1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of International Affairs
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 非政府組織在伯利茲社區發展和扶貧中的作用
The Role of NGOs in Community Development and Poverty Alleviation in Belize
作者 偉榮秀
Williams, Roneisha
貢獻者 李栢浡
Lee Pai-Po
偉榮秀
Roneisha Williams
關鍵詞 非政府組織
伯利茲
扶貧
社區發展
NGOs
Belize
poverty alleviation
community Development
日期 2023
上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 16:14:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在調查受訪者對伯利茲減貧和社區發展舉措的看法，特別關注非政府組織 (NGO) 的作用。通過調查問卷收集數據，並進行交叉表分析以確定答復中的模式和趨勢。調查結果顯示，相當一部分受訪者對非政府組織在扶貧方面的有效性表示擔憂，40%的人同意非政府組織為伯利茲市的扶貧做出了重大貢獻。此外，結果表明，人們對非政府組織接觸目標人群的能力有不同的看法，30%的人認為非政府組織能夠有效地接觸弱勢群體。同樣，受訪者對非政府組織在改善滿足基本需求方面的有效性也有不同的看法，33% 的人強烈同意，17.8% 的人不同意。該研究還強調了非政府組織與政府之間合作的重要性。調查發現，36.7%的受訪者同意非政府組織與政府合作開展扶貧和社區發展工作。總體而言，調查結果強調了伯利茲減貧和社區發展的複雜性，人們對非政府組織的有效性有多種看法。結果強調，非政府組織需要加強合作、改善目標定位和外聯、加強監測和評估、促進能力建設、參與宣傳、提高透明度和問責制、促進知識交流以及利用戰略溝通方法。通過落實這些建議，非政府組織可以加大對伯利茲減貧和社區發展的貢獻。
This study aimed to examine the perceptions of respondents regarding poverty alleviation and community development initiatives in Belize, with a specific focus on the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Data was collected through a survey questionnaire, and a cross-tabulation analysis was conducted to identify patterns and trends among the responses.
The findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents expressed concerns about the effectiveness of NGOs in poverty alleviation, with 40% agreeing that NGOs contribute significantly to poverty alleviation in Belize City. Moreover, the results indicated a varied perception of NGOs` ability to reach the target population, with 30% agreeing that NGOs were effective in reaching vulnerable populations. Similarly, respondents had mixed views on NGOs` effectiveness in improving access to basic needs, with 33% strongly agreeing and 17.8% disagreeing. The study also highlighted the importance of collaboration between NGOs and the government. It was found that 36.7% of respondents agreed that NGOs collaborated with the government for poverty alleviation and community development efforts. Overall, the findings underscore the complex nature of poverty alleviation and community development in Belize, with a range of perceptions regarding the effectiveness of NGOs. The results emphasize the need for NGOs to strengthen collaboration, improve targeting and outreach, enhance monitoring and evaluation, foster capacity building, engage in advocacy, promote transparency and accountability, foster knowledge exchange, and utilize strategic communication approaches. By addressing these recommendations, NGOs can enhance their contributions to poverty alleviation and community development in Belize.
Keywords: NGOs, Belize, community Development, poverty alleviation
參考文獻 Action Aid International. (n.d.). Our approach. Retrieved from https://www.actionaid.org/about-us/our-approach.
Alaerts, G. J. (2020). Adaptive Policy Implementation: Process and Impact of Indonesia’s National Irrigation Reform 1999–2018. World Development.
Anheier, H. K., & Toepler, S. (2019). Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy. Routledge.
Belize Education Project. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.belizeducationproject.com/
Belize Institute for Social Research and Action. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.bisra-icpcs.org/
Belize Medical Brigade (BMB). (2021). Retrieved from https://www.bmbbelize.org/
Belize Network of NGOs. (2021). BNN 2021-2023 Strategic Plan.
Belize Red Cross (2020). Retrieved from https://www.belizeredcross.org/
Benítez, D., Gammage, S., Martinez, S., Murillo, J., & Palma, M. (2015). Public Policy to Reduce Poverty in Belize. Research Gate.
Butler, L. M. (2018). Community Development: A Critical Approach. Second Edition. Oxon: Routledge.
Brenes, A., Marchezini, V., and Wisner, B. (2020). Non-Governmental Organizations and Natural Hazard Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.
Brass, J. N. (1996). Social Movements and the Political Economy of Markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 103-125.
Brass, J. N., Longhofer, W., Robinson, R. S., and Schnable, A. (2018). NGOs and International development: A Review of Thirty-Five Years of Scholarship. World Development, 112, 136-149.
Brammer, S., Jackson, G., and Matten, D. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility an Institutional theory: New perspectives on Private Governance. Socio-economic Review, 10(1), 3-28.
Brechin, S. R., and Salas, O. (2011). Government-NGO Networks & Nature Conservation in Belize: Examining the Theory of The Hollow State in a Developing Country Context. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 3(3), 263-274.
Caribbean Community Climate Change Center. (2018). 2018-2020 Impact of Climate Change on Small Island States in the Caribbean: Feasibility Study and Funding Proposal Preparation
Casey, J. (1998). Non-Government Organizations as Policy Actors: The Case of Immigration Policies in Spain. Spain: Department de Ciencia Politica i de Dret Public, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Barcelona.
Chambers, R. (1995). Paradigm Shifts and the Practice of Participatory Research and Development. IDS Bulletin, 26(1), 9-16.
Chambers, R. (1995a). Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? Environment & Urbanization, 7(1), 173-204.
Corbett, S., and Fikkert, B. (2014). When Helping hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty Without Hurting the Poor... and Yourself. Moody Publishers.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publications.
Davis, R. C., & Davis, R. (2018). A Typology of Barriers to NGO Advocacy. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(1), 64-85.
De Vries, G. W., Haines, M. F., Hufnagel, S. B., Laird, A. K., Rearick, K. D., and Salas, O. E. (2003). Enhancing Collaboration for Conservation and Development in Southern Belize. Michigan: University of Michigan.
Environmental Research Institute (ERI) (2021). Retrieved from https://www.eri.gov.bz/
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., and Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
Finnetty, S. (2001). Analyzing the Roles of Local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study of Belize, Central America.
Forde, M., Morrison, K., Dewailly, E., Badrie, N., and Robertson, L. (2011). Strengthening integrated research and capacity development within the Caribbean region. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11(2), 1-11.
Fowler, A. (2000). NGO Futures: Beyond aid: NGOs and Development in the Twenty-First Century. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fowler, A. (2000). NGDOs as a Moment in History: Beyond Aid to Social Entrepreneurship or Civic Innovation? Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 637-654.
Fowler, A. (2000a). NGOs and the Future of Africa. Blackwell Publishers.
Fowler, A. (2000b). NGO Futures: Beyond aid: NGDO Values and the Fourth Position. Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 589-603.
Friends for Conservation and Development (FCD) (2020). Retrieved from https://www.fcdbelize.org/
Gilabert, P., and Lawford-Smith, H. (2012). Political Feasibility: A Conceptual Exploration. Political Studies, 60(4), 809-825.
Government of Belize. (2016). Poverty reduction strategy paper. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/developpement/assets/pdfs/belize_poverty_strategy-en.pdf.
Griffith, K. T. (2016). Financial Sustainability of Social Service NGOs in Belize (Doctoral dissertation, KDI School).
Hale, S. (2015). Giving in the Caribbean: Building upon Cultures of Generosity to Strengthen the Nonprofit Sector. In The Palgrave handbook of global philanthropy (pp. 88-99). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Hand in Hand Ministries (2021). Retrieved from https://www.handinhandministries.org/

Head, B. W., and Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for Public Policy and Management. Administration & society, 47(6), 711-739.
Henry, E.J. (2008). Caribbean Philanthropy: Past and Potential. The Ford Foundation.
Hickey, W. (2015). Principal Perceptions of Strategies to Increase Effectiveness of Educational Non-governmental Organizations in Southern Belize.
Howlett, M. (2018). The Criteria for Effective Policy Design: Character and Context in Policy Instrument Choice. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 11(3), 245-266.
Human Development Indices and Indicators. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506
Johns, K. (2010). Philanthropy, Civil Society and the Diaspora in the Caribbean. The Caribbean Philanthropy Network.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender Equality and Women`s Empowerment: A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
Kabeer, N. (2005a). Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions. Commonwealth Secretariat.
Kelly, J. A., Somlai, A. M., Benotsch, E. G., Amirkhanian, Y. A., Fernandez, M. I., Stevenson, L. Y., ... and Opgenorth, K. M. 2006. Programmes, Resources, and Needs of HIV-prevention Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in Africa, Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. AIDS care, 18(1), 12-21.
Klar, S. and Leeper, T. J. (2019). Identities and Intersectionality: A Case for Purposive Sampling in Survey‐Experimental Research. Experimental Methods in Survey Research: Techniques that Combine Random Sampling with Random Assignment, 419-433.
Longmore, R., Antonio, M., Oliveira, L. E., and McLeod, R. (2019). Growth Volatility in Belize.
Levin, H. M., and McEwan, P. J. (2000). Cost-effectiveness analysis: Methods and applications (Vol. 4). Sage.
Li, T. M. (2007). The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Duke University Press.
Low, W., and Davenport, E. (2002). NGO capacity building and sustainability in the Pacific. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 43(3), 367-379.
Medina, L. K. (2015). Governing Through the Market: Neoliberal Environmental Government in Belize. American Anthropologist, 117(2), 272-284.
Minto-Coy, I. D., and Berman, E. (Eds.). (2015). Public Administration and Policy in the Caribbean (Vol. 180). CRC Press.
Mitchell, G. E., O’Leary, R., and Gerard, C. (2015). Collaboration and Performance: Perspectives from Public Managers and NGO Leaders. Public Performance & Management Review, 38(4), 684-716.
Mortished, C., & Martin, P. (2007). Towards a New Moral Economy? Applying `bottom-up development` in Bangladesh. Journal of International Development, 19(6), 691-704.
Nelson, M. (2020). The Power of Collaboration: Strengthening Network Governance of Cross-sector Partnerships. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory.
Orozco, M., Rodríguez, C., & García, C. (2021). Connecting the Caribbean and Central America to Address Poverty and Inequality: Joint Cooperation Efforts. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.
Okoli, F.C. and Onah, F.O. (2002). Public Administration in Nigeria Nature, Principles and Applications. Enugu: John Jacobs Classic Publishers.
Oxfam. (2021). About us. Retrieved from https://www.oxfam.org/en/who-we-are/about-us
Paley, J. (2001). NGOs and the Secularization of Civil Society in Turkey: Contradictions of the European Union reform process. Third World Quarterly, 22(3), 439-458.
Pineda, A., and Marie, A. (2013). NGOs and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: A case study of Haiti. Unpublished dissertation University of New Orleans. https://scholarworks. uno. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi.
Popoola, O. O. (2016). Actors in Decision Making and Policy pPocess. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(1), 47-51.
Quah, J. S. (2013). Ensuring Good governance in Singapore. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 26(5), 401.
Salhi, K. (2004). Rethinking francophone culture: Africa and the Caribbean between history and theory. Research in African literatures, 35(1), 9-29.
Sandiford, P., & Obermeyer, A. (2017). Funding Policy Advocacy: Insights from Belize. Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership, 7(2), 140-152.
Savorgnan, B., & Burkett, J. (2018). Capability-based Partnerships for Community Development: Lessons from a Rural Village in Belize. Development in Practice, 28(4), 476-489.
Shoemake, J., Franks, P., & Rafael, M. A. (2019). Understanding Poverty Dynamics in Belize: A Mixed-methods Study. World Development Perspectives, 15, 100107.
Short, D. (2019). Aid Diversification in Belize: Can NGOs and Government Work Together for Development. In NGOs and Sustainable Development in Rural Latin America (pp. 119-142). Springer, Cham.
Smith, T. B. (1973). The Policy Implementation Process. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 197-209.
The Government of Belize. (2016). Belize Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy. Retrieved from https://citizenbelize.bz/
Thompson, W. (2016). The Role of NGOs in Governance. Polity Press.
Transparency International. (2020). Corruption Perceptions Index 2019: Belize. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/results/bze.
United Nations. (n.d.). Civil Society and NGOs. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/sections/partnerships/civil-society-and-ngos/
United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
United Nations (2020). Poverty and Inequality. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
United Nations (2020). The Sustainable Development Agenda. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1 United Nations Development Programme (2019).
United Nations Development Programme. (2019). Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
United Nations Development Programme (2020). Multidimensional Poverty. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/multidimensional-poverty-index
United Nations Development Programme. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals - Belize. Retrieved from https://www.bz.undp.org/content/belize/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html
United Nations Secretary General. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. World Commission on Environment and Development
Vasilyev, D. (2019). Reinvigorating Growth in Belize. International Monetary Fund.
Wahlén, C. B. (2014). Constructing Conservation Impact: Understanding Monitoring and Evaluation in Conservation NGOs. Conservation and Society, 12(1), 77-88.
Walmsley, S. (2019). NGOs and Political Networks: The Example of the Case of Belize. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(6), 1112-1122.
Warnecke-Berger, H. (2019). Belize: Trans Nationalization by Coincidence and the Rise of Violence. In Politics and Violence in Central America and the Caribbean (pp. 197-232). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Wainwright, J. (2011). Decolonizing Development: Colonial power and the Maya. John Wiley & Sons. http://www.caribbeanphilanthropy.org/toolkit.php.
Waylen, K. A., Blackstock, K. L., Van Hulst, F. J., Damian, C., Horváth, F., Johnson, R. K., ... and Van Uytvanck, J. (2019). Policy-driven monitoring and evaluation: Does it support Adaptive Management of Socio-ecological Systems? Science of the total environment, 662, 373-384
Weaver, B. (2012). The Relational Context of Desistance: Some Implications and Opportunities for Social Policy. Social policy & administration, 46(4), 395-412.
Webson, W. A. (2010). Philanthropy, Civil Society and NGOs in the Caribbean. A Report of Caribbean Philanthropy Network.
Wilkins, P., Phillimore, J., & Gilchrist, D. (2016). Public Sector Collaboration: Are we Doing it Well and Could we Do it Better? Australian Journal of Public Administration, 75(3), 318-330.
World Bank. (2015). Prosperity for All: Ending Extreme Poverty. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22581
World Bank. (2020). What is Community Development? Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/communitydevelopment/overview
World Bank. (2021). Belize - Country Overview. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/belize/overview
World Bank. (2021a). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. World Bank.
World Bank. (2021b). Poverty Overview. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
Yin, R K. (2003): Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Third Edition, Sage Publication, London.
Young, C. A. (2008). Belize`s Ecosystems: Threats and Challenges to Conservation in Belize. Tropical Conservation Science, 1(1).
Yunus, M. (2003). Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. Public Affairs.
Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. Public Affairs.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
110862030
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862030
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李栢浡zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee Pai-Poen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 偉榮秀zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Roneisha Williamsen_US
dc.creator (作者) 偉榮秀zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Williams, Roneishaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 16:14:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 16:14:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 16:14:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110862030en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147243-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110862030zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在調查受訪者對伯利茲減貧和社區發展舉措的看法，特別關注非政府組織 (NGO) 的作用。通過調查問卷收集數據，並進行交叉表分析以確定答復中的模式和趨勢。調查結果顯示，相當一部分受訪者對非政府組織在扶貧方面的有效性表示擔憂，40%的人同意非政府組織為伯利茲市的扶貧做出了重大貢獻。此外，結果表明，人們對非政府組織接觸目標人群的能力有不同的看法，30%的人認為非政府組織能夠有效地接觸弱勢群體。同樣，受訪者對非政府組織在改善滿足基本需求方面的有效性也有不同的看法，33% 的人強烈同意，17.8% 的人不同意。該研究還強調了非政府組織與政府之間合作的重要性。調查發現，36.7%的受訪者同意非政府組織與政府合作開展扶貧和社區發展工作。總體而言，調查結果強調了伯利茲減貧和社區發展的複雜性，人們對非政府組織的有效性有多種看法。結果強調，非政府組織需要加強合作、改善目標定位和外聯、加強監測和評估、促進能力建設、參與宣傳、提高透明度和問責制、促進知識交流以及利用戰略溝通方法。通過落實這些建議，非政府組織可以加大對伯利茲減貧和社區發展的貢獻。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study aimed to examine the perceptions of respondents regarding poverty alleviation and community development initiatives in Belize, with a specific focus on the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Data was collected through a survey questionnaire, and a cross-tabulation analysis was conducted to identify patterns and trends among the responses.
The findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents expressed concerns about the effectiveness of NGOs in poverty alleviation, with 40% agreeing that NGOs contribute significantly to poverty alleviation in Belize City. Moreover, the results indicated a varied perception of NGOs` ability to reach the target population, with 30% agreeing that NGOs were effective in reaching vulnerable populations. Similarly, respondents had mixed views on NGOs` effectiveness in improving access to basic needs, with 33% strongly agreeing and 17.8% disagreeing. The study also highlighted the importance of collaboration between NGOs and the government. It was found that 36.7% of respondents agreed that NGOs collaborated with the government for poverty alleviation and community development efforts. Overall, the findings underscore the complex nature of poverty alleviation and community development in Belize, with a range of perceptions regarding the effectiveness of NGOs. The results emphasize the need for NGOs to strengthen collaboration, improve targeting and outreach, enhance monitoring and evaluation, foster capacity building, engage in advocacy, promote transparency and accountability, foster knowledge exchange, and utilize strategic communication approaches. By addressing these recommendations, NGOs can enhance their contributions to poverty alleviation and community development in Belize.
Keywords: NGOs, Belize, community Development, poverty alleviation		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER I— INTRODUCTION 9
INTRODUCTION 9
BACKGROUND OF STUDY 11
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 13
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 14
RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 15
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 16
SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS 16
SCOPE OF THE STUDY 17
Geographical Scope 17
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 19
CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW: DEFINING NGOS, POVERTY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 20
Understanding Poverty: Analyzing Its Definition 20
WHAT IS AN NGO? 21
WHAT IS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT? 23
CHAPTER II- LITERATURE REVIEW 25
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 25
NGOs Under the Scope of Civil Society 25
INSTITUTIONAL THEORY 26
NGO’S, POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 30
NGOS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN BELIZE 31
COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS OF NGOS 34
NGO BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN BELIZE 38
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 41
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS 41
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 43
RESEARCH DESIGN 43
A Quantitative Research Design 43
DATA INSTRUMENT 44
SAMPLE POPULATION 45
SAMPLE SIZE AND POPULATION 46
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 47
DELIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 47
CHAPTER 4- RESULTS 48
CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSIONS 70
RECOMMENDATIONS 73
REFERENCES 77
ANNEX I 87
Questionnaire Permission Letter 87
ANNEX 2 88
Questionnaire Tool 88		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2671139 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862030en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非政府組織zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 伯利茲zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 扶貧zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社區發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) NGOsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Belizeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) poverty alleviationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) community Developmenten_US
dc.title (題名) 非政府組織在伯利茲社區發展和扶貧中的作用zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Role of NGOs in Community Development and Poverty Alleviation in Belizeen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Action Aid International. (n.d.). Our approach. Retrieved from https://www.actionaid.org/about-us/our-approach.
Alaerts, G. J. (2020). Adaptive Policy Implementation: Process and Impact of Indonesia’s National Irrigation Reform 1999–2018. World Development.
Anheier, H. K., & Toepler, S. (2019). Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy. Routledge.
Belize Education Project. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.belizeducationproject.com/
Belize Institute for Social Research and Action. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.bisra-icpcs.org/
Belize Medical Brigade (BMB). (2021). Retrieved from https://www.bmbbelize.org/
Belize Network of NGOs. (2021). BNN 2021-2023 Strategic Plan.
Belize Red Cross (2020). Retrieved from https://www.belizeredcross.org/
Benítez, D., Gammage, S., Martinez, S., Murillo, J., & Palma, M. (2015). Public Policy to Reduce Poverty in Belize. Research Gate.
Butler, L. M. (2018). Community Development: A Critical Approach. Second Edition. Oxon: Routledge.
Brenes, A., Marchezini, V., and Wisner, B. (2020). Non-Governmental Organizations and Natural Hazard Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.
Brass, J. N. (1996). Social Movements and the Political Economy of Markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 103-125.
Brass, J. N., Longhofer, W., Robinson, R. S., and Schnable, A. (2018). NGOs and International development: A Review of Thirty-Five Years of Scholarship. World Development, 112, 136-149.
Brammer, S., Jackson, G., and Matten, D. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility an Institutional theory: New perspectives on Private Governance. Socio-economic Review, 10(1), 3-28.
Brechin, S. R., and Salas, O. (2011). Government-NGO Networks & Nature Conservation in Belize: Examining the Theory of The Hollow State in a Developing Country Context. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 3(3), 263-274.
Caribbean Community Climate Change Center. (2018). 2018-2020 Impact of Climate Change on Small Island States in the Caribbean: Feasibility Study and Funding Proposal Preparation
Casey, J. (1998). Non-Government Organizations as Policy Actors: The Case of Immigration Policies in Spain. Spain: Department de Ciencia Politica i de Dret Public, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Barcelona.
Chambers, R. (1995). Paradigm Shifts and the Practice of Participatory Research and Development. IDS Bulletin, 26(1), 9-16.
Chambers, R. (1995a). Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? Environment & Urbanization, 7(1), 173-204.
Corbett, S., and Fikkert, B. (2014). When Helping hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty Without Hurting the Poor... and Yourself. Moody Publishers.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publications.
Davis, R. C., & Davis, R. (2018). A Typology of Barriers to NGO Advocacy. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(1), 64-85.
De Vries, G. W., Haines, M. F., Hufnagel, S. B., Laird, A. K., Rearick, K. D., and Salas, O. E. (2003). Enhancing Collaboration for Conservation and Development in Southern Belize. Michigan: University of Michigan.
Environmental Research Institute (ERI) (2021). Retrieved from https://www.eri.gov.bz/
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., and Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
Finnetty, S. (2001). Analyzing the Roles of Local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study of Belize, Central America.
Forde, M., Morrison, K., Dewailly, E., Badrie, N., and Robertson, L. (2011). Strengthening integrated research and capacity development within the Caribbean region. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11(2), 1-11.
Fowler, A. (2000). NGO Futures: Beyond aid: NGOs and Development in the Twenty-First Century. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fowler, A. (2000). NGDOs as a Moment in History: Beyond Aid to Social Entrepreneurship or Civic Innovation? Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 637-654.
Fowler, A. (2000a). NGOs and the Future of Africa. Blackwell Publishers.
Fowler, A. (2000b). NGO Futures: Beyond aid: NGDO Values and the Fourth Position. Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 589-603.
Friends for Conservation and Development (FCD) (2020). Retrieved from https://www.fcdbelize.org/
Gilabert, P., and Lawford-Smith, H. (2012). Political Feasibility: A Conceptual Exploration. Political Studies, 60(4), 809-825.
Government of Belize. (2016). Poverty reduction strategy paper. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/developpement/assets/pdfs/belize_poverty_strategy-en.pdf.
Griffith, K. T. (2016). Financial Sustainability of Social Service NGOs in Belize (Doctoral dissertation, KDI School).
Hale, S. (2015). Giving in the Caribbean: Building upon Cultures of Generosity to Strengthen the Nonprofit Sector. In The Palgrave handbook of global philanthropy (pp. 88-99). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Hand in Hand Ministries (2021). Retrieved from https://www.handinhandministries.org/

Head, B. W., and Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for Public Policy and Management. Administration & society, 47(6), 711-739.
Henry, E.J. (2008). Caribbean Philanthropy: Past and Potential. The Ford Foundation.
Hickey, W. (2015). Principal Perceptions of Strategies to Increase Effectiveness of Educational Non-governmental Organizations in Southern Belize.
Howlett, M. (2018). The Criteria for Effective Policy Design: Character and Context in Policy Instrument Choice. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 11(3), 245-266.
Human Development Indices and Indicators. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506
Johns, K. (2010). Philanthropy, Civil Society and the Diaspora in the Caribbean. The Caribbean Philanthropy Network.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender Equality and Women`s Empowerment: A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
Kabeer, N. (2005a). Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions. Commonwealth Secretariat.
Kelly, J. A., Somlai, A. M., Benotsch, E. G., Amirkhanian, Y. A., Fernandez, M. I., Stevenson, L. Y., ... and Opgenorth, K. M. 2006. Programmes, Resources, and Needs of HIV-prevention Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in Africa, Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. AIDS care, 18(1), 12-21.
Klar, S. and Leeper, T. J. (2019). Identities and Intersectionality: A Case for Purposive Sampling in Survey‐Experimental Research. Experimental Methods in Survey Research: Techniques that Combine Random Sampling with Random Assignment, 419-433.
Longmore, R., Antonio, M., Oliveira, L. E., and McLeod, R. (2019). Growth Volatility in Belize.
Levin, H. M., and McEwan, P. J. (2000). Cost-effectiveness analysis: Methods and applications (Vol. 4). Sage.
Li, T. M. (2007). The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Duke University Press.
Low, W., and Davenport, E. (2002). NGO capacity building and sustainability in the Pacific. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 43(3), 367-379.
Medina, L. K. (2015). Governing Through the Market: Neoliberal Environmental Government in Belize. American Anthropologist, 117(2), 272-284.
Minto-Coy, I. D., and Berman, E. (Eds.). (2015). Public Administration and Policy in the Caribbean (Vol. 180). CRC Press.
Mitchell, G. E., O’Leary, R., and Gerard, C. (2015). Collaboration and Performance: Perspectives from Public Managers and NGO Leaders. Public Performance & Management Review, 38(4), 684-716.
Mortished, C., & Martin, P. (2007). Towards a New Moral Economy? Applying `bottom-up development` in Bangladesh. Journal of International Development, 19(6), 691-704.
Nelson, M. (2020). The Power of Collaboration: Strengthening Network Governance of Cross-sector Partnerships. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory.
Orozco, M., Rodríguez, C., & García, C. (2021). Connecting the Caribbean and Central America to Address Poverty and Inequality: Joint Cooperation Efforts. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.
Okoli, F.C. and Onah, F.O. (2002). Public Administration in Nigeria Nature, Principles and Applications. Enugu: John Jacobs Classic Publishers.
Oxfam. (2021). About us. Retrieved from https://www.oxfam.org/en/who-we-are/about-us
Paley, J. (2001). NGOs and the Secularization of Civil Society in Turkey: Contradictions of the European Union reform process. Third World Quarterly, 22(3), 439-458.
Pineda, A., and Marie, A. (2013). NGOs and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: A case study of Haiti. Unpublished dissertation University of New Orleans. https://scholarworks. uno. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi.
Popoola, O. O. (2016). Actors in Decision Making and Policy pPocess. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(1), 47-51.
Quah, J. S. (2013). Ensuring Good governance in Singapore. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 26(5), 401.
Salhi, K. (2004). Rethinking francophone culture: Africa and the Caribbean between history and theory. Research in African literatures, 35(1), 9-29.
Sandiford, P., & Obermeyer, A. (2017). Funding Policy Advocacy: Insights from Belize. Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership, 7(2), 140-152.
Savorgnan, B., & Burkett, J. (2018). Capability-based Partnerships for Community Development: Lessons from a Rural Village in Belize. Development in Practice, 28(4), 476-489.
Shoemake, J., Franks, P., & Rafael, M. A. (2019). Understanding Poverty Dynamics in Belize: A Mixed-methods Study. World Development Perspectives, 15, 100107.
Short, D. (2019). Aid Diversification in Belize: Can NGOs and Government Work Together for Development. In NGOs and Sustainable Development in Rural Latin America (pp. 119-142). Springer, Cham.
Smith, T. B. (1973). The Policy Implementation Process. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 197-209.
The Government of Belize. (2016). Belize Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy. Retrieved from https://citizenbelize.bz/
Thompson, W. (2016). The Role of NGOs in Governance. Polity Press.
Transparency International. (2020). Corruption Perceptions Index 2019: Belize. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/results/bze.
United Nations. (n.d.). Civil Society and NGOs. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/sections/partnerships/civil-society-and-ngos/
United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
United Nations (2020). Poverty and Inequality. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
United Nations (2020). The Sustainable Development Agenda. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1 United Nations Development Programme (2019).
United Nations Development Programme. (2019). Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
United Nations Development Programme (2020). Multidimensional Poverty. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/multidimensional-poverty-index
United Nations Development Programme. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals - Belize. Retrieved from https://www.bz.undp.org/content/belize/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html
United Nations Secretary General. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. World Commission on Environment and Development
Vasilyev, D. (2019). Reinvigorating Growth in Belize. International Monetary Fund.
Wahlén, C. B. (2014). Constructing Conservation Impact: Understanding Monitoring and Evaluation in Conservation NGOs. Conservation and Society, 12(1), 77-88.
Walmsley, S. (2019). NGOs and Political Networks: The Example of the Case of Belize. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(6), 1112-1122.
Warnecke-Berger, H. (2019). Belize: Trans Nationalization by Coincidence and the Rise of Violence. In Politics and Violence in Central America and the Caribbean (pp. 197-232). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Wainwright, J. (2011). Decolonizing Development: Colonial power and the Maya. John Wiley & Sons. http://www.caribbeanphilanthropy.org/toolkit.php.
Waylen, K. A., Blackstock, K. L., Van Hulst, F. J., Damian, C., Horváth, F., Johnson, R. K., ... and Van Uytvanck, J. (2019). Policy-driven monitoring and evaluation: Does it support Adaptive Management of Socio-ecological Systems? Science of the total environment, 662, 373-384
Weaver, B. (2012). The Relational Context of Desistance: Some Implications and Opportunities for Social Policy. Social policy & administration, 46(4), 395-412.
Webson, W. A. (2010). Philanthropy, Civil Society and NGOs in the Caribbean. A Report of Caribbean Philanthropy Network.
Wilkins, P., Phillimore, J., & Gilchrist, D. (2016). Public Sector Collaboration: Are we Doing it Well and Could we Do it Better? Australian Journal of Public Administration, 75(3), 318-330.
World Bank. (2015). Prosperity for All: Ending Extreme Poverty. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22581
World Bank. (2020). What is Community Development? Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/communitydevelopment/overview
World Bank. (2021). Belize - Country Overview. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/belize/overview
World Bank. (2021a). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. World Bank.
World Bank. (2021b). Poverty Overview. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
Yin, R K. (2003): Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Third Edition, Sage Publication, London.
Young, C. A. (2008). Belize`s Ecosystems: Threats and Challenges to Conservation in Belize. Tropical Conservation Science, 1(1).
Yunus, M. (2003). Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. Public Affairs.
Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. Public Affairs.		zh_TW