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題名 台灣的泰國移工招募系統 問題與解決方法
The recruiting systems of Thai labor to work in Taiwan: Problems and Solutions作者 黃嘉希
Ruangsuksut, Jirathip貢獻者 莊奕琦
Chuang, Yih-chyi
黃嘉希
Jirathip Ruangsuksut關鍵詞 勞動力流動政策
招聘制度
海外工人政策
Labor mobility policy
Recruitment system
Overseas workers policy日期 2023 上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 13:47:15 (UTC+8) 摘要 台灣政府於1992年通過一項法律，允許從泰國、菲律賓和印度尼西亞輸入工人。 根據該法律，這些工人必須持有一年簽證，並且只能通過私人招聘機構引進。 因此，當時泰國工人必須向這些機構支付高額的服務費和安置費。 為了促進這一進程，泰國和台灣政府允許兩國的招聘機構合作，台灣的招聘公司在泰國設立分支機構，在當地招聘工人。 2002年，兩國政府達成協議，實施一項政府計劃，使台灣雇主能夠在沒有私營職業介紹所參與的情況下僱用泰國工人。 因此，泰國非技術和半技術工人可以在三個條件下合法地在台灣工作：1）政府渠道，2）私人招聘機構渠道，3）重新入境。泰國海外就業管理局的數據顯示，泰國勞工通過政府渠道進入台灣的比例為：2018年為0.39%，2019年為0.8%，2020年為0.58%，2022年為0.6%。這些數字表明政府渠道可能並不高效。 儘管有多種渠道允許泰國工人進入台灣而無需向泰國招聘機構支付費用，但大多數泰國工人仍然選擇通過這些機構來台灣工作。本研究採用二手數據進行內容分析，並對 23 人進行了深度訪談。 目的是比較政府渠道派遣泰國工人到台灣的優點、缺點和局限性。 隨後，我們試圖找出泰國工人更喜歡私人招聘機構而不是政府渠道的原因。 最後，我們為泰國和台灣政府提供了政策建議。 我們還建議泰國政府應通過減少不必要的步驟、整合所有政府機構的信息以及與私營部門的合作來加強其流程。 另一方面，台灣政府應完善法律法規，使其更適合台灣雇主和泰國工人。
The Taiwanese government passed a law in 1992 allowing the import of workers from Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Under this law, these workers were required to hold a one-year visa and could only be brought in through private recruitment agencies. Consequently, Thai workers had to pay high service and placement fees to these agencies at the time. To facilitate the process, the Thai and Taiwanese governments permitted recruitment agencies from both countries to collaborate, with Taiwanese recruitment firms establishing branches in Thailand to recruit workers locally. In 2002, the two governments reached an agreement to implement a government program, enabling Taiwanese employers to hire Thai workers without the involvement of private employment agencies. As a result, Thai unskilled and semi-skilled workers can legally work in Taiwan under three conditions: 1) the government channel, 2) the private recruitment agency channel, and 3) re-entry.Data from the Thailand Overseas Employment Administration reveals the proportion of Thai workers entering Taiwan through the government channel as follows: 0.39% in 2018, 0.8% in 2019, 0.58% in 2020, and 0.6% in 2022. These figures indicate that the government channel may not be efficient. Despite the availability of multiple channels that allow Thai workers to enter Taiwan without paying fees to Thai recruitment agencies, most Thai workers still opt to work in Taiwan through these agencies.This study employed content analysis using secondary data and conducted in-depth interviews with 23 individuals. The purpose was to compare the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the government channel for sending Thai workers to Taiwan. Subsequently, we sought to determine the reasons why Thai workers prefer private recruitment agencies over the government channel. Finally, we provided the policy recommendations for Thai and Taiwanese government. We also recommended The Thai government should enhance its processes by reducing unnecessary steps, integrating information across all government agencies and collaboration with the private sector. The Taiwan government, on the other hand, should improve its laws and regulations to more suitable for Taiwanese employers and Thai workers.參考文獻 ReferencesAgreement between the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Thailand on Employment of Thai workers and the Thailand Trade and Economic Office in Taipei, (2002). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Y0120019Anwar, R. (2019). 8. Expanding skilled-worker mobility: comparing the migration of Indonesian care workers to Taipei, China, and Indonesian nurses and care workers to Japan. In (pp. 209-240). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788116176.00015 Skilled Labor Mobility and Migration. In. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788116176.00015Asis, M. M. B., Choi, S., Won Lee, C., Jeng, H.-T., & Chang, J.-C. (2019). The Philippines–Korea and Philippines–Taiwan migration corridors: A comparison of recruitment systems and their outcomes*. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 28(4), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196819898069Chang, A. S. (2021). Selling a Resume and Buying a Job: Stratification of Gender and Occupation by States and Brokers in International Migration from Indonesia. Social Problems, 68(4), 903-924. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab002Department of Employment of Thailand (2008). Handbook of Thai workers in Taiwan. Bangkok: Thailand.Department of Employment of Thailand (2021). Fund Membership for Help Thai Workers to Work Overseas Retrieved 13, Oct 2022 https://icb.mol.go.th/news/Direct Hiring Service Center (2022). Direct Hiring Retrieved 20, April from https://dhsc.wda.gov.tw/en/EmploysFuchs, R. (2011). Human Trafficking of Legal and Illegal Migrant Workers in TaiwanHuang, W.-C. (2021). The Nexus Between Foreign Labor Policy and Human Trafficking in Taiwan. In (pp. 55-78). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6823-1_4International Labour Organization (ILO), (2019). General principles and operational guidelines for fair recruitment and Definition of recruitment fees and related costs. International Labour Office - Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch, Labour Migration Branch – Geneva: ILOKulkolakarn, K. (2017). Net Benefit of Thai Workers from Working in Taiwan. Journal of HR intelligence, 12(1), 55-77. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hri/article/view/214178Lan, P.-C. (2014). Deferential Surrogates and Professional Others: Recruitment and Training Of Migrant Care Workers In Taiwan and Japan (Vol. 26). https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-3320137Lee, J. S. (1998). The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Foreign Workers in Taiwan. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7(2-3), 145-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719689800700202Lee, J. S. (2002). The Role of Low-skilled Foreign Workers in the Process of Taiwan`s Economic Development. Asia Pacific Business Review, 8(4), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/713999158Lee, J. S. (2006). Brokerage Fees, Missing Workers and Nation-to-nation paper presented at the Workshop on International Migration and Labor Markets in Asia, JapanMinistry of Labor of Taiwan (2017). Standards for Fee-charging Items and Amounts of the Private Employment Services Institution Retrieved September, 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/i0120020620e.htmMinistry of Labor of Taiwan (2022). 110 年移工管理及運用調查統計結果. https://www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1633/57316/Ministry of Labor of Thailand (2004). The determination of service rates and expenses charged from job seekers. Retrieved September, 2022 from https://www.doe.go.th/prd/assets/upload/files/legal_th/2fcfb665a579c6039672eb662e7e6f09.pdfMinistry of Labor of Thailand (2004), The determination of service rates and expenses charged from job seekers, https://www.doe.go.th/prd/assets/upload/files/legal_th/2fcfb665a579c6039672eb662e7e6f09.pdfMinistry of Labor of Thailand (2022). Regulations on the Permission and Administration of the Employment of Foreign Workers. Retrieved September, 2022 from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090027National immigraion of Taiwan (2022). Status Missing of Foreign Workers in Taiwan`s Productive Industries and Social Welfare Sectors. Retrieved 15, Oct 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12070.htmOffice of Labor Affair (2022). Handbook of Thai workers in Taiwan. Thailand Trade and Economic Office.Office of Trade Negotiations (2019). The New Southbound Policy - A Practical Approach Moving Full Steam Ahead. Excutive Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Retrieved 27, April from https://www.ey.gov.tw/otnen/F39BD446BE012C0F.Srisuchart, S. (2020) Research report to develop organizations and systems for sending Thai workers to work abroad by the government.Standards for Fee-charging Items and Amounts of the Private Employment Services Institution, (2017). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090028Surak, K. (2018). Migration Industries and the State: Guestwork Programs in East Asia. International Migration Review, 52(2), 487-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12308Suwanpradid, S. (2001). THAILAND-TAIWAN Cooperation on Labor Forces,1991-1999 Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok:Thailand.Department of Employment of Thailand (2021). Expenses for go to work in Taiwan. Retrieved 27,April from https://www.doe.go.th/prd/mainThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2010). The process of sending job seekers to work abroad by the state in the case of Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong.Thailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2019). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers in 2018. Bangkok:ThailandThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2020). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers in 2019. Bangkok:ThailandThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2021). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers in 2020. Bangkok:ThailandThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2022). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers 2021. Bangkok:ThailandTierney, R. (2007). The guest labor system in Taiwan - Labor market considerations, wage injustices, and the politics of foreign labor brokerage. CRITICAL ASIAN STUDIES, 39(2), 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710701339410Tsay, C.-l. (2002). Labor Migration and Regional Changes in East Asia Outflows of Thai Workers to Taiwan. Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40(3), 372-394. https://doi.org/10.20495/tak.40.3_372Workforce Development Agency (2022). Foreign Workers in Productive Industries by Nationality. Ministry of Labor, Taiwan, Republic of China. Retrieved March, 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/i0120020620e.htm.Workforce Development Agency (2022). Foreign Workers in Social Welfare by Nationality. Ministry of Labor, Taiwan, Republic of China. Retrieved March, 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/i0120020620e.htm. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
109926016資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109926016 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 莊奕琦 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chuang, Yih-chyi en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃嘉希 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jirathip Ruangsuksut en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃嘉希 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Ruangsuksut, Jirathip en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 13:47:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 13:47:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 13:47:15 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109926016 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146502 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109926016 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 台灣政府於1992年通過一項法律，允許從泰國、菲律賓和印度尼西亞輸入工人。 根據該法律，這些工人必須持有一年簽證，並且只能通過私人招聘機構引進。 因此，當時泰國工人必須向這些機構支付高額的服務費和安置費。 為了促進這一進程，泰國和台灣政府允許兩國的招聘機構合作，台灣的招聘公司在泰國設立分支機構，在當地招聘工人。 2002年，兩國政府達成協議，實施一項政府計劃，使台灣雇主能夠在沒有私營職業介紹所參與的情況下僱用泰國工人。 因此，泰國非技術和半技術工人可以在三個條件下合法地在台灣工作：1）政府渠道，2）私人招聘機構渠道，3）重新入境。泰國海外就業管理局的數據顯示，泰國勞工通過政府渠道進入台灣的比例為：2018年為0.39%，2019年為0.8%，2020年為0.58%，2022年為0.6%。這些數字表明政府渠道可能並不高效。 儘管有多種渠道允許泰國工人進入台灣而無需向泰國招聘機構支付費用，但大多數泰國工人仍然選擇通過這些機構來台灣工作。本研究採用二手數據進行內容分析，並對 23 人進行了深度訪談。 目的是比較政府渠道派遣泰國工人到台灣的優點、缺點和局限性。 隨後，我們試圖找出泰國工人更喜歡私人招聘機構而不是政府渠道的原因。 最後，我們為泰國和台灣政府提供了政策建議。 我們還建議泰國政府應通過減少不必要的步驟、整合所有政府機構的信息以及與私營部門的合作來加強其流程。 另一方面，台灣政府應完善法律法規，使其更適合台灣雇主和泰國工人。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The Taiwanese government passed a law in 1992 allowing the import of workers from Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Under this law, these workers were required to hold a one-year visa and could only be brought in through private recruitment agencies. Consequently, Thai workers had to pay high service and placement fees to these agencies at the time. To facilitate the process, the Thai and Taiwanese governments permitted recruitment agencies from both countries to collaborate, with Taiwanese recruitment firms establishing branches in Thailand to recruit workers locally. In 2002, the two governments reached an agreement to implement a government program, enabling Taiwanese employers to hire Thai workers without the involvement of private employment agencies. As a result, Thai unskilled and semi-skilled workers can legally work in Taiwan under three conditions: 1) the government channel, 2) the private recruitment agency channel, and 3) re-entry.Data from the Thailand Overseas Employment Administration reveals the proportion of Thai workers entering Taiwan through the government channel as follows: 0.39% in 2018, 0.8% in 2019, 0.58% in 2020, and 0.6% in 2022. These figures indicate that the government channel may not be efficient. Despite the availability of multiple channels that allow Thai workers to enter Taiwan without paying fees to Thai recruitment agencies, most Thai workers still opt to work in Taiwan through these agencies.This study employed content analysis using secondary data and conducted in-depth interviews with 23 individuals. The purpose was to compare the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the government channel for sending Thai workers to Taiwan. Subsequently, we sought to determine the reasons why Thai workers prefer private recruitment agencies over the government channel. Finally, we provided the policy recommendations for Thai and Taiwanese government. We also recommended The Thai government should enhance its processes by reducing unnecessary steps, integrating information across all government agencies and collaboration with the private sector. The Taiwan government, on the other hand, should improve its laws and regulations to more suitable for Taiwanese employers and Thai workers. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..1CHAPTER 2 Literature Review……………………………………………………...192.1 Taiwan`s laws and policies regarding foreign workers……………………192.1.1 Employment permit for hiring foreign workers…………………192.1.2 Taiwan regulations for employing Foreign Workers……………202.1.3 Rules for Thai workers to pay fees to Taiwanese employment agencies……………………………………………………………….212.1.4 Salaries of Foreign workers in Taiwan…………………………232.2 Thailand`s laws and policies regarding Thai overseas workers…….…….232.2.1 Rules for collecting fees from recruitment agencies in Thailand..252.2.2 Recruitment System for Thai workers………………………….26CHAPTER 3 Research Methods……………………………………………………...373.1. Content Analysis…………………………………………………………373.2. In-depth Interview……………………………………………………….373.3 Data analysis……………………………………………………………...43CHAPTER 4 Results and Findings…………………………………………………...444.1 The advantages and disadvantages of government channels and private recruitment agencies sending Thai workers to Taiwan for employment……...444.1.1 The advantages of Sending Thai workers to Taiwan through Thai private recruitment agencies………………………………………………………….444.1.2 The advantages of sending Thai workers to Taiwan through the government channel…………………………………...……………………...464.1.3 The disadvantages of sending Thai workers to Taiwan through Thai private recruitment agencies………………………………………………….474.1.4 The disadvantages of sending Thai workers to Taiwan through government channel…………………………………………………………..484.2 Other problems…………………………………………………………...504.3 Issues resolving the problems of the governments of Thailand and Taiwan………………………………………………………………………..51CHAPTER 5 Discussions on why Thai workers migrate to Taiwan using the services of Thai recruitment agencies rather than the government channel……………………53CHAPTER 6 Conclusion and Recommendations…………………………………….586.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..586.2 Policy recommendations………………………………………………….60References……………………………………………………………………………63 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1126868 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109926016 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 勞動力流動政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 招聘制度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海外工人政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Labor mobility policy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Recruitment system en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Overseas workers policy en_US dc.title (題名) 台灣的泰國移工招募系統 問題與解決方法 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The recruiting systems of Thai labor to work in Taiwan: Problems and Solutions en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ReferencesAgreement between the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Thailand on Employment of Thai workers and the Thailand Trade and Economic Office in Taipei, (2002). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Y0120019Anwar, R. (2019). 8. Expanding skilled-worker mobility: comparing the migration of Indonesian care workers to Taipei, China, and Indonesian nurses and care workers to Japan. In (pp. 209-240). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788116176.00015 Skilled Labor Mobility and Migration. In. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788116176.00015Asis, M. M. B., Choi, S., Won Lee, C., Jeng, H.-T., & Chang, J.-C. (2019). The Philippines–Korea and Philippines–Taiwan migration corridors: A comparison of recruitment systems and their outcomes*. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 28(4), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196819898069Chang, A. S. (2021). Selling a Resume and Buying a Job: Stratification of Gender and Occupation by States and Brokers in International Migration from Indonesia. Social Problems, 68(4), 903-924. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab002Department of Employment of Thailand (2008). Handbook of Thai workers in Taiwan. Bangkok: Thailand.Department of Employment of Thailand (2021). Fund Membership for Help Thai Workers to Work Overseas Retrieved 13, Oct 2022 https://icb.mol.go.th/news/Direct Hiring Service Center (2022). Direct Hiring Retrieved 20, April from https://dhsc.wda.gov.tw/en/EmploysFuchs, R. (2011). Human Trafficking of Legal and Illegal Migrant Workers in TaiwanHuang, W.-C. (2021). The Nexus Between Foreign Labor Policy and Human Trafficking in Taiwan. In (pp. 55-78). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6823-1_4International Labour Organization (ILO), (2019). General principles and operational guidelines for fair recruitment and Definition of recruitment fees and related costs. International Labour Office - Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch, Labour Migration Branch – Geneva: ILOKulkolakarn, K. (2017). Net Benefit of Thai Workers from Working in Taiwan. Journal of HR intelligence, 12(1), 55-77. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hri/article/view/214178Lan, P.-C. (2014). Deferential Surrogates and Professional Others: Recruitment and Training Of Migrant Care Workers In Taiwan and Japan (Vol. 26). https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-3320137Lee, J. S. (1998). The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Foreign Workers in Taiwan. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7(2-3), 145-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719689800700202Lee, J. S. (2002). The Role of Low-skilled Foreign Workers in the Process of Taiwan`s Economic Development. Asia Pacific Business Review, 8(4), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/713999158Lee, J. S. (2006). Brokerage Fees, Missing Workers and Nation-to-nation paper presented at the Workshop on International Migration and Labor Markets in Asia, JapanMinistry of Labor of Taiwan (2017). Standards for Fee-charging Items and Amounts of the Private Employment Services Institution Retrieved September, 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/i0120020620e.htmMinistry of Labor of Taiwan (2022). 110 年移工管理及運用調查統計結果. https://www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1633/57316/Ministry of Labor of Thailand (2004). The determination of service rates and expenses charged from job seekers. Retrieved September, 2022 from https://www.doe.go.th/prd/assets/upload/files/legal_th/2fcfb665a579c6039672eb662e7e6f09.pdfMinistry of Labor of Thailand (2004), The determination of service rates and expenses charged from job seekers, https://www.doe.go.th/prd/assets/upload/files/legal_th/2fcfb665a579c6039672eb662e7e6f09.pdfMinistry of Labor of Thailand (2022). Regulations on the Permission and Administration of the Employment of Foreign Workers. Retrieved September, 2022 from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090027National immigraion of Taiwan (2022). Status Missing of Foreign Workers in Taiwan`s Productive Industries and Social Welfare Sectors. Retrieved 15, Oct 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12070.htmOffice of Labor Affair (2022). Handbook of Thai workers in Taiwan. Thailand Trade and Economic Office.Office of Trade Negotiations (2019). The New Southbound Policy - A Practical Approach Moving Full Steam Ahead. Excutive Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Retrieved 27, April from https://www.ey.gov.tw/otnen/F39BD446BE012C0F.Srisuchart, S. (2020) Research report to develop organizations and systems for sending Thai workers to work abroad by the government.Standards for Fee-charging Items and Amounts of the Private Employment Services Institution, (2017). https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090028Surak, K. (2018). Migration Industries and the State: Guestwork Programs in East Asia. International Migration Review, 52(2), 487-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12308Suwanpradid, S. (2001). THAILAND-TAIWAN Cooperation on Labor Forces,1991-1999 Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok:Thailand.Department of Employment of Thailand (2021). Expenses for go to work in Taiwan. Retrieved 27,April from https://www.doe.go.th/prd/mainThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2010). The process of sending job seekers to work abroad by the state in the case of Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong.Thailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2019). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers in 2018. Bangkok:ThailandThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2020). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers in 2019. Bangkok:ThailandThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2021). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers in 2020. Bangkok:ThailandThailand Overseas Employment Administration Division (2022). Summary of the situation of working abroad for Thai workers 2021. Bangkok:ThailandTierney, R. (2007). The guest labor system in Taiwan - Labor market considerations, wage injustices, and the politics of foreign labor brokerage. CRITICAL ASIAN STUDIES, 39(2), 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710701339410Tsay, C.-l. (2002). Labor Migration and Regional Changes in East Asia Outflows of Thai Workers to Taiwan. Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40(3), 372-394. https://doi.org/10.20495/tak.40.3_372Workforce Development Agency (2022). Foreign Workers in Productive Industries by Nationality. Ministry of Labor, Taiwan, Republic of China. Retrieved March, 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/i0120020620e.htm.Workforce Development Agency (2022). Foreign Workers in Social Welfare by Nationality. Ministry of Labor, Taiwan, Republic of China. Retrieved March, 2022 from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/i0120020620e.htm. zh_TW
