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題名 GATS內建議題之研究─以緊急防衛、政府採購、補貼談判為中心
作者 陳仁傑
Chen, Jen-Chieh
貢獻者 張新平
陳仁傑
Chen, Jen-Chieh
關鍵詞 服務貿易總協定
內建議題
緊急防衛
政府採購
補貼
服務貿易
防衛
漸進式自由化
杜哈發展議程
杜哈回合
GATS
emergency safeguard measures
ESM
safeguard
government procurement
subsidies
Doha agenda
DDA
日期 2005
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 11:11:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 世界貿易組織協定之整體架構,其內容涵蓋了關稅暨貿易總協定、修正1947年關稅暨貿易總協定的瞭解書,以及規範貨品貿易、服務貿易,與智慧財產權的多邊貿易協定等。世界貿易組織協定中的附件1B,即是為規範服務貿易所訂之服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services,以下簡稱GATS)。由於服務貿易相關議題的起步與發展相形較晚,因此各國就世界貿易組織協定達成協議時,GATS中許多議題仍不成熟也缺乏共識,難以有具體之處理與規範。但是為了能在日後繼續處理這些未完成的議題,因此,乃在GATS條文中分別規定相關文字,要求會員在WTO成立生效後應繼續這些議題的討論與處理。
     GATS中這些要求留待日後處理的內建(built-in)議題,分別規定在第6條第4項(國內規章)、第10條第1項(緊急防衛措施)、第13條第2項(政府採購)、第15條第1項(補貼)、以及第19條(特定承諾之談判)。其中,關於特定承諾談判的要求是屬於漸進式自由化的議題,其餘四項議題則是關於GATS規則之議題。由於GATS各項內建議題均頗為複雜與困難,對GATS整體架構都有一定程度之影響,其發展具有相當之重要性,從而本文期望能針對GATS規則制定的議題進行整理與分析,並在相關資料評估的基礎之上,提供若干之建議以供參考。惟鑑於時間與篇幅的考量,本文將限縮著重在緊急防衛、政府採購以及補貼等三項內建議題的討論上。
     由於發展程度與個別國家的考量有所差異,已開發國家以及開發中國家對於此等議題的主張不盡相同,本文嘗試就此三項議題依序以第二章、第三章、第四章分別加以探討,透過整理、瞭解此三項談判的基本發展、重要爭議與相關之討論意見,就此三項談判的相關資料、重要爭議或討論意見予以扼要分析與適當論述,同時在目前的談判進度下,本文嘗試從開發中國家與已開發國家之不同立場為討論之出發點,並以前者立場作為我國之談判基調,並視我國實際情況作出調整,進而提出對此三項議題之評估與分析,以瞭解個別議題目前討論的進展,以及相關主張可能產生之影響。
     最後,本文在前述各章的評估與分析的基礎之上,在第五章分別就此三項議題提出本文之建議,期望能提供相關研究人員以及有關當局作為參考。
This thesis focuses on the three ongoing issues of the GATS built–in agenda - the negotiations on emergency safeguard measures, government procurement, and subsidies. These three issues were too complicated to be dealt with properly in the Uruguay Round, so the issues left were regulated in Articles X, XIII and XV of GATS, which mandates members to resolve the issues in the future.
     Because each country’s developments and considerations are widely different from one another, developed and developing countries did not achieve consensus on these issues. This thesis attempts to introduce and analyze the different discussions and opinions on these three issues.
     Besides the introductory Chapter, the thesis consists of another four parts. Chapter 2 first introduces and clarifies controversial issues on emergency safeguard measures, and then analyzes the three main proposals about ESM (emergency safeguard mechanism) and estimates the most recent status of the issue.
     Chapter 3 deals with government procurement under the GATS. After reviewing the history of the negotiation, attention is paid to the proposal from the European Community (hereafter “the EC”). Because the proposal involved with a fierce debate over market access, the EC proposal on a framework for rules for government procurement of services could not be accepted by most developing countries. Therefore, the issue has made little progress in the past years. Chapter 3 concludes with some commentaries on the issue.
     Chapter 4 turns attention to subsidies in services. Article XV of GATS mandates members to enter into negotiations with a view to develop multilateral disciplines which would avoid the distortive effects that subsidies in services may have on trade in services. The negotiation on subsidies in services, however, involves many important issues, such as the necessity to regulate subsidies in services, the definition of subsidies in services, elements of rules, etc. Although members made efforts to address these questions, nothing concrete has been achieved. The last chapter consists of conclusions and recommendations.
"第一章 緒論 1-1
     第一節 研究題目之說明 1-1
     第二節 研究動機及研究目的 1-1
     一、研究動機 1-1
     二、研究目的 1-3
     第三節 研究方法與研究範圍 1-4
     第四節 研究架構 1-4
     
     第二章 GATS緊急防衛議題 2-1
     第一節 GATS緊急防衛議題談判概論 2-1
     一、前言 2-1
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制談判之進展概述 2-3
     第二節 緊急防衛議題之「問題」、「需要性」以及「可行性」 2-9
     一、GATS第10條第1項的「問題(question)」 2-9
     二、緊急防衛議題談判之需要性以及可行性的問題 2-14
     第三節 緊急防衛機制之架構設計與主要提案之說明與分析 2-27
     一、緊急防衛機制架構的形式別與可能採行方式的選擇 2-28
     二、東協2000年提出的「東協草案」 2-36
     三、澳洲2002年提議之「核心機制」 2-56
     四、東協部分成員2004年2月之提案 2-65
     第四節 評估與分析 2-83
     一、GATS緊急防衛機制應有存在必要 2-83
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制的需求目前並不迫切 2-84
     三、主要的ESM提案均仍有改善的空間且尚待凝聚共識 2-85
     四、會員對於ESM的立場仍然分歧 2-87
     五、我國所持之立場---傾向支持制定ESM 2-88
     
     第三章 GATS政府採購議題 3-1
     第一節 GATS政府採購議題談判概論 3-1
     一、前言 3-1
     二、GATS政府採購議題談判進展概述 3-2
     第二節 GATS政府採購議題之釐清及相關資訊之收集與分析 3-5
     一、GATS政府採購議題與有關問題 3-5
     二、關於GATS政府採購議題相關資訊之收集與分析 3-15
     第三節 GATS政府採購制度---以歐盟提案為中心 3-19
     一、歐盟提案之說明與分析 3-19
     二、歐盟提案之整體評析 3-36
     第四節 評估與分析 3-40
     一、GATS政府採購議題談判朝向「市場開放」之方向 3-41
     二、歐盟提案之評估 3-42
     三、不同立場的尖銳對立---利益衝突 3-44
     
     第四章 GATS補貼議題 4-1
     第一節 GATS補貼議題談判概論 4-1
     一、前言 4-1
     二、GATS補貼議題談判進展概述 4-3
     第二節 GATS發展補貼規範之需求 4-6
     一、發展GATS補貼規範之理由以及需要規範之補貼型態 4-6
     二、現有GATS架構對於補貼問題之處理能力 4-19
     第三節 GATS補貼定義及相關規範之設計 4-25
     一、GATS補貼之定義與規範要素 4-25
     二、GATS補貼規範設計之架構與可能之平衡措施 4-41
     第四節 服務補貼資訊的分析與資訊交換 4-59
     一、貿易政策檢討中的補貼資訊分析 4-59
     二、會員承諾表中關於補貼限制之資訊 4-64
     三、關於補貼談判資訊交換的要求---問卷 4-65
     四、區域貿易協定中關於服務貿易補貼的條款與分析 4-66
     第五節 評估與分析 4-72
     一、服務補貼可能具有貿易扭曲效果,現行GATS架構無法妥善處理 4-72
     二、GATS補貼議題之各項工作進展均相當有限 4-73
     三、服務補貼有集中特定部門之趨勢且各國重視之部門不同 4-73
     四、各國對服務採取之補貼措施偏好不一 4-74
     五、促進服務業發展係我國當前重大政策,而服務補貼居重要之地位 4-74
     
     第五章 建議代結論 5-1
     第一節 GATS緊急防衛議題談判之建議………………………………………..5-1
     一、我國對於GATS緊急防衛機制的制定目前並無迫切需求 5-1
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制應以嚴格控制濫用為主要考量 5-2
     三、GATS緊急防衛措施的選擇應符合我國需要 5-4
     四、適度支持特殊與差別待遇設計 5-6
     五、致力建立服務貿易之相關數據資料並培養運用貿易救濟手段的能力 5-6
     第二節 GATS政府採購議題談判之建議 ……………………………………….5-9
     一、可促進GATS政府採購議題進度,化解遲遲未能簽署政府採購協定的窘境 5-10
     二、審慎評估我國有利之部門,並爭取其他會員在這些部門的承諾 5-10
     三、視各國承諾狀況,適度決定我國在GATS的承諾幅度 5-11
     四、協助各開發中國家向已開發國家爭取更多的交換利益 5-11
     五、審慎評估可能的特殊與差別待遇條款對我國之影響 5-11
     六、在促成GATS政府採購議題完成的前提下,追求高水準的程序規則 5-12
     第三節 GATS補貼議題談判之建議 …………………………………………...5-12
     一、瞭解我國與貿易往來密切會員之補貼現狀,以利談判方針之決定 5-13
     二、儘早達成服務補貼之暫時性定義以作為推動後續工作之基礎 5-14
     三、促進服務補貼資訊之取得與收集 5-14
     四、持續推動漸進式自由化,強化GATS既有規範之效力 5-17
     五、盡快促成基本補貼規範之完成,減少貿易扭曲效果之擴大 5-18
     六、GATS補貼規範之設計考量需進一步深入研究 5-19
     七、積極爭取保留所需之補貼並審慎評估特殊與差別待遇之影響 5-21
     "
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32. HONG KONG, CHINA, Questions on the Proposed Framework for Government Procurement of Services under the GATS by the European Communities, WTO Doc. JOB(04)/130(17 September 2004).
22. 經濟部國貿局,《我國在WTO自我定位為「開發中國家」會員之說帖》,2004年5月。
33. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, MYANMAR, THE PHILIPPINES and THAILAND, Communication, WTO Doc. JOB(04)/175(24 November 2004).
34. SINGAPORE, An Illustrative List of Definitional Issues that could relate to Subsidies in Services, WTO Doc. JOB(04)/180(1 December 2004).
35. Switzerland, Draft Annex on Export Subsidies (December 2004).
36. WTO Secretariat, SYNTHESIS OF VIEWS EXPRESSED ON THE DEFINITION OF SUBSIDY, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/4(26 January 2005).
37. UNITED STATES, Working Toward a Productive Information Exchange, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/5(31 January 2005).
38. Chile, Hong Kong, China, MEXICO, PERU and Switzerland, Proposal for a Provisional Definition of Subsidies in Services, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/96(9 June 2005).
7. David Vivas Eugui and Alex Werth, Rediscovering Subsidies in Services Negotiations, in ICTSD BRIDGES 7(6), (July/August 2003).
三、日文資料三四、網站資料
(一)中文
1. 中華經濟研究院---台灣WTO研究中心https://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/listStaticHome
2. 中國期刊網資料庫
23. 韓立余,《美國外貿法》,法律出版社,1999年3月。
3. 全國法規資料庫入口網站 http://law.moj.gov.tw
4. 行政院經濟建設委員會 http://www.cepd.gov.tw
5. 經濟部國貿局 http://www.trade.gov.tw
6. 經濟部貿易調查委員會 http://www.moeatic.gov.tw
7. 國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法學研究中心
8. Hong Kong, China, Speaking Points, in ICTSD Roundtable on Trade in Services and Sustainable Development, “Towards Pro-Sustainable Development Rules for Subsidies in Trade in Services”(10 March 2003).
http://www.it.nccu.edu.tw/law/index.asp
(二)英文
1. APEC web-site http://www.apec.org/apec/about_apec.html
2. EUROPA web-site http://europa.eu.int/
3. ICRIER web-site http://www.icrier.org/index.html
24. 臧立,世界貿易組織法,法律出版社,2003年10月。
4. ICTSD web-site http://www.ictsd.org/index.htm
5. Google Search http://www.google.com
6. Lexis-Nexis Database
7. OECD web-site http://www.oecd.org/home/
9. Hong Kong, China, Definition Of Subsidies In Trade In Services – Possible Parameters, APEC, Group on Services ( 2005/SOM1/GOS/007)(27 February 2005).
8. South Centre web-site http://www.southcentre.org/
9. WTO web-site http://www.wto.org
10. Westlaw Database
11. UNCTAD web-site http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Startpage.asp?intItemID=2068&lang=1
12. World Bank web-site http://www.worldbank.org/
25. 羅昌發,《美國貿易救濟制度》,元照出版有限公司,1994年1月初版。
26. 羅昌發,《國際貿易法》,元照出版有限公司,2000年9月初版。
27. 羅昌發,《政府採購法與政府採購協定論析》,元照出版有限公司,2001年3月。
(二)期刊、雜誌、研討會文章以及諮詢意見
1. 王儷容、陳財家、吳柏寬、何艾蓉,《「中經院台灣WTO中心對services subsidies issues之立場建議及中英文說辭」》,中經院台灣WTO中心,2005年1月10日。
10. ICTSD, Synthesis Report of the Discussions in the Meeting 1, in ICTSD Roundtable on Trade in Services and Sustainable Development, “Towards Pro-Sustainable Development Rules for Subsidies in Trade in Services”(10 March 2003).
2. 牛惠之,<補貼與自由貿易—從GATT/WTO之補貼現行規範發展論國際環境補貼之現行法律地位>,《進口救濟論叢》第12期,1998年6月。
3. 牛惠之,<論WTO之SCM協定之發展與重要議題>,《進口救濟論叢》第21期,2002年12月。
4. 石靜霞,<服務貿易領域的緊急保障措施探析>,《法學家》,第5期,2003年。
5. 李振剛,<國際服務貿易中緊急保障措施問題>,《理論月刊》,第9期,2000年。
6. 林彩瑜、楊光華,《「請評論東協對緊急防衛措施(Emergency Safeguard Measure)提案ASEAN Intervention at WPGR Meeting (13 May 2003)及JOB No.6830(31 October 2000)」》,台北:國立台灣大學法律學院WTO研究中心,2003年6月。
7. 林彩瑜,《「有關新加坡及瑞士所提服務補貼文件之法律意見」》,台大法律學院WTO研究中心,2005年1月。
8. 林彩瑜、張南薰,<中國大陸防衛措施規範對兩岸互動之影響>,《政大法學評論》,第83期,2005年2月。
9. 林彩瑜,《論WTO架構下區域貿易協定防衛措施適用之有關問題》,發表於第五屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會,2005年3月5日。
10. 林江峰,<服務貿易防衛機制之問題與對策>,《台灣經濟金融月刊》,第40卷第8期,2004年6月。
11. 林房晶東,<略論WTO新一輪談判中服務貿易保障措施規則的制定---兼析我國應堅持的立場>,《國際經貿探索》,第5期,2002年。
11. Ivan Bernier, AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES SUBSIDIES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE GATS: THE CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT OF NEGOTIA TIONS, in Spotlight on Diversity, the Government of Québec Secretariat(2003/08/07).
12. 許蔚農,<WTO防衛條款析論及我國應有之立場>,《進口救濟論叢》,第21期,2002年12月。
13. 彭心儀,《有關東協「服務貿易緊急防衛措施機制提案」之研析意見與立場建議》,台北:國立台灣大學法律學院WTO研究中心,2004年9月。
14. 彭心儀、林彩瑜,《有關東協「服務貿易緊急防衛措施機制提案」之法律意見》,台北:國立台灣大學法律學院WTO研究中心,2004年10月。
15. 彭心儀,<由美國禁止網路賭博爭議案論服務貿易市場開放及國民待遇之規範解讀與體系建構>,《政大法學評論》,第85期,2005年6月。
16. 曾更瑩,<WTO對於國內補貼之規範>,《進口救濟論叢》,第5期,1994年12月。
17. 張新平、楊光華,《「有關歐盟建議在服務貿易承諾表增列有關政府採購承諾欄位之可行性與填寫範例之研析以及我國應有立場之諮詢意見」》,台大法律學院WTO研究中心, 2004年5月。
18. 張新平,<GATS自然人移動有關問題之探討>,《政大法學評論》,第80期,2004年8月。
19. 張南薰,<世界貿易組織下美國鋼品防衛措施爭端解決案之研究>,《政大法學評論84期》,2005年4月。
20. 楊光華,<服務貿易緊急防衛措施之發展及我國應有立場之芻議>,《貿易調查專刊》,第7期,2002年7月。
21. 楊光華,<由「未遇見之發展」要件論WTO防衛協定面臨之兩難>,《貿易調查專刊》,第9期,2003年6月,
10. 陳新民,《中華民國憲法釋論》,2001年1月4版。
22. 楊光華,<服務補貼規範發展必要性之初探>,載於楊光華主編,《第四屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集》,2004年8月。
23. 楊婉苓,<WTO補貼規範與政府出資補助企業研發問題淺析>,《進口救濟論叢》第21期,2002年12月。
24. 劉新浪、陳建國,<建築服務貿易的國內規章及保障措施問題研究>,《建築管理現代化》,總第77期,2004年第4期。
25. 蔡英文,<國家之經濟干預與國際貿易法---補貼法與衡平衡稅法(上)>,《政大法學評論》,第31期,1985年6月。
26. 蔡英文,<國家之經濟干預與國際貿易法---補貼法與衡平衡稅法(中)>,《政大法學評論》,第32期,1985年12月。
27. 蔡英文,<國家之經濟干預與國際貿易法---補貼法與衡平衡稅法(上)>,《政大法學評論》,第33期,1986年6月。
28. 蔡宏明,<烏拉圭回合補貼及平衡稅協定對我國之影響>,《進口救濟論叢》,第8期,1996年6月。
29. 蔡錫坤,<WTO下之選擇性防衛條款與防衛協定>,《進口救濟論叢》第13期,1998年12月。
30. 蕭振寰,《「多哈發展議程」:WTO設立後第一次回合談判的回顧與展望》,第四屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會發表論文,國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心與經濟部貿易調查委員會合辦,台北,2004年3月6日。
31. 羅昌發,《WTO下之「Doha發展議程」與我國參與》,第二屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會「台灣WTO新紀元---貿易之開放與防衛」發表論文,國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心與經濟部貿易調查委員會合辦,台北,2002年4月13日。
12. John Kunkel, Trade Negotiations on Government Procurement of Services (Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University)(2003).
(三)學位論文
1. 王韋傑,《WTO爭端解決機制下貿易制裁手段缺失及改革方案之探討》,國立政治大學國際貿易研究所,2002年。
2. 李玲玲,《國際經濟法上不公平貿易行為之研究》,國立台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,1992年6月。
3. 林曉芳,《服務業貿易總協定-以銀行服務業為中心》,國立政治大學法律研究所,1994年。
4. 林莉璇,《WTO服務貿易規範中國內規章條款之研究》,國立政治大學國際貿易學研究所,2000年。
5. 林倫帆,《WTO貨品貿易協定中「必要性」概念之研究》,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2004年7月8日。
1.6. 洪佳琳,《由安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案---探討服務貿易之部門分類標準》,國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文,2004年7月。
7. 張敏玲,《國家補助在歐體競爭法上之規範》,國立中興大學法律學系碩士班碩士論文,1999年6月。
8. 袁倩儀,《論WTO紡織品協定之過渡性防衛機制》,東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文,1995年8月。
9. 莊美玉,《租稅優惠作為經濟輔助手段之研究》,國立成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2003年1月。
13. JUAN A. MARCHETTI and PETROS C. MAVROIDIS, What are the Main Challenges for the GATS Framework? Don`t Talk About Revolution, European Business Organization Law Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2004).
10. 黃政傑,《GATT/WTO爭端解決體系下「非違反協定行為之控訴」之研究》,中原大學財經法律系所碩士論文,2002年7月。
4.11. 黃志文,《外人直接投資租稅優惠競爭相關國際規範之探討》,東吳大學法律學系研究所碩士論文,2003年。
12. 陳秋玉,《服務貿易總協定規範下之視聽服務業》,國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文,1995年7月18日。
13. 陳蒨儀,《我國加入世界貿易組織後法律服務之發展方向與相關問題研究》,國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,1998年。
14. 陳建璋,《論WTO邊境租稅調整制度與補貼相關規範之適用問題—以美國FSC為爭端案為例》,國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文,2002年。
15. 曾更瑩,《特定性要件於補貼規範之適用》,國立台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,1995年。
6.16. 葉靜華,《從WTO架構下論我國政府採購之因應》,東吳大學法律學系研究所碩士論文,2002年7月。
17. 劉漢威,《GATS自然人移動之重要議題及我國相關對策分析》,國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,2005年4月。
18. 趙堅集,《論違反協定與未違反協定之控訴---以世界貿易組織之法制為中心》,國立中正大學法律研究所碩士論文,2003年6月。
19. 蔡錫坤,《選擇性防衛條款之研究》,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,1998年7月。
14. Lee, Y. S., Emergency Safeguard Measures Under Article X in GATS - Applicability of the Concepts in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, in Journal of World Trade 33(1999).
20. 蔣廣書,《論進口救濟案件對國內產業之認定》,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,1995年6月。
21. 談虎,《國際貿易法上緊急進口救濟---逃避條款之研究》,國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,1993年5月,
22. 簡基昇,《西雅圖會議後WTO面對之開發中國家問題》,國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文,2000年7月。
23. 蕭兆辰,《GATS金融審慎措施之研究》,私立東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士論文,2004年9月。
24. 蘇妍旭,《空運服務與WTO相關規範之研究》,國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,2001年。
二、英文部分
(一)書籍
1. Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System--- The WTO and Beyond (2thed. 2001)
2. Bernard M. Hoekman and Petros C. Mavroidis (eds.), Law and Policy in Public Purchasing—The WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (1997).
3. Damien Geradin and David Luff, The WTO and Global Convergence in Telecommunications and Audio-Visual Services (2004).
15. Luis Abugattas Majluf, Towards Disciplines on Subsidies on Agreements to Liberalise Trade in Services, Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery, Technical Papers (Aug. 2002).
4. Marc Benitah, The Law of Subsidies under the GATT/WTO System (2001).
5. Pierre Sauve & Robert M. Stern (eds.), GATS 2000--New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization (2000).
6. Sue Arrowsmith, Government Procurement in the WTO (2003).
7. Trade and Investment Division of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Implications of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) for Asia-Pacific Economies, Studies in Trade and Investment No. 37 (ST/ESCAP/1926)(2000).
8. TERENCE P. STEWART ed., The GATT Uruguay Round: A Negotiating History (1986-1992)(1993).
9. WTO, Guide to the GATS: An Overview of Issues for Further Liberalization of Trade in Services (2000).
10. WTO, GATS—Fact and Fiction (2001).
(二)專論以及期刊文章
1. Alberto Gabriele, Subsidies to Services Sectors: A Neo-Protectionist Distortion on a Useful Development Tool? (UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/MISC/2003/7) (20 April 2005).
16. Luis Abugattas Majluf, SFAEGUARD IN AGREEMENT TO LIBERLIZE TRADE IN SERVICES FOR CONSIDERATION OF CARICOM MEMBER STATES IN THE WTO, THE FTAA AND IN APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 47 OF THE REVISED TREATY OF CHAGUARMAS, Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery, Technical Papers(Aug. 2002).
17. Marc Benitah, Subsidies, Services and Sustainable Development, ICTSD Programme in Services and Sustainable Development, Issue Paper No. 1(Feb/2005).
18. Mario Marconini, EMERGENCY SAFEGUARD MEASURES IN THE GATS: BEYOND FEASIBLE AND DESIRABLE,(UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2005/4) (2005/03/09).
19. Partick A. Low, Aaditya Mattoo and Arvind Subramanian, Government Procurement in Services, in Law and Policy in Public Purchasing—The WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (Bernard M. Hoekman and Petros C. Mavroidis eds., 1997).
20. Robert Prylinski and Dariusz Mongialo, Definition of Subsidy in the GATS , in ICTSD Roundtable on Trade in Services and Sustainable Development, “Towards Pro-Sustainable Development Rules for Subsidies in Trade in Services” (10 March 2003).
21. Sauve Pierre, Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers, in Aussenwirtschaft, Vol. 57, No. 3 (2002).
11. 許志雄、陳銘祥、蔡茂寅、周志宏、蔡宗珍,《現代憲法論》,元照出版有限公司,2000年9月2版。
22. Simon J. Evenett and Bernard M. Hoekman, Government Procurement of Services and Multilateral Disciplines, in GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization (Pierre Sauvé and Robert M. Stern eds., 2000).
(三)WTO文件
正式文件
1. 正式WTO Secretariat, Emergency Safeguard Measures under Article X of GATS, WTO Doc.S/WPGR/W/1 (6 July 1995).
2. WTO Secretariat, SAFEGUARD PROVISIONS IN REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/2(5 October 1995).
3. WTO Secretariat, GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/3(8 November 1995).
4. WTO Secretariat, SAFEGUARDS PROCEDURES IN REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/4(24 November 1995).
5. AUSTRALIA, Some Conceptual Issues Concerning the Application of Safeguards to Trade in Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/5(6 December 1995).
6. THAILAND, A Discussion Paper on GATS Emergency Safeguards, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/6(18 December 1995).
7. WTO Secretariat, INFORMATION ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/7(2 February1996).
12. 黃立、陳坤銘、李貴英、郭迺鋒、林彩瑜、翁永和、楊光華、陳財加、吳依真,《WTO及各國對開發中國家(含低度開發國家)提供優惠性措施之研析》,經濟部國際貿易局委託研究計畫,2000年11月30日。
8. WTO Secretariat, INFORMATION ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES - Addendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/7/Add.1 (22 February 1996).
9. WTO Secretariat, Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: The Applicability of Concepts applied in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/8 (6 March 1996).
10. WTO Secretariat, Subsidies and Trade in Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/9 (6 March 1996).
11. Chile, The Subsidies Issue, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/10 (2 April 1996).
12. WTO Secretariat, Questionnaire on Government Procurement of Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/11 (2 April 1996).
13. WTO Secretariat, Provisions on Subsidies relating to Trade in Services in Regional Trade Agreements, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/12 (20 May 1996).
14. WTO Secretariat, Limitations in Members` Schedules Relating to Subsidies, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/13 (21 May 1996).
15. Switzerland, Safeguards and Trade in Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/14 (10 October 1996).
16. WTO Secretariat, Questions relating to an Emergency Safeguard Mechanism in GATS, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/15 (12 December 1996).
17. WTO Secretariat, Questions Relevant to the Information Exchange required under the Subsidies Negotiating Mandate, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/16 (5 February 1997).
13. 黃立、李貴英、林彩瑜合著,《WTO國際貿易法論》,元照出版有限公司,2002年6月3版。
18. United States, Emergency Safeguards, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/17 (13 March 1997).
19. Hong Kong, Emergency Safeguard Measures in Services: A Way Forward, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/18 (16 May 1997).
20. Singapore, Emergency Safeguard Measures, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/19 (25 June 1997).
21. WTO Secretariat, Synthesis of the Responses to the Questionnaire on Government Procurement of Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/20 (7 July 1997).
22. ASEAN, Emergency Safeguards, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/22 (23 July 1997).
23. Peru, Emergency Safeguards, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/23 (21 August 1997).
24. WTO Secretariat, Examples of Situations in which Emergency Safeguard Action may be Taken, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/24 (03 September 1997).
25. WTO Secretariat, Subsidies for Services Sectors - Information Contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25 (26 January 1998).
26. Hong Kong, China, Emergency Safeguard Measures: A Way Forward on the Possible Principles, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/26 (10 February 1998).
27. WTO Secretariat, Issues for Future Discussions on Emergency Safeguards, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/27 (20 November1998).
14. 黃鈺華、蔡佩芳、李世祺,《政府採購法解讀---逐條釋義》,元照出版有限公司,2003年7月。
28. WTO Secretariat, Interpretation of Procurement-Related Provisions in GATT - Possible Application to Article XIII of GATS, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/29 (31 March1999).
29. WTO Secretariat, Issues for Future Discussions on Emergency Safeguards - Revision, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/27/Rev.1 (7 May 1999).
30. Report of the Appellate Body, CANADA - MEASURES AFFECTING THE EXPORT OF CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT, WTO Doc. WT/DS70/AB/R (2 August 1999).
31. WTO Secretariat, Issues for Future Discussions on Emergency Safeguards-Revision, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/27/Rev.2 (16 September 1999).
32. ASEAN, Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services (GATS Article X), WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/30 (14 March 2000).
33. Argentina and Hong Kong, China, Development of Multilateral Disciplines Governing Trade Distortive Subsidies in Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/31 (16 March 2000).
34. WTO Secretariat, Subsidies for Services Sectors - Information Contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25/Add.1 (29 May 2000).
35. WTO Secretariat, Limitations in Members` Schedules Relating to Subsidies - Revision, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/13/Add.1 (14 June 2000).
36. Poland, Emergency Safeguards Mechanism Contained in Article 18 Act of 18 December 1998 on Foreign Exchange Law - Working Paper, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/34 (3 July 2000).
37. WTO Secretariat, Subsidies for Services Sectors - Information Contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews - Corrigendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25/ Add.1/Corr.1 (11 July 2000).
15. 黃文俊,《保障措施法研究:理論框架與實証分析》,法律出版社,2004年10月。
38. WTO Secretariat, Subsidies for Services Sectors - Information Contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews - Addendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25/ Add.2 (12 December 2000).
39. Council for Trade in Services, GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES, WTO Doc. S/L/93 (29 March 2001).
40. United States, Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Services: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/37 (2 October 2001).
41. DOHA WTO MINISTERIAL 2001: MINISTERIAL DECLARATION, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (20 November 2001).
42. European Communities and their Member States, MODAL APPLICATION OF AN EMERGENCY SAFEGUARD MEASURE, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/38 (21 January 2002).
43. European Communities and their Member States, Modal Application of an Emergency Safeguard Measure - Corrigendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/38 /Corr.1 (3 April 2002).
44. European Communities and their Member States, Government Procurement of Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/39 (12 July 2002).
45. Working Party on GATS Rules, Work Programmes, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/7 (25 July 2002).
46. WTO Secretariat, Subsidies for Services Sectors - Information Contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews - Addendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25/ Add.3 (19 September 2002).
47. EUROPE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND BULGARIA, WTO Doc. WT/REG1/6(27 September 2002).
16. 楊光華,《WTO新回合服務貿易談判對我國之影響及因應措施》,行政院經濟建設委員會委託專案研究計畫,2001年12月31 日。
48. WTO Secretariat, Safeguard-Type Provisions in Economic Integration Agreements - Addendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/4 /Add.1 (20 February 2003).
49. European Communities and their Member States, Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures (ESM) in the GATS, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/41 (3 March 2003).
50. WTO Secretariat, REPORT OF THE MEETING OF 25 FEBRUARY 2003, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/M/41 (12 March 2003).
51. Report by the Chairperson of the Working Party on GATS Rules, NEGOTIATIONS ON EMERGENCY SAFEGUARD MEASURES, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/9(14 March 2003).
52. WTO Secretariat, Safeguard-Type Provisions in Economic Integration Agreements - Corrigendum, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/4 /Add.1/Corr.1 (17 March 2003).
53. European Communities, Government Procurement of Services, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/42 (22 May 2003).
54. WTO Secretariat, REPORT OF THE MEETING OF 13 AND 14 MAY 2003, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/M/42 (19 June 2003).
55. WTO Secretariat, Overview of Government Procurement-Related Provisions in Economic Integration Agreements, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/44 (24 June 2003).
56. Chairperson of the Working Party on GATS Rules, NEGOTIATIONS ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/11 (30 June 2003).
57. Update To The Annual Report of 2002 of The Working Party On Gats Rules To The Council For Trade In Services (2003), WTO Doc. S/WPGR/12(3 July 2003).
17. 楊光華主編,《台灣WTO新紀元—貿易之開放與防衛》,元照出版有限公司,2003年1月。
58. WTO Secretariat, REPORT OF THE MEETING OF 2 AND 3 JULY 2003, WTO Doc. S/WPGR/M/43 (5 September 2003).
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學研究所
91651001
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0916510012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張新平zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳仁傑zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Jen-Chiehen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳仁傑zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Jen-Chiehen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 11:11:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 11:11:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 11:11:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0916510012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31638-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91651001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 世界貿易組織協定之整體架構,其內容涵蓋了關稅暨貿易總協定、修正1947年關稅暨貿易總協定的瞭解書,以及規範貨品貿易、服務貿易,與智慧財產權的多邊貿易協定等。世界貿易組織協定中的附件1B,即是為規範服務貿易所訂之服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services,以下簡稱GATS)。由於服務貿易相關議題的起步與發展相形較晚,因此各國就世界貿易組織協定達成協議時,GATS中許多議題仍不成熟也缺乏共識,難以有具體之處理與規範。但是為了能在日後繼續處理這些未完成的議題,因此,乃在GATS條文中分別規定相關文字,要求會員在WTO成立生效後應繼續這些議題的討論與處理。
     GATS中這些要求留待日後處理的內建(built-in)議題,分別規定在第6條第4項(國內規章)、第10條第1項(緊急防衛措施)、第13條第2項(政府採購)、第15條第1項(補貼)、以及第19條(特定承諾之談判)。其中,關於特定承諾談判的要求是屬於漸進式自由化的議題,其餘四項議題則是關於GATS規則之議題。由於GATS各項內建議題均頗為複雜與困難,對GATS整體架構都有一定程度之影響,其發展具有相當之重要性,從而本文期望能針對GATS規則制定的議題進行整理與分析,並在相關資料評估的基礎之上,提供若干之建議以供參考。惟鑑於時間與篇幅的考量,本文將限縮著重在緊急防衛、政府採購以及補貼等三項內建議題的討論上。
     由於發展程度與個別國家的考量有所差異,已開發國家以及開發中國家對於此等議題的主張不盡相同,本文嘗試就此三項議題依序以第二章、第三章、第四章分別加以探討,透過整理、瞭解此三項談判的基本發展、重要爭議與相關之討論意見,就此三項談判的相關資料、重要爭議或討論意見予以扼要分析與適當論述,同時在目前的談判進度下,本文嘗試從開發中國家與已開發國家之不同立場為討論之出發點,並以前者立場作為我國之談判基調,並視我國實際情況作出調整,進而提出對此三項議題之評估與分析,以瞭解個別議題目前討論的進展,以及相關主張可能產生之影響。
     最後,本文在前述各章的評估與分析的基礎之上,在第五章分別就此三項議題提出本文之建議,期望能提供相關研究人員以及有關當局作為參考。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis focuses on the three ongoing issues of the GATS built–in agenda - the negotiations on emergency safeguard measures, government procurement, and subsidies. These three issues were too complicated to be dealt with properly in the Uruguay Round, so the issues left were regulated in Articles X, XIII and XV of GATS, which mandates members to resolve the issues in the future.
     Because each country’s developments and considerations are widely different from one another, developed and developing countries did not achieve consensus on these issues. This thesis attempts to introduce and analyze the different discussions and opinions on these three issues.
     Besides the introductory Chapter, the thesis consists of another four parts. Chapter 2 first introduces and clarifies controversial issues on emergency safeguard measures, and then analyzes the three main proposals about ESM (emergency safeguard mechanism) and estimates the most recent status of the issue.
     Chapter 3 deals with government procurement under the GATS. After reviewing the history of the negotiation, attention is paid to the proposal from the European Community (hereafter “the EC”). Because the proposal involved with a fierce debate over market access, the EC proposal on a framework for rules for government procurement of services could not be accepted by most developing countries. Therefore, the issue has made little progress in the past years. Chapter 3 concludes with some commentaries on the issue.
     Chapter 4 turns attention to subsidies in services. Article XV of GATS mandates members to enter into negotiations with a view to develop multilateral disciplines which would avoid the distortive effects that subsidies in services may have on trade in services. The negotiation on subsidies in services, however, involves many important issues, such as the necessity to regulate subsidies in services, the definition of subsidies in services, elements of rules, etc. Although members made efforts to address these questions, nothing concrete has been achieved. The last chapter consists of conclusions and recommendations.
en_US
dc.description.abstract (摘要) "第一章 緒論 1-1
     第一節 研究題目之說明 1-1
     第二節 研究動機及研究目的 1-1
     一、研究動機 1-1
     二、研究目的 1-3
     第三節 研究方法與研究範圍 1-4
     第四節 研究架構 1-4
     
     第二章 GATS緊急防衛議題 2-1
     第一節 GATS緊急防衛議題談判概論 2-1
     一、前言 2-1
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制談判之進展概述 2-3
     第二節 緊急防衛議題之「問題」、「需要性」以及「可行性」 2-9
     一、GATS第10條第1項的「問題(question)」 2-9
     二、緊急防衛議題談判之需要性以及可行性的問題 2-14
     第三節 緊急防衛機制之架構設計與主要提案之說明與分析 2-27
     一、緊急防衛機制架構的形式別與可能採行方式的選擇 2-28
     二、東協2000年提出的「東協草案」 2-36
     三、澳洲2002年提議之「核心機制」 2-56
     四、東協部分成員2004年2月之提案 2-65
     第四節 評估與分析 2-83
     一、GATS緊急防衛機制應有存在必要 2-83
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制的需求目前並不迫切 2-84
     三、主要的ESM提案均仍有改善的空間且尚待凝聚共識 2-85
     四、會員對於ESM的立場仍然分歧 2-87
     五、我國所持之立場---傾向支持制定ESM 2-88
     
     第三章 GATS政府採購議題 3-1
     第一節 GATS政府採購議題談判概論 3-1
     一、前言 3-1
     二、GATS政府採購議題談判進展概述 3-2
     第二節 GATS政府採購議題之釐清及相關資訊之收集與分析 3-5
     一、GATS政府採購議題與有關問題 3-5
     二、關於GATS政府採購議題相關資訊之收集與分析 3-15
     第三節 GATS政府採購制度---以歐盟提案為中心 3-19
     一、歐盟提案之說明與分析 3-19
     二、歐盟提案之整體評析 3-36
     第四節 評估與分析 3-40
     一、GATS政府採購議題談判朝向「市場開放」之方向 3-41
     二、歐盟提案之評估 3-42
     三、不同立場的尖銳對立---利益衝突 3-44
     
     第四章 GATS補貼議題 4-1
     第一節 GATS補貼議題談判概論 4-1
     一、前言 4-1
     二、GATS補貼議題談判進展概述 4-3
     第二節 GATS發展補貼規範之需求 4-6
     一、發展GATS補貼規範之理由以及需要規範之補貼型態 4-6
     二、現有GATS架構對於補貼問題之處理能力 4-19
     第三節 GATS補貼定義及相關規範之設計 4-25
     一、GATS補貼之定義與規範要素 4-25
     二、GATS補貼規範設計之架構與可能之平衡措施 4-41
     第四節 服務補貼資訊的分析與資訊交換 4-59
     一、貿易政策檢討中的補貼資訊分析 4-59
     二、會員承諾表中關於補貼限制之資訊 4-64
     三、關於補貼談判資訊交換的要求---問卷 4-65
     四、區域貿易協定中關於服務貿易補貼的條款與分析 4-66
     第五節 評估與分析 4-72
     一、服務補貼可能具有貿易扭曲效果,現行GATS架構無法妥善處理 4-72
     二、GATS補貼議題之各項工作進展均相當有限 4-73
     三、服務補貼有集中特定部門之趨勢且各國重視之部門不同 4-73
     四、各國對服務採取之補貼措施偏好不一 4-74
     五、促進服務業發展係我國當前重大政策,而服務補貼居重要之地位 4-74
     
     第五章 建議代結論 5-1
     第一節 GATS緊急防衛議題談判之建議………………………………………..5-1
     一、我國對於GATS緊急防衛機制的制定目前並無迫切需求 5-1
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制應以嚴格控制濫用為主要考量 5-2
     三、GATS緊急防衛措施的選擇應符合我國需要 5-4
     四、適度支持特殊與差別待遇設計 5-6
     五、致力建立服務貿易之相關數據資料並培養運用貿易救濟手段的能力 5-6
     第二節 GATS政府採購議題談判之建議 ……………………………………….5-9
     一、可促進GATS政府採購議題進度,化解遲遲未能簽署政府採購協定的窘境 5-10
     二、審慎評估我國有利之部門,並爭取其他會員在這些部門的承諾 5-10
     三、視各國承諾狀況,適度決定我國在GATS的承諾幅度 5-11
     四、協助各開發中國家向已開發國家爭取更多的交換利益 5-11
     五、審慎評估可能的特殊與差別待遇條款對我國之影響 5-11
     六、在促成GATS政府採購議題完成的前提下,追求高水準的程序規則 5-12
     第三節 GATS補貼議題談判之建議 …………………………………………...5-12
     一、瞭解我國與貿易往來密切會員之補貼現狀,以利談判方針之決定 5-13
     二、儘早達成服務補貼之暫時性定義以作為推動後續工作之基礎 5-14
     三、促進服務補貼資訊之取得與收集 5-14
     四、持續推動漸進式自由化,強化GATS既有規範之效力 5-17
     五、盡快促成基本補貼規範之完成,減少貿易扭曲效果之擴大 5-18
     六、GATS補貼規範之設計考量需進一步深入研究 5-19
     七、積極爭取保留所需之補貼並審慎評估特殊與差別待遇之影響 5-21
     "
-
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1-1
     第一節 研究題目之說明 1-1
     第二節 研究動機及研究目的 1-1
     一、研究動機 1-1
     二、研究目的 1-3
     第三節 研究方法與研究範圍 1-4
     第四節 研究架構 1-4
     
     第二章 GATS緊急防衛議題 2-1
     第一節 GATS緊急防衛議題談判概論 2-1
     一、前言 2-1
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制談判之進展概述 2-3
     第二節 緊急防衛議題之「問題」、「需要性」以及「可行性」 2-9
     一、GATS第10條第1項的「問題(question)」 2-9
     二、緊急防衛議題談判之需要性以及可行性的問題 2-14
     第三節 緊急防衛機制之架構設計與主要提案之說明與分析 2-27
     一、緊急防衛機制架構的形式別與可能採行方式的選擇 2-28
     二、東協2000年提出的「東協草案」 2-36
     三、澳洲2002年提議之「核心機制」 2-56
     四、東協部分成員2004年2月之提案 2-65
     第四節 評估與分析 2-83
     一、GATS緊急防衛機制應有存在必要 2-83
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制的需求目前並不迫切 2-84
     三、主要的ESM提案均仍有改善的空間且尚待凝聚共識 2-85
     四、會員對於ESM的立場仍然分歧 2-87
     五、我國所持之立場---傾向支持制定ESM 2-88
     
     第三章 GATS政府採購議題 3-1
     第一節 GATS政府採購議題談判概論 3-1
     一、前言 3-1
     二、GATS政府採購議題談判進展概述 3-2
     第二節 GATS政府採購議題之釐清及相關資訊之收集與分析 3-5
     一、GATS政府採購議題與有關問題 3-5
     二、關於GATS政府採購議題相關資訊之收集與分析 3-15
     第三節 GATS政府採購制度---以歐盟提案為中心 3-19
     一、歐盟提案之說明與分析 3-19
     二、歐盟提案之整體評析 3-36
     第四節 評估與分析 3-40
     一、GATS政府採購議題談判朝向「市場開放」之方向 3-41
     二、歐盟提案之評估 3-42
     三、不同立場的尖銳對立---利益衝突 3-44
     
     第四章 GATS補貼議題 4-1
     第一節 GATS補貼議題談判概論 4-1
     一、前言 4-1
     二、GATS補貼議題談判進展概述 4-3
     第二節 GATS發展補貼規範之需求 4-6
     一、發展GATS補貼規範之理由以及需要規範之補貼型態 4-6
     二、現有GATS架構對於補貼問題之處理能力 4-19
     第三節 GATS補貼定義及相關規範之設計 4-25
     一、GATS補貼之定義與規範要素 4-25
     二、GATS補貼規範設計之架構與可能之平衡措施 4-41
     第四節 服務補貼資訊的分析與資訊交換 4-59
     一、貿易政策檢討中的補貼資訊分析 4-59
     二、會員承諾表中關於補貼限制之資訊 4-64
     三、關於補貼談判資訊交換的要求---問卷 4-65
     四、區域貿易協定中關於服務貿易補貼的條款與分析 4-66
     第五節 評估與分析 4-72
     一、服務補貼可能具有貿易扭曲效果,現行GATS架構無法妥善處理 4-72
     二、GATS補貼議題之各項工作進展均相當有限 4-73
     三、服務補貼有集中特定部門之趨勢且各國重視之部門不同 4-73
     四、各國對服務採取之補貼措施偏好不一 4-74
     五、促進服務業發展係我國當前重大政策,而服務補貼居重要之地位 4-74
     
     第五章 建議代結論 5-1
     第一節 GATS緊急防衛議題談判之建議………………………………………..5-1
     一、我國對於GATS緊急防衛機制的制定目前並無迫切需求 5-1
     二、GATS緊急防衛機制應以嚴格控制濫用為主要考量 5-2
     三、GATS緊急防衛措施的選擇應符合我國需要 5-4
     四、適度支持特殊與差別待遇設計 5-6
     五、致力建立服務貿易之相關數據資料並培養運用貿易救濟手段的能力 5-6
     第二節 GATS政府採購議題談判之建議 ……………………………………….5-9
     一、可促進GATS政府採購議題進度,化解遲遲未能簽署政府採購協定的窘境 5-10
     二、審慎評估我國有利之部門,並爭取其他會員在這些部門的承諾 5-10
     三、視各國承諾狀況,適度決定我國在GATS的承諾幅度 5-11
     四、協助各開發中國家向已開發國家爭取更多的交換利益 5-11
     五、審慎評估可能的特殊與差別待遇條款對我國之影響 5-11
     六、在促成GATS政府採購議題完成的前提下,追求高水準的程序規則 5-12
     第三節 GATS補貼議題談判之建議 …………………………………………...5-12
     一、瞭解我國與貿易往來密切會員之補貼現狀,以利談判方針之決定 5-13
     二、儘早達成服務補貼之暫時性定義以作為推動後續工作之基礎 5-14
     三、促進服務補貼資訊之取得與收集 5-14
     四、持續推動漸進式自由化,強化GATS既有規範之效力 5-17
     五、盡快促成基本補貼規範之完成,減少貿易扭曲效果之擴大 5-18
     六、GATS補貼規範之設計考量需進一步深入研究 5-19
     七、積極爭取保留所需之補貼並審慎評估特殊與差別待遇之影響 5-21
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0916510012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務貿易總協定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內建議題zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 緊急防衛zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政府採購zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 補貼zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 防衛zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 漸進式自由化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 杜哈發展議程zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 杜哈回合zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) GATSen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) emergency safeguard measuresen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ESMen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) safeguarden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) government procurementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) subsidiesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Doha agendaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) DDAen_US
dc.title (題名) GATS內建議題之研究─以緊急防衛、政府採購、補貼談判為中心zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、英文部分zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. WTO, GATS—Fact and Fiction (2001).zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Alberto Gabriele, Subsidies to Services Sectors: A Neo-Protectionist Distortion on a Useful Development Tool? (UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/MISC/2003/7) (20 April 2005).zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 正式文件zh_TW
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