學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 元宇宙促發創新的機會與挑戰
Entrepreneurship in the metaverse: exploring the opportunities and challenges of metaverse-enabled technologies
作者 黃成霖
Huang, Cheng-Lin
貢獻者 尚孝純
Shari Shang
黃成霖
Huang, Cheng-Lin
關鍵詞 擴增實境
區塊鏈科技
創新
虛擬實境
元宇宙
Augmented Reality
Blockchain technology
Innovation
Virtual Reality
Metaverse
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 13:44:18 (UTC+8)
摘要 Abstract
The rapid development of Metaverse-enabled technologies has revolutionized how humans interact and create new experiences. Today, people engage and create new experiences using Metaverse-enabled technologies. Entrepreneurs have never-before-seen opportunities to develop new goods and services in this ecosystem. The paper focuses on various uses of Metaverse-enabled technologies that entrepreneurs can employ within this new space. These uses entail virtual reality, augmented reality, blockchain technologies, cryptocurrencies, and artificial intelligence. It examines the development of the Metaverse, its potential for entrepreneurship, and the main challenges posed by technology supporting it. The paper also explores start-up businesses in the Metaverse with a specific interest in Oculus, a VR company that can access the Metaverse. The findings highlighted in the potential of these technologies to transform various industries and improve user experiences. Virtual reality enables companies to build virtual worlds and interact with customers on a new level, while blockchain offers secure transactions and decentralized marketplaces. Artificial intelligence complements virtual reality and blockchain by enhancing user experiences and enabling personalized content. However, scalability, interoperability, and regulatory challenges must be addressed. The importance of entrepreneurship in the Metaverse will rise as platforms for the Metaverse continue to develop, offering new opportunities for business owners to launch cutting-edge ventures and support societal advancement. The study`s findings unveil the immense potential and complex challenges that are interconnected with entrepreneurial pursuits within the Metaverse.
參考文獻 Reference
Abbaszade, R. N. (2022). “Cracking down” metaverse – existed and potential economic impacts and state interventions. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33856.00001/1
Ali Abbasi, G., Abdul Rahim, N. F., Wu, H., Iranmanesh, M., & Keong, B. N. C. (2022). Determinants of SME’s Social Media Marketing Adoption: Competitive Industry as a Moderator. SAGE Open, 12(1), 215824402110672. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211067220
Ali, M., Naeem, F., Kaddoum, G., & Hossain, E. (2023, January 9). Metaverse Communications, Networking, Security, and Applications: Research Issues, State-of-the-Art, and Future Directions. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.13993
Ament, J., & Ament, B. (2021). NFTs and the Future of Commerce in the Metaverse. Journal of Business Research, 137, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.006
Amit, R., & Zott, C. (2020). Business Model Innovation Strategy: Transformational Concepts and Tools for Entrepreneurial Leaders. In Google Books. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=utP5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=IV.%09Innovation:+Cutting-edge+business+models+are+more+likely+to+succeed+than+outmoded+or+have+yet+to+change+to+reflect+modern+society.&ots=p72RHUF8Yb&sig=G_DBrW9hG4WOetoxMi_x77njYB4
Andembubtob, D. R., Keikhosrokiani, P., & Abdullah, N. L. (2023). A Concise Review on the Concept of Metaverse: Types, History, Features, and Technological Perspectives. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from www.igi-global.com website: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/a-concise-review-on-the-concept-of-Metaverse/321596
Anderson, J., & Rainie, L. (2022, June 30). The Metaverse in 2040. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech website: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/06/30/the-Metaverse-in-2040/
Ante, L. (2022). Non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: temporal development, cointegration and interrelations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2022.2119564
Armstrong, M. (2023, February 8). Infographic: Meta Leads the Way in VR Headsets. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2023, from Statista Infographics website: https://www.statista.com/chart/29398/vr-headset-kpis/
Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D., Savaliya, D., Sanghavi, S., Verma, A., Sakariya, V., ... & Manea, D. L. (2023). Towards future internet: The Metaverse perspective for diverse industrial applications. Mathematics, 11(4), 941. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/4/941
Biancone, Paolo Pietro, Secinaro, Silvana, & Kamal, Mohamad. (2019). Crowdfunding and Fintech: business model sharia compliant. https://doi.org/10.13135/2421-2172/3260
Bisset Delgado, C. (2022). User experience (UX) in Metaverse: realities and challenges. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research, 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr20229
Breese, J. L., Fox, M. A., & Vaidyanathan, G. (2020). Live music performances and the internet of things. Issues in Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.48009/3_iis_2020_179-188
Catania, G., & Giudici, G. (2021). Entrepreneurship and the Metaverse: A Future Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 137, 216-225. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.039
Chamusca, I. L., Ferreira, C. V., Murari, T. B., Apolinario, A. L., & Winkler, I. (2023). Towards Sustainable Virtual Reality: Gathering Design Guidelines for Intuitive Authoring Tools. Sustainability, 15(4), 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042924
Chen, S. H., Lin, C. H., & Wu, Y. J. (2019). Why do firms patent in China? Evidence from a panel data analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 119740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119740
Christodoulou, K., Katelaris, L., Themistocleous, M., Christodoulou, P., & Iosif, E. (2022). NFTs and the Metaverse Revolution: Research Perspectives and Open Challenges. Blockchains and the Token Economy, 139–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95108-5_6
Cipresso, P., Giglioli, I. A. C., Raya, M. A., & Riva, G. (2018). The Past, Present, and Future of Virtual and Augmented Reality Research: a Network and Cluster Analysis of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. frontiersin. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02086
Coetzee, S., Gould, M., Scott, G., & Alameh, N. (2021). Towards a sustainable geospatial ecosystem beyond SDIs 1. Retrieved from https://pcsitna.navarra.es/archivo/Documents/UNGGIM-Towards_a_Sustainable_Geospatial_Ecosystem_Beyond_SDIs_Draft_3Aug2021.pdf
Desai, P. R., Desai, P. N., Ajmera, K. D., & Mehta, K. (2014, August 5). A Review Paper on Oculus Rift-A Virtual Reality Headset. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1408.1173
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M. M., … Janssen, M. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 66(66), 102542. Sciencedirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Wang, Y., Alalwan, A. A., Ahn, S. J. (Grace), Balakrishnan, J., … Lartey, J. O. (2023). Metaverse marketing: How the Metaverse will shape the future of consumer research and practice. Psychology & Marketing, 40(4), 750–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21767
Espinoza–Guzmán, L. V., García–Herrera, D. G., Erazo–Álvarez, J. C., & Narváe–Zurita, C. I. (2020). Immersive education for entrepreneurship and management disciplines: Metaverse’s experience. Metaverse, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.54517/met.v1i1.1782
France, L. R., & Spary, S. (2020, April 24). Travis Scott’s virtual concert on Fortnite set a record. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/24/entertainment/travis-scott-fortnite-concert/index.html
George, A. H., Fernando, M., George, A. S., Baskar, T., & Pandey, D. (2021). Metaverse: The next stage of human culture and the internet. International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET), 8(12), 1-10. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Shaji-George/publication/357354932_Metaverse_The_Next_Stage_of_Human_Culture_and_the_Internet/links/61c9f701b6b5667157ac7b69/Metaverse-The-Next-Stage-of-Human-Culture-and-the-Internet.pdf
Giang Barrera, K., & Shah, D. (2023). Marketing in the Metaverse: Conceptual understanding, framework, and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 155(A), 113420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113420
Halaburda, H., Sarvary, M., & Haeringer, G. (2021, May 28). Beyond Bitcoin: The Economics of Digital Currencies and Blockchain Technologies (Chapter 3: Platform-based Currencies). Retrieved June 10, 2023, from Social Science Research Network website: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3135030
Han, J., Liu, G., & Gao, Y. (2023). Learners in the Metaverse: A Systematic Review on the Use of Roblox in Learning. Education Sciences, 13(3), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030296
Hillmann, C. (2019). Comparing the Gear VR, Oculus Go, and Oculus Quest. Unreal for Mobile and Standalone VR, 141–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4360-2_5
Hollensen, S., Kotler, P., & Opresnik, M. O. (2022). Metaverse–the new marketing universe. Journal of Business Strategy, (ahead-of-print). Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBS-01-2022-0014/full/html?utm_campaign=Emerald_Strategy_PPV_November22_RoN
Huynh-The, T., Gadekallu, T. R., Wang, W., Yenduri, G., Ranaweera, P., Pham, Q.-V., … Liyanage, M. (2023). Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review. Future Generation Computer Systems, 143, 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2023.02.008
IMARC group. (n.d.). Virtual Reality (VR) Gaming Market Size, Trends, Forecast 2022-2027. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2022, from www.imarcgroup.com website: https://www.imarcgroup.com/virtual-reality-gaming-market
Inder, S. (2023). Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Metaverse. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from www.igi-global.com website: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/entrepreneurial-opportunities-in-Metaverse/314504
Intelligence, I. (n.d.). US Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Users, 2017-2021 (millions). (n.d.). Retrieved June 1, 2023, from Insider Intelligence website: https://www.insiderintelligence.com/chart/226913/us-virtual-reality-augmented-reality-users-2017-2021-millions
Jagatheesaperumal, S.K., Ahmad, K., Ala Al-Fuqaha, & Qadir, J. (2022). Advancing Education Through Extended Reality and Internet of Everything Enabled Metaverses: Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.01512
Keiningham, T., Aksoy, L., Bruce, H. L., Cadet, F., Clennell, N., Hodgkinson, I. R., & Kearney, T. (2019c). Customer experience driven business model innovation. Journal of Business Research, 116, 431–440.
Khan, L. U., Mohsen Guizani, Niyato, D., Ala Al-Fuqaha, & Debbah, M. (2023). Metaverse for Wireless Systems: Architecture, Advances, Standardization, and Open Challenges. ArXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2301.11441
Koohang, A., Nord, J. H., Ooi, K.-B., Tan, G. W.-H., Al-Emran, M., Aw, E. C.-X., … Ueno, A. (2023). Shaping the Metaverse into Reality: a Holistic Multidisciplinary Understanding of Opportunities, Challenges, and Avenues for Future Investigation. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 63(3), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2023.2165197
Kraus, S., Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Kaur, J., Sharma, A., & Schiavone, F. (2023). From the moon landing to Metaverse: Tracing the evolution of Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189, 122381. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004016252101311X
Kshetri, N., & Voas, J. (2022). The Metaverse and Cybersecurity. Computer, 55(2), 40-51. Retrieved from https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2022/02/09657173/1CnR1V3YP6J
Kshetri, N. (2023). The Economics of the Industrial Metaverse. IT Professional, 25(1), 84-88.
Lang, B. (2021, October 7). More Than Two Years After Launch, Valve Index is Now the Second Most Used Headset on Steam. Road to VR. https://www.roadtovr.com/valve-index-second-most-used-headset-steam-vr-hardware-software-survey-september-2021/
Kumar, S. (2022, December 28). Metaverse in Gaming Market – Insights on $663.8 Billion Industry Opportunity, The Next Frontier or Hype? GlobeNewswire News Room. https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/12/28/2580214/0/en/Metaverse-in-Gaming-Market-Insights-on-663-8-Billion-Industry-Opportunity-The-Next-Frontier-or-Hype.html
Liangliang, L., Zhiyang, L., Jianyi, L., & Wei, Y. (2023). Metaverse Entrepreneurship: A New Entrepreneurial Paradigm Based on Virtue-Reality Interaction. Foreign Economics & Management, 45(03), 3-22.
Longo, M. C., & Faraci, R. (2023). Next-Generation Museum: A Metaverse Journey into the Culture. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 41(1), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.7433/s120.2023.08
McKinsey & Company. (2022). Value creation in the metaverse: The real business of the virtual world. mckinsey.com. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/marketing%20and%20sales/our%20insights/value%20creation%20in%20the%20metaverse/value-creation-in-the-metaverse
Morkunas, V. J., Paschen, J., & Boon, E. (2019). How blockchain technologies impact your business model. Business Horizons, 62(3), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.009
Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
Nah, F. F. H., Shen, D. J., Techanamurthy, U., Tong, E. K. M., Geng, H. H., Pangsapa, P., ... & Omar, B. (2022). Enhancing Literacy Education with Narrative Richness in the Metaverse. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) website: https://aisel.aisnet.org/sighci2022/20/
Novel, N. J. A., & Alexandri, M. B. (2023). Creative City Start-up Business Acceleration in the Metaverse Era: Entrepreneurial Leadership and Innovation. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 12, 216. Retrieved from https://sibresearch.org/uploads/3/4/0/9/34097180/riber_12-1_08_k22-044_216-229.pdf
Pashkov, S. (2021). Video game industry market analysis: Approaches that resulted in industry success and high demand. https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/497979/e1700994ThesisRevised.pdf?sequence=2
Patrickson, B. (2021). What do blockchain technologies imply for digital creative industries?. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(3), 585-595. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/caim.12456?casa_token=LpdmRv3ujfoAAAAA:VStm5cCTAbnjOz5KXMuQLBRDW53ucO_E7JKqh6aJQab60ZgoGknMYVyswB9aI4nxEUztC0KOIER60XxduA
Pham, Q. V., Pham, X. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Han, Z., & Kim, D. S. (2022). Artificial intelligence for the Metaverse: A survey. arXiv e-prints, arXiv-2202. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220210336H/abstract
Raina, V., Srinivas, J., & Shilpa, M. S. (2022, November 1). Metaverse - The New Age Empire: Relinquishing Our Identity to Acquire Digital Immortality. https://doi.org/10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094401
Rani, K., & Singh, S. (2023). Metaverse: An Innovative Platform for Digital Marketing. In Cultural Marketing and Metaverse for Consumer Engagement (pp. 215-223). IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/Metaverse/321742
Renz, A., & Hilbig, R. (2023). Digital Transformation of Educational Institutions Accelerated by COVID-19: A Digital Dynamic Capabilities Approach. In Beyond the Pandemic? Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Telecommunications and the Internet (pp. 103-119). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231004
Rijmenam, M. V. (2022). Step into the Metaverse: How the immersive Internet will unlock a trillion-dollar social economy. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361597678_Step_into_the_Metaverse_How_the_Immersive_Internet_Will_Unlock_a_Trillion-Dollar_Social_Economy/link/62bbb6245e258e67e10deae8/download
Ritterbusch, G. D., & Teichmann, M. R. (2023). Defining the Metaverse: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10035386/
Rubinger, L., Gazendam, A., Ekhtiari, S., Nucci, N., Payne, A., Johal, H., ... & Bhandari, M. (2020). Maximizing virtual meetings and conferences: a review of best practices. International orthopaedics, 44, 1461-1466. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-020-04615-9
Sá, M. J., & Serpa, S. (2023). Metaverse as a Learning Environment: Some Considerations. Sustainability, 15(3), 2186. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/3/2186
Sami, H., Hammoud, A., Arafeh, M., Wazzeh, M., Arisdakessian, S., Chahoud, M., ... & Guizani, M. (2023). The Metaverse: Survey, Trends, Novel Pipeline Ecosystem & Future Directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.09240. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09240
Shankar, V., Kalyanam, K., Setia, P., Golmohammadi, A., Tirunillai, S., Douglass, T., ... & Waddoups, R. (2021). How technology is changing retail. Journal of Retailing, 97(1), 13-27. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435920300695
Shen, B., Tan, W., Guo, J., Zhao, L., & Qin, P. (2021). How to promote user purchase in Metaverse? A systematic literature review on consumer behavior research and virtual commerce application design. Applied Sciences, 11(23), 11087. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/23/11087
Shuen, A., & Prendiville, S. (2021). Entrepreneurship in the Metaverse: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Business Research, 137, 212-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.041
Stoian, C. A., & Tohanean, D. (2021). Platform Business Models–A Case Study of the Technology Industry. Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(1), p18-p18. https://j.ideasspread.org/index.php/jems/article/view/803
Sutikno, T., & Aisyahrani, A. I. B. (2023). Non-fungible tokens, decentralized autonomous organizations, Web 3.0, and the Metaverse in education: From university to metaversity. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i1.20657
Sutikno, T., & Thalmann, D. (2022). Insights on the internet of things: past, present, and future directions. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 20(6), 1399-1420. http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA/article/view/22028
Terdiman, D. (2007). The entrepreneur`s guide to second life: Making money in the Metaverse. John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7neRdq6VjvQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA6&dq=The+entrepreneur%27s+guide+to+second+life:+Making+money+in+the+Metaverse.&ots=aXqfENYB76&sig=B38dIzi82fLefMOTyDlGfJl3lCI
Thakur, S. S., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Datta, D. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse: Present and Future Aspects. In The Future of Metaverse in the Virtual Era and Physical World (pp. 169-184). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-29132-6_10
The Logan Bartlett Show. (2022, September 23). Interview with Palmer Luckey (From Cartoon Avatars EP 34). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Evu5LlzXV4s
Tien, N. H., Phu, P. P., & Chi, D. T. P. (2019). The role of international marketing in international business strategy. International journal of research in marketing management and sales, 1(2), 134-138. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nguyen-Tien-32/publication/338752307_The_role_of_international_marketing_in_international_business_strategy/links/632c5662873eca0c00a8f7ae/The-role-of-international-marketing-in-international-business-strategy.pdf
Tlili, A., Huang, R., & Kinshuk, X. (2023). Metaverse for climbing the ladder toward ‘Industry 5.0’and ‘Society 5.0’?. The Service Industries Journal, 43(3-4), 260-287. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02642069.2023.2178644?casa_token=Pf_kZqC-CqkAAAAA:JnYqV3dTxi-33vFALl-Q1u96GAhiLXJXk8mo5rvP1X8Dt11_iKC51E59K3Tb5MZHG6B18XTGgeXQibnL2Q
Toxopeus, H., Achterberg, E., & Polzin, F. (2021). How can firms access bank finance for circular business model innovation? Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(6), 2773–2795. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2893
Tsaramirsis, G., Kantaros, A., Al-Darraji, I., Piromalis, D., Apostolopoulos, C., Pavlopoulou, A., ... & Khan, F. Q. (2022). A modern approach towards an industry 4.0 model: From driving technologies to management. Journal of Sensors, 2022. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/5023011/
Van Haute, E. (2021). Sampling Techniques. Research Methods in the Social Sciences: An AZ of Key Concepts; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 247. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=G8oQEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA247&dq=I.%09Sampling+technique:+Purposive+samplings+were+used+in+the+study+to+identify+people&ots=Uh5r3-OJPG&sig=llnukuA9VJLbPuzYapCZp5zlb50
Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-fungible token (NFT): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447. https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07447
Weking, J., Desouza, K. C., Fielt, E., & Kowalkiewicz, M. (2023). Metaverse-enabled entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00375
Whiting, K. (2023). Consumer, enterprise or industrial? The 3 main ways we are using the ‘metaverse’ explained. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/metaverse-use-cases-industrial-consumer-enterprise/
Wu, B., & Wu, B. (2022). Metaverse: The World Reimagined. 267–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8808-5_7
Yawised, K., Apasrawirote, D., & Boonparn, C. (2022). From traditional business shifted towards transformation: The emerging business opportunities and challenges in ‘Metaverse’era. INCBAA, 162, 175. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kritcha-Yawised/publication/360164655_From_traditional_business_shifted_towards_transformation_The_emerging_business_opportunities_and_challenges_in_`Metaverse`_era/links/626615198e6d637bd1fbc6f4/From-traditional-business-shifted-towards-transformation-The-emerging-business-opportunities-and-challenges-in-Metaverse-era.pdf
Yemenici, A. D. (2022). Entrepreneurship in The World of Metaverse: Virtual or Real? Journal of Metaverse, 2(2), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1126135
Yilmaz, M., Hacaloğlu, T., & Clarke, P. (2022). Examining the Use of Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) as a Trading Mechanism for the Metaverse. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15559-8_2
Zada, M., Yukun, C., & Zada, S. (2021). Effect of financial management practices on the development of small-to-medium size forest enterprises: Insight from Pakistan. GeoJournal, 86, 1073-1088. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-019-10111-4
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
110933018
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933018
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 尚孝純zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Shari Shangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃成霖zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huang, Cheng-Linen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃成霖zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Huang, Cheng-Linen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 13:44:18 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 13:44:18 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 13:44:18 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110933018en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146486-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110933018zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
The rapid development of Metaverse-enabled technologies has revolutionized how humans interact and create new experiences. Today, people engage and create new experiences using Metaverse-enabled technologies. Entrepreneurs have never-before-seen opportunities to develop new goods and services in this ecosystem. The paper focuses on various uses of Metaverse-enabled technologies that entrepreneurs can employ within this new space. These uses entail virtual reality, augmented reality, blockchain technologies, cryptocurrencies, and artificial intelligence. It examines the development of the Metaverse, its potential for entrepreneurship, and the main challenges posed by technology supporting it. The paper also explores start-up businesses in the Metaverse with a specific interest in Oculus, a VR company that can access the Metaverse. The findings highlighted in the potential of these technologies to transform various industries and improve user experiences. Virtual reality enables companies to build virtual worlds and interact with customers on a new level, while blockchain offers secure transactions and decentralized marketplaces. Artificial intelligence complements virtual reality and blockchain by enhancing user experiences and enabling personalized content. However, scalability, interoperability, and regulatory challenges must be addressed. The importance of entrepreneurship in the Metaverse will rise as platforms for the Metaverse continue to develop, offering new opportunities for business owners to launch cutting-edge ventures and support societal advancement. The study`s findings unveil the immense potential and complex challenges that are interconnected with entrepreneurial pursuits within the Metaverse.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Research Background 2
1.2. Success and Failure of Business Models 7
1.3. Research Motivation 10
1.4. Research Objective 11
1.5. Justifiations for the Study 12
2. Literature Review 14
2.1. The Metaverse 15
2.1.1. Research Background 15
2.1.2. Overview of Metaverse-Enabled Technologies 17
2.2. Enterpreneurship and Innovation in the Metaverse 19
2.2.1. Metaverse Innovation Ecosystem 21
2.3. Types of Metaverse Categories 22
2.4. Opportunities and Challenges for Entrepreneurship in the Metaverse 38
2.4.1. Examples of Typical Metaverse Business Models 45
3. Research Methodology 49
3.1. Research Design 49
3.2. Data Collection 50
3.3. Data Analysis 51
4. Research Results 57
4.1. Oculus Case 59
4.2. Case Analysis 60
5. Conclusion 62
5.1. Summary 62
5.2. Implications 66
5.3. Contributions 67
5.3.1. Limitations 67
5.3.2. Recommendations 69
Reference 74
Appendix 83

List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Projected horizons of Metaverse growth and adoption (Whiting, 2023) 4
Figure 2: The Seven Layers of the Metaverse (Abbaszade, 2022) 23
Figure 3: Metaverse impact potential by 2030 (McKinsey & Company, 2022) 26
Figure 4: Analysis of Oculus market trends from 2016-2021 (Amstrong, 2023) 53
Figure 5: Audience analysis for different VR companies, 2018-2019 (Lang, 2021) 54
Figure 6: Steps to prepare your business for the Metaverse (McKinsey & Company, 2022) 56
Figure 7: US Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Users, 2017-2021 (Insider Intelligence, n.d.) 59

Table 1: Consumer Metaverse sizing methodology: Forcasting potential value by 2030 (McKinsey & Company, 2022) 28
Table 2: Enterprise Metaverse sizing methodology: Forcasting potential value by 2030 (McKinsey & Company, 2022) 34
Table 3: Pathways for shaping Metaverse-enabled entrepreneurship (Weking et al, 2023) 39
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2702943 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933018en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 擴增實境zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 區塊鏈科技zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 創新zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛擬實境zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 元宇宙zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Augmented Realityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Blockchain technologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Innovationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Virtual Realityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Metaverseen_US
dc.title (題名) 元宇宙促發創新的機會與挑戰zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Entrepreneurship in the metaverse: exploring the opportunities and challenges of metaverse-enabled technologiesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reference
Abbaszade, R. N. (2022). “Cracking down” metaverse – existed and potential economic impacts and state interventions. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33856.00001/1
Ali Abbasi, G., Abdul Rahim, N. F., Wu, H., Iranmanesh, M., & Keong, B. N. C. (2022). Determinants of SME’s Social Media Marketing Adoption: Competitive Industry as a Moderator. SAGE Open, 12(1), 215824402110672. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211067220
Ali, M., Naeem, F., Kaddoum, G., & Hossain, E. (2023, January 9). Metaverse Communications, Networking, Security, and Applications: Research Issues, State-of-the-Art, and Future Directions. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.13993
Ament, J., & Ament, B. (2021). NFTs and the Future of Commerce in the Metaverse. Journal of Business Research, 137, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.006
Amit, R., & Zott, C. (2020). Business Model Innovation Strategy: Transformational Concepts and Tools for Entrepreneurial Leaders. In Google Books. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=utP5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=IV.%09Innovation:+Cutting-edge+business+models+are+more+likely+to+succeed+than+outmoded+or+have+yet+to+change+to+reflect+modern+society.&ots=p72RHUF8Yb&sig=G_DBrW9hG4WOetoxMi_x77njYB4
Andembubtob, D. R., Keikhosrokiani, P., & Abdullah, N. L. (2023). A Concise Review on the Concept of Metaverse: Types, History, Features, and Technological Perspectives. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from www.igi-global.com website: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/a-concise-review-on-the-concept-of-Metaverse/321596
Anderson, J., & Rainie, L. (2022, June 30). The Metaverse in 2040. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech website: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/06/30/the-Metaverse-in-2040/
Ante, L. (2022). Non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: temporal development, cointegration and interrelations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2022.2119564
Armstrong, M. (2023, February 8). Infographic: Meta Leads the Way in VR Headsets. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2023, from Statista Infographics website: https://www.statista.com/chart/29398/vr-headset-kpis/
Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D., Savaliya, D., Sanghavi, S., Verma, A., Sakariya, V., ... & Manea, D. L. (2023). Towards future internet: The Metaverse perspective for diverse industrial applications. Mathematics, 11(4), 941. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/4/941
Biancone, Paolo Pietro, Secinaro, Silvana, & Kamal, Mohamad. (2019). Crowdfunding and Fintech: business model sharia compliant. https://doi.org/10.13135/2421-2172/3260
Bisset Delgado, C. (2022). User experience (UX) in Metaverse: realities and challenges. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research, 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr20229
Breese, J. L., Fox, M. A., & Vaidyanathan, G. (2020). Live music performances and the internet of things. Issues in Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.48009/3_iis_2020_179-188
Catania, G., & Giudici, G. (2021). Entrepreneurship and the Metaverse: A Future Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 137, 216-225. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.039
Chamusca, I. L., Ferreira, C. V., Murari, T. B., Apolinario, A. L., & Winkler, I. (2023). Towards Sustainable Virtual Reality: Gathering Design Guidelines for Intuitive Authoring Tools. Sustainability, 15(4), 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042924
Chen, S. H., Lin, C. H., & Wu, Y. J. (2019). Why do firms patent in China? Evidence from a panel data analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 119740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119740
Christodoulou, K., Katelaris, L., Themistocleous, M., Christodoulou, P., & Iosif, E. (2022). NFTs and the Metaverse Revolution: Research Perspectives and Open Challenges. Blockchains and the Token Economy, 139–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95108-5_6
Cipresso, P., Giglioli, I. A. C., Raya, M. A., & Riva, G. (2018). The Past, Present, and Future of Virtual and Augmented Reality Research: a Network and Cluster Analysis of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. frontiersin. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02086
Coetzee, S., Gould, M., Scott, G., & Alameh, N. (2021). Towards a sustainable geospatial ecosystem beyond SDIs 1. Retrieved from https://pcsitna.navarra.es/archivo/Documents/UNGGIM-Towards_a_Sustainable_Geospatial_Ecosystem_Beyond_SDIs_Draft_3Aug2021.pdf
Desai, P. R., Desai, P. N., Ajmera, K. D., & Mehta, K. (2014, August 5). A Review Paper on Oculus Rift-A Virtual Reality Headset. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1408.1173
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M. M., … Janssen, M. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 66(66), 102542. Sciencedirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Wang, Y., Alalwan, A. A., Ahn, S. J. (Grace), Balakrishnan, J., … Lartey, J. O. (2023). Metaverse marketing: How the Metaverse will shape the future of consumer research and practice. Psychology & Marketing, 40(4), 750–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21767
Espinoza–Guzmán, L. V., García–Herrera, D. G., Erazo–Álvarez, J. C., & Narváe–Zurita, C. I. (2020). Immersive education for entrepreneurship and management disciplines: Metaverse’s experience. Metaverse, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.54517/met.v1i1.1782
France, L. R., & Spary, S. (2020, April 24). Travis Scott’s virtual concert on Fortnite set a record. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/24/entertainment/travis-scott-fortnite-concert/index.html
George, A. H., Fernando, M., George, A. S., Baskar, T., & Pandey, D. (2021). Metaverse: The next stage of human culture and the internet. International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET), 8(12), 1-10. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Shaji-George/publication/357354932_Metaverse_The_Next_Stage_of_Human_Culture_and_the_Internet/links/61c9f701b6b5667157ac7b69/Metaverse-The-Next-Stage-of-Human-Culture-and-the-Internet.pdf
Giang Barrera, K., & Shah, D. (2023). Marketing in the Metaverse: Conceptual understanding, framework, and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 155(A), 113420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113420
Halaburda, H., Sarvary, M., & Haeringer, G. (2021, May 28). Beyond Bitcoin: The Economics of Digital Currencies and Blockchain Technologies (Chapter 3: Platform-based Currencies). Retrieved June 10, 2023, from Social Science Research Network website: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3135030
Han, J., Liu, G., & Gao, Y. (2023). Learners in the Metaverse: A Systematic Review on the Use of Roblox in Learning. Education Sciences, 13(3), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030296
Hillmann, C. (2019). Comparing the Gear VR, Oculus Go, and Oculus Quest. Unreal for Mobile and Standalone VR, 141–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4360-2_5
Hollensen, S., Kotler, P., & Opresnik, M. O. (2022). Metaverse–the new marketing universe. Journal of Business Strategy, (ahead-of-print). Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBS-01-2022-0014/full/html?utm_campaign=Emerald_Strategy_PPV_November22_RoN
Huynh-The, T., Gadekallu, T. R., Wang, W., Yenduri, G., Ranaweera, P., Pham, Q.-V., … Liyanage, M. (2023). Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review. Future Generation Computer Systems, 143, 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2023.02.008
IMARC group. (n.d.). Virtual Reality (VR) Gaming Market Size, Trends, Forecast 2022-2027. (n.d.). Retrieved December 14, 2022, from www.imarcgroup.com website: https://www.imarcgroup.com/virtual-reality-gaming-market
Inder, S. (2023). Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Metaverse. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from www.igi-global.com website: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/entrepreneurial-opportunities-in-Metaverse/314504
Intelligence, I. (n.d.). US Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Users, 2017-2021 (millions). (n.d.). Retrieved June 1, 2023, from Insider Intelligence website: https://www.insiderintelligence.com/chart/226913/us-virtual-reality-augmented-reality-users-2017-2021-millions
Jagatheesaperumal, S.K., Ahmad, K., Ala Al-Fuqaha, & Qadir, J. (2022). Advancing Education Through Extended Reality and Internet of Everything Enabled Metaverses: Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.01512
Keiningham, T., Aksoy, L., Bruce, H. L., Cadet, F., Clennell, N., Hodgkinson, I. R., & Kearney, T. (2019c). Customer experience driven business model innovation. Journal of Business Research, 116, 431–440.
Khan, L. U., Mohsen Guizani, Niyato, D., Ala Al-Fuqaha, & Debbah, M. (2023). Metaverse for Wireless Systems: Architecture, Advances, Standardization, and Open Challenges. ArXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2301.11441
Koohang, A., Nord, J. H., Ooi, K.-B., Tan, G. W.-H., Al-Emran, M., Aw, E. C.-X., … Ueno, A. (2023). Shaping the Metaverse into Reality: a Holistic Multidisciplinary Understanding of Opportunities, Challenges, and Avenues for Future Investigation. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 63(3), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2023.2165197
Kraus, S., Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Kaur, J., Sharma, A., & Schiavone, F. (2023). From the moon landing to Metaverse: Tracing the evolution of Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189, 122381. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004016252101311X
Kshetri, N., & Voas, J. (2022). The Metaverse and Cybersecurity. Computer, 55(2), 40-51. Retrieved from https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2022/02/09657173/1CnR1V3YP6J
Kshetri, N. (2023). The Economics of the Industrial Metaverse. IT Professional, 25(1), 84-88.
Lang, B. (2021, October 7). More Than Two Years After Launch, Valve Index is Now the Second Most Used Headset on Steam. Road to VR. https://www.roadtovr.com/valve-index-second-most-used-headset-steam-vr-hardware-software-survey-september-2021/
Kumar, S. (2022, December 28). Metaverse in Gaming Market – Insights on $663.8 Billion Industry Opportunity, The Next Frontier or Hype? GlobeNewswire News Room. https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/12/28/2580214/0/en/Metaverse-in-Gaming-Market-Insights-on-663-8-Billion-Industry-Opportunity-The-Next-Frontier-or-Hype.html
Liangliang, L., Zhiyang, L., Jianyi, L., & Wei, Y. (2023). Metaverse Entrepreneurship: A New Entrepreneurial Paradigm Based on Virtue-Reality Interaction. Foreign Economics & Management, 45(03), 3-22.
Longo, M. C., & Faraci, R. (2023). Next-Generation Museum: A Metaverse Journey into the Culture. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 41(1), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.7433/s120.2023.08
McKinsey & Company. (2022). Value creation in the metaverse: The real business of the virtual world. mckinsey.com. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/marketing%20and%20sales/our%20insights/value%20creation%20in%20the%20metaverse/value-creation-in-the-metaverse
Morkunas, V. J., Paschen, J., & Boon, E. (2019). How blockchain technologies impact your business model. Business Horizons, 62(3), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.009
Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
Nah, F. F. H., Shen, D. J., Techanamurthy, U., Tong, E. K. M., Geng, H. H., Pangsapa, P., ... & Omar, B. (2022). Enhancing Literacy Education with Narrative Richness in the Metaverse. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) website: https://aisel.aisnet.org/sighci2022/20/
Novel, N. J. A., & Alexandri, M. B. (2023). Creative City Start-up Business Acceleration in the Metaverse Era: Entrepreneurial Leadership and Innovation. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 12, 216. Retrieved from https://sibresearch.org/uploads/3/4/0/9/34097180/riber_12-1_08_k22-044_216-229.pdf
Pashkov, S. (2021). Video game industry market analysis: Approaches that resulted in industry success and high demand. https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/497979/e1700994ThesisRevised.pdf?sequence=2
Patrickson, B. (2021). What do blockchain technologies imply for digital creative industries?. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(3), 585-595. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/caim.12456?casa_token=LpdmRv3ujfoAAAAA:VStm5cCTAbnjOz5KXMuQLBRDW53ucO_E7JKqh6aJQab60ZgoGknMYVyswB9aI4nxEUztC0KOIER60XxduA
Pham, Q. V., Pham, X. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Han, Z., & Kim, D. S. (2022). Artificial intelligence for the Metaverse: A survey. arXiv e-prints, arXiv-2202. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220210336H/abstract
Raina, V., Srinivas, J., & Shilpa, M. S. (2022, November 1). Metaverse - The New Age Empire: Relinquishing Our Identity to Acquire Digital Immortality. https://doi.org/10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094401
Rani, K., & Singh, S. (2023). Metaverse: An Innovative Platform for Digital Marketing. In Cultural Marketing and Metaverse for Consumer Engagement (pp. 215-223). IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/Metaverse/321742
Renz, A., & Hilbig, R. (2023). Digital Transformation of Educational Institutions Accelerated by COVID-19: A Digital Dynamic Capabilities Approach. In Beyond the Pandemic? Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Telecommunications and the Internet (pp. 103-119). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231004
Rijmenam, M. V. (2022). Step into the Metaverse: How the immersive Internet will unlock a trillion-dollar social economy. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361597678_Step_into_the_Metaverse_How_the_Immersive_Internet_Will_Unlock_a_Trillion-Dollar_Social_Economy/link/62bbb6245e258e67e10deae8/download
Ritterbusch, G. D., & Teichmann, M. R. (2023). Defining the Metaverse: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10035386/
Rubinger, L., Gazendam, A., Ekhtiari, S., Nucci, N., Payne, A., Johal, H., ... & Bhandari, M. (2020). Maximizing virtual meetings and conferences: a review of best practices. International orthopaedics, 44, 1461-1466. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-020-04615-9
Sá, M. J., & Serpa, S. (2023). Metaverse as a Learning Environment: Some Considerations. Sustainability, 15(3), 2186. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/3/2186
Sami, H., Hammoud, A., Arafeh, M., Wazzeh, M., Arisdakessian, S., Chahoud, M., ... & Guizani, M. (2023). The Metaverse: Survey, Trends, Novel Pipeline Ecosystem & Future Directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.09240. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09240
Shankar, V., Kalyanam, K., Setia, P., Golmohammadi, A., Tirunillai, S., Douglass, T., ... & Waddoups, R. (2021). How technology is changing retail. Journal of Retailing, 97(1), 13-27. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435920300695
Shen, B., Tan, W., Guo, J., Zhao, L., & Qin, P. (2021). How to promote user purchase in Metaverse? A systematic literature review on consumer behavior research and virtual commerce application design. Applied Sciences, 11(23), 11087. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/23/11087
Shuen, A., & Prendiville, S. (2021). Entrepreneurship in the Metaverse: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Business Research, 137, 212-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.041
Stoian, C. A., & Tohanean, D. (2021). Platform Business Models–A Case Study of the Technology Industry. Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(1), p18-p18. https://j.ideasspread.org/index.php/jems/article/view/803
Sutikno, T., & Aisyahrani, A. I. B. (2023). Non-fungible tokens, decentralized autonomous organizations, Web 3.0, and the Metaverse in education: From university to metaversity. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i1.20657
Sutikno, T., & Thalmann, D. (2022). Insights on the internet of things: past, present, and future directions. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 20(6), 1399-1420. http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA/article/view/22028
Terdiman, D. (2007). The entrepreneur`s guide to second life: Making money in the Metaverse. John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7neRdq6VjvQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA6&dq=The+entrepreneur%27s+guide+to+second+life:+Making+money+in+the+Metaverse.&ots=aXqfENYB76&sig=B38dIzi82fLefMOTyDlGfJl3lCI
Thakur, S. S., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Datta, D. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse: Present and Future Aspects. In The Future of Metaverse in the Virtual Era and Physical World (pp. 169-184). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-29132-6_10
The Logan Bartlett Show. (2022, September 23). Interview with Palmer Luckey (From Cartoon Avatars EP 34). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Evu5LlzXV4s
Tien, N. H., Phu, P. P., & Chi, D. T. P. (2019). The role of international marketing in international business strategy. International journal of research in marketing management and sales, 1(2), 134-138. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nguyen-Tien-32/publication/338752307_The_role_of_international_marketing_in_international_business_strategy/links/632c5662873eca0c00a8f7ae/The-role-of-international-marketing-in-international-business-strategy.pdf
Tlili, A., Huang, R., & Kinshuk, X. (2023). Metaverse for climbing the ladder toward ‘Industry 5.0’and ‘Society 5.0’?. The Service Industries Journal, 43(3-4), 260-287. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02642069.2023.2178644?casa_token=Pf_kZqC-CqkAAAAA:JnYqV3dTxi-33vFALl-Q1u96GAhiLXJXk8mo5rvP1X8Dt11_iKC51E59K3Tb5MZHG6B18XTGgeXQibnL2Q
Toxopeus, H., Achterberg, E., & Polzin, F. (2021). How can firms access bank finance for circular business model innovation? Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(6), 2773–2795. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2893
Tsaramirsis, G., Kantaros, A., Al-Darraji, I., Piromalis, D., Apostolopoulos, C., Pavlopoulou, A., ... & Khan, F. Q. (2022). A modern approach towards an industry 4.0 model: From driving technologies to management. Journal of Sensors, 2022. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2022/5023011/
Van Haute, E. (2021). Sampling Techniques. Research Methods in the Social Sciences: An AZ of Key Concepts; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 247. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=G8oQEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA247&dq=I.%09Sampling+technique:+Purposive+samplings+were+used+in+the+study+to+identify+people&ots=Uh5r3-OJPG&sig=llnukuA9VJLbPuzYapCZp5zlb50
Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-fungible token (NFT): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447. https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07447
Weking, J., Desouza, K. C., Fielt, E., & Kowalkiewicz, M. (2023). Metaverse-enabled entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00375
Whiting, K. (2023). Consumer, enterprise or industrial? The 3 main ways we are using the ‘metaverse’ explained. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/metaverse-use-cases-industrial-consumer-enterprise/
Wu, B., & Wu, B. (2022). Metaverse: The World Reimagined. 267–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8808-5_7
Yawised, K., Apasrawirote, D., & Boonparn, C. (2022). From traditional business shifted towards transformation: The emerging business opportunities and challenges in ‘Metaverse’era. INCBAA, 162, 175. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kritcha-Yawised/publication/360164655_From_traditional_business_shifted_towards_transformation_The_emerging_business_opportunities_and_challenges_in_`Metaverse`_era/links/626615198e6d637bd1fbc6f4/From-traditional-business-shifted-towards-transformation-The-emerging-business-opportunities-and-challenges-in-Metaverse-era.pdf
Yemenici, A. D. (2022). Entrepreneurship in The World of Metaverse: Virtual or Real? Journal of Metaverse, 2(2), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1126135
Yilmaz, M., Hacaloğlu, T., & Clarke, P. (2022). Examining the Use of Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) as a Trading Mechanism for the Metaverse. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15559-8_2
Zada, M., Yukun, C., & Zada, S. (2021). Effect of financial management practices on the development of small-to-medium size forest enterprises: Insight from Pakistan. GeoJournal, 86, 1073-1088. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-019-10111-4
zh_TW