373-377. https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.1241224Yaffe, K., Laffan, A. M., Harrison, S. L., Redline, S., Spira, A. P., Ensrud, K. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Stone, K. L. (2011). Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Hypoxia, and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Women. JAMA, 306(6), 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1115Yaffe, K., Nettiksimmons, J., Yesavage, J., & Byers, A. (2015). Sleep Quality and Risk of Dementia Among Older Male Veterans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23(6), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.02.008Yanagisawa, M., Planel, E., Ishiguro, K., & Fujita, S. C. (1999). Starvation induces tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse brain: implications for Alzheimer`s disease. FEBS Lett, 461(3), 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01480-5Young, T., Palta, M., Dempsey, J., Skatrud, J., Weber, S., & Badr, S. (1993). The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med, 328(17), 1230-1235. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199304293281704Yun, C. H., Lee, H. Y., Lee, S. K., Kim, H., Seo, H. S., Bang, S. A., Kim, S. E., Greve, D. N., Au, R., Shin, C., & Thomas, R. J. (2017). Amyloid Burden in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Alzheimers Dis, 59(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-161047Yun, G., Kim, H. J., Kim, H. G., Lee, K. M., Hong, I. K., Kim, S. H., Rhee, H. Y., Jahng, G. H., Yoon, S. S., Park, K. C., Hwang, K. S., & Lee, J. S. (2021). Association Between Plasma Amyloid-β and Neuropsychological Performance in Patients With Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci, 13, 736937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.736937Zhang, Y., Huang, N. Q., Yan, F., Jin, F., Zhou, S. Y., Shi, J. S., Jin, F. (2018) Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease: GSK-3β as a potential link. Behavioural Brain Research, 339, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.015Zhao, Z. A., Ning, Y. L., Li, P., Yang, N., Peng, Y., Xiong, R. P., Zhao, Y., Liu, D., Zeng, X. J., Chen, J. F., & Zhou, Y. G. (2017). Widespread hyperphosphorylated tau in the working memory circuit early after cortical impact injury of brain (Original study). Behav Brain Res, 323, 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.002Zimmerman, M. E., Arnedt, J. T., Stanchina, M., Millman, R. P., & Aloia, M. S. (2006). Normalization of memory performance and positive airway pressure adherence in memory-impaired patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 130(6), 1772-1778. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.6.1772Zlokovic, B. V. (2005). Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer`s neurodegeneration. Trends in Neurosciences, 28(4), 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.02.001 zh_TW
