學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 臺灣現行英語教學對原住民國中生學習態度與動機之效益研究
The Effects of English Teaching on Aboriginal Junior High School Students` Attitudes and Motivation in Taiwan
作者 張芳莉
Chang,Fang-li
貢獻者 余明忠
Yu,Ming-chung
張芳莉
Chang,Fang-li
關鍵詞 原住民國中生
態度
動機
aboriginal junior high school students
attitudes
motivation
日期 2004
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 12:16:52 (UTC+8)
摘要 原住民國中生一直處於不利的語言學習環境中,因而在英語學習的過程中,潛在一些值得探索的問題,包括學習態度與動機。本研究旨在探討臺灣現行英語教學對原住民國中生學習態度與動機的成效;同時,本研究也探討原住民家長的態度,以期能對其子女的英語學習有所助益。
      本研究資料分別取自新竹縣二所國中的190位學生(106位原住民: 84位非原住民)及162位家長(78位原住民: 84位非原住民)的問卷,並採用三種統計方法進行分析:描述性統計、獨立樣本T檢定、斯皮爾曼等級相關。資料分析結果如下:
      1.原住民國中生對英語學習的整體態度和非原住民國中生一樣高。
      2.原住民國中生對英語課程的滿意度和非原住民國中生一樣,皆為中級滿意度。
      3.原住民國中生的父母對英語學習的正面態度及支持度和非原住民國中生的父母一樣高。
      4.與原住民國中生的英語學習動機有顯著相關的因素為:學習英語的態度、子女對父母支持英語學習的認知、對英語課程的滿意度。
      本研究亦發現原住民國中生的正面態度與動機並未因而帶動學習風氣;另外,原住民學生的家長並未因為對英語學習持肯定的態度與支持度而主動參與子女的學習中。
The disadvantageous language learning environment which aboriginal junior high school students are placed in contributes to some potential problems in the process of their English learning, including attitudes and motivation. An aim of this study was to investigate whether the current context of English teaching in Taiwan affect aboriginal junior high school students’ attitudes toward the language and motivation in learning it.
      Two self-report questionnaires were respectively distributed to 190 8th- and 9th- grade students (106 aborigines vs. 84 non-aborigines) and 162 parents (78 aborigines vs. 84 non-aborigines) from two junior high schools in Hsin-Chu. Three statistical methods were conducted to analyze the data collected. They were the descriptive statistics, the independent sample t-test, and Spearman rank-order correlation.
      The findings of the study are summarized.
      First, aboriginal students’ overall attitudes toward English learning were as high as those of non-aboriginal ones.
      Second, aboriginal students were as motivated to learn English as their non-aboriginal counterparts on account of the medium degree of satisfaction with English classes existing in both of them.
      Third, like those of non-aboriginal students, parents of aboriginal students presented very positive attitudes toward and support for English learning.
      Finally, the variables that significantly correlated with aboriginal students’ motivation in learning English were “their attitudes toward English learning,” “their perceptions of parents’ support for English learning,” and “the degree of their satisfaction with English classes.”
      The results of the study also revealed that aboriginal students were not exposed to English more often outside the classroom in spite of their positive attitudes and motivation. Besides, in spite of the positive attitudes toward and support for English learning, parents of aboriginal students did not involve themselves in the process of learners’ English learning.
參考文獻 Aboud, F. (1994). Children and prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Anderson, R.W. (1978). An implicational model for second- language research. Language Learning, 28, 221-282.
Au, S.Y. (1988). A critical appraisal of Gardner’s social-psychological theory of second language. Language Learning, 38, 75-100.
Belmechri, F. & Hummel, K. (1998). Orientations and motivation in the acquisition of English as a second language among high school students in Quebec city. Language Learning, 48, 219-244.
Berndt, T.J. (1990). Expectancies, values, and achievement in junior high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 319-326.
Brindlberg, D. (1989). The role of needs analysis in adult ESL programme design. In R. K. Johnson (ed.), The second language curriculum (pp. 63-78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, H.D. (1980). The optimal distance model of second language acquisition. Tesol Quarterly, 14, 157-164.
Brown, H.D. (1991). Tesol at twenty-five: What are the issues? Tesol Quarterly, 25, 245-259.
Brown, H.D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching (3rd ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Brumfit, C. (1992). Review of Stephen Krashen’s language acquisition and language education (1989). Applied Linguistics, 13, 123-125.
Chastain, K. (1975). Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 25, 153-161.
Chihara, T. & Oller, J.W. (1978). Attitudes and attained proficiency in EFL: A sociolinguistic study of adult Japanese speakers. Language Learning, 28, 55-68.
Chiu, H. (2002). Quantitative study and statistical analysis. Taipei: Wu-Nan.
Clement, R. & Kruidenier, B.G. (1983). Orientations in second language acquisition: The effects of ethnicity, milieu, and target language on their emergence. Language Learning, 33, 273-291.
Crookes, G. & Schmidt, R.W. (1991). Motivation: Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning, 41, 469- 512.
Deci, E.L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press.
Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Donitsa-Schmidt, S., Inbar, O., & Shohamy, E. (2004). The effects of teaching spoken Arabic on students’ attitudes and motivation in Israel. The Modern Language Journal, 88, 217-228.
Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning. Language Learning, 40, 45-78.
Dörnyei, Z. (1994). Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 78, 273-284.
Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second language and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31, 117-135.
Dulay, H.C. & Burt, M.K. (1974a). Errors and strategies in child second language acquisition. Language Learning, 24, 37-53.
Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (1990). Instructed second language acquisition: Learning in the classroom. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Ely, C.M. (1986). An analysis of discomfort, risktaking, sociability, and motivation in the L2. Language Learning, 36, 1-25.
Ely, C.M. (1986). Language learning motivation: A descriptive and casual analysis. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 28-35.
Fathman, A.K. (1976). Variables affecting the successful learning of English as a second language. Tesol Quarterly, 10, 433-441.
Gardner, R.C. (1980). On the validity of affective variables in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 30, 255-277.
Gardner, R.C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Arnold.
Gardner, R.C. (1988). The socio-educational model of second-language learning: Assumptions, findings, and issues. Language Learning, 38, 101-126.
Gardner, R.C., Lalonde, R.N., & Moorcroft, R. (1985). The role of attitudes and motivation in second language learning: Correlation and experimental considerations. Language Learning, 35, 207-227.
Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1959). Motivational variables in second language learning. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13, 266-272.
Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Howard Arnold.
Gardner, R.C. & MacIntyre, P.D. (1991). An instrumental motivation in language study: Who says it isn’t effective? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 57-72.
Gardner, R.C. & MacIntyre, P.D. (1993). On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 43, 157-194.
Gardner, R.C., Masgoret, A-M., & Tremblay, P.F. (1999). Home background characteristics and second language learning. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 419-437.
Gardner, R.C., Tremblay, P.F., & Masgoret, A-M. (1997). Towards a full model of second language learning: An empirical investigation. The Modern Language Journal, 81, 344-362.
Genesee, F. (1982). Experimental neuropsychological research on second language processing. Tesol Quarterly, 16, 315-322.
Genesee, F. & Hamayan, E. (1980). Individual differences in second language learning. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 95-110.
Gottfried, A.E. (1985). Academic intrinsic motivation in elementary and junior high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 261-297.
Gottfried, A.E., Fleming, J.S., & Gottfried, A.W. (1994). Role of parental motivational practices in children’s learning. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 419-437.
Gradman, H.L. & Hanania E. (1991). Language learning background factors and ESL proficiency. The Modern Language Journal, 75, 39-51.
Guiora, A.Z., Brannon, R.C., & Dull, C.Y. (1972b). Empathy and second language learning. Language Learning, 22, 111-130.
Hadley, A.O. (2001). Teaching language in context. Heinle & Heinle.
Hill, J. (1970). Foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance revisited. Language Learning, 20, 237-248.
Hsu, J. (1986). Attitudes, motivation, and achievement in EFL: A case study of Chinese junior high school students. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
Hsu, J. (1988). Motivation, attitudes, and EFL. English Teaching, 12(4), 4-11.
Jacobs, B. & Schumann, J. (1992). Language acquisition and the neurosciences: towards a more integrative perspective. Applied Linguistics, 13, 282-301.
Jorden, E.H., & Lambert, R.D. (1991). Japanese language instruction in the United States: Resources, practice, and investment strategy. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.
Kraemer, R. (1993). Social psychological factors related to the study of Arabic among Israeli high school students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 83-105.
Krashen, S.D. & Terrell, T.D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. San Francisco: Pergamon/Alemany.
Lai, H. (1984). Attitudes and attained EFL proficiency: A study of the Chinese senior high school students. M.A. thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.
Lai, P. (1977). Attitudes, motivation and foreign language learning. Studies in English Literature & Linguistics, 3, 85-98.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1976). An explanation for the morpheme acquisition order of second language learners. Language Learning, 26, 125-134.
Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). The biological foundations of language. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Li, L. (2004). A Study on the relations of teachers’ creative teaching, students’ self-concept, learning motivation, learning strategies and learning effectiveness in elementary school. M.A. thesis. National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Long, M. (1990). Maturational constraints on language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 12, 251-285.
Lukemani, Y.M. (1972). Motivation to learn and language proficiency. Language Learning, 22, 261-273.
Macnamara, J. (1975). Comparison between first and second language learning. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 7, 71-94.
Mantle-Bromley, C. (1992). Preparing students for meaningful culture learning. Foreign Language Annals, 25, 117-127.
Moore, S.J., Walton, A.R., & Lambert, R.D. (1992). Introducing Chinese into high schools: The dodge initiative. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.
Neufeld, G. (1979). Towards a theory of language learning ability. Language Learning, 29, 227-241.
Neufeld, G. (1980). On the adult’s ability to acquire phonology. Tesol Quarterly, 14, 285-298.
Noels, K.A., Clement, R., & Pettetier, L.G. (2001). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations of French Canadian learners of English. The Canadian Modern Language Rewiew, 57, 424-442.
Noels, K.A., Pelletier, L.G., Clement, R., & Vallerand, R.J. (2001). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, 50, 57-85.
Oller, J.W., Baca, L., & Vigil, F. (1977). Attitudes and attained proficiency in ESL: A sociolinguistic study of Mexican Americans in the southwest. Tesol Quarterly, 11, 173-183.
Oxford, R. & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 78, 12-28.
Pierson, H.D., Fu, G.S., & Lee, S-Y. (1987). An analysis of the relationship between language attitudes and English attainment of second students in Hong Kong. Language Learning, 30, 289-316.
Pintrich, P.R. & De Groot, E.V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
Pokay, P. & Blumenfeld, P.C. (1990). Predicting achievement early and late in the semester: The role of motivation and use of learning strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 41-50.
Ramage, K. (1990). Motivational factors and persistence in foreign language study. Language Learning, 40, 189-219.
Richard, R.D. (1980). The development of linguistic attitudes and preferences. Tesol Quarterly, 14, 27-37.
Rosansky, E.J. (1975). The critical period for the acquisition of language: Some cognitive developmental considerations. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 6, 92-102.
Samimy, K.K. & Tabuse, M. (1992). Affective variables and a less commonly taught language: A study in beginning Japanese classes. Language Learning, 42, 377-398.
Samovar, L.A. & Porter, R.E. (1993). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Schumann, J.H. (1975). Affective factors and the problem of age in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 25, 209-235.
Scovel, T. (1969). Foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance. Language Learning, 19, 245-254.
Scovel, T. (1988). A time to speak: A psycholinguistic inquiry into the critical period for human speech. New York: Newbury house publishers.
Seliger, H.W. (1982). On the possible role of the right hemisphere in second language acquisition. Tesol Quarterly, 16, 307-314.
Shaaban, K. & Ghaith, G. (2000). Student motivation to learn English as a foreign language. Foreign Language Annals. 33, 632-644.
Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second language learning. London: Arnold.
Skehan, P. (1991). Individual differences in second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 275-298.
Strong, M. (1984). Integrative motivation: Cause or result of successful second language acquisition? Language Learning, 34, 1-13.
Sung, H. & Padilla, A. (1998). Student motivation, parental attitudes, and involvement in the learning of Asian language in elementary and secondary schools. The Modern Language Journal, 82, 205-216.
Svanes, B. (1987). Motivation and cultural distance in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 37, 341-359.
Tremblay, P.F. & Gardner, R.C. (1995). Expanding the motivation construct in language learning. The Modern language Journal, 79, 505-520.
Vallerand, R.J. & Bissonette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60, 599-620.
Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Glais, M.R., Briere, N.M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Education and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1003-1017.
Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Glais, M.R., Briere, N.M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E.F. (1993). On the assessment of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education: Evidence on the concurrent and construct validity of the academic motivation scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 159-172.
Warden, C.A. & Lin, H.J. (2000). Existence of integrative motivation in an Asian EFL setting. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 535-547.
Wen, X. (1997). Motivation and language learning with students of Chinese. Foreign Language Annals, 30, 235-251.
Wong, M.M. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Motivation and academic achievement: The effects of personality traits and the quality of experience. Journal of Personality, 59, 539-574.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班
91951019
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091951019
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 余明忠zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yu,Ming-chungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張芳莉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang,Fang-lien_US
dc.creator (作者) 張芳莉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang,Fang-lien_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:16:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:16:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 12:16:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0091951019en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31809-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91951019zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 原住民國中生一直處於不利的語言學習環境中,因而在英語學習的過程中,潛在一些值得探索的問題,包括學習態度與動機。本研究旨在探討臺灣現行英語教學對原住民國中生學習態度與動機的成效;同時,本研究也探討原住民家長的態度,以期能對其子女的英語學習有所助益。
      本研究資料分別取自新竹縣二所國中的190位學生(106位原住民: 84位非原住民)及162位家長(78位原住民: 84位非原住民)的問卷,並採用三種統計方法進行分析:描述性統計、獨立樣本T檢定、斯皮爾曼等級相關。資料分析結果如下:
      1.原住民國中生對英語學習的整體態度和非原住民國中生一樣高。
      2.原住民國中生對英語課程的滿意度和非原住民國中生一樣,皆為中級滿意度。
      3.原住民國中生的父母對英語學習的正面態度及支持度和非原住民國中生的父母一樣高。
      4.與原住民國中生的英語學習動機有顯著相關的因素為:學習英語的態度、子女對父母支持英語學習的認知、對英語課程的滿意度。
      本研究亦發現原住民國中生的正面態度與動機並未因而帶動學習風氣;另外,原住民學生的家長並未因為對英語學習持肯定的態度與支持度而主動參與子女的學習中。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The disadvantageous language learning environment which aboriginal junior high school students are placed in contributes to some potential problems in the process of their English learning, including attitudes and motivation. An aim of this study was to investigate whether the current context of English teaching in Taiwan affect aboriginal junior high school students’ attitudes toward the language and motivation in learning it.
      Two self-report questionnaires were respectively distributed to 190 8th- and 9th- grade students (106 aborigines vs. 84 non-aborigines) and 162 parents (78 aborigines vs. 84 non-aborigines) from two junior high schools in Hsin-Chu. Three statistical methods were conducted to analyze the data collected. They were the descriptive statistics, the independent sample t-test, and Spearman rank-order correlation.
      The findings of the study are summarized.
      First, aboriginal students’ overall attitudes toward English learning were as high as those of non-aboriginal ones.
      Second, aboriginal students were as motivated to learn English as their non-aboriginal counterparts on account of the medium degree of satisfaction with English classes existing in both of them.
      Third, like those of non-aboriginal students, parents of aboriginal students presented very positive attitudes toward and support for English learning.
      Finally, the variables that significantly correlated with aboriginal students’ motivation in learning English were “their attitudes toward English learning,” “their perceptions of parents’ support for English learning,” and “the degree of their satisfaction with English classes.”
      The results of the study also revealed that aboriginal students were not exposed to English more often outside the classroom in spite of their positive attitudes and motivation. Besides, in spite of the positive attitudes toward and support for English learning, parents of aboriginal students did not involve themselves in the process of learners’ English learning.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgments..............................................iv
     List of Tables.............................................viii
     Chinese Abstract..............................................x
     English Abstract.............................................xi
     Chapter
     1. Introduction..............................................1
      1.1 Current English Teaching in Taiwan........ .......1
      1.2 Background of the Study...........................2
      1.3 Purposes of the Study........................ ....4
      1.4 Significance of the Study.........................5
      1.5 Definition of Terms....................... .......5
      1.6 Organization of the Chapters......................7
     2. Literature Review.........................................8
      2.1 Factors which Affect Language Learning............8
      2.2 Attitudes and Second Language Learning....... ...11
      2.3 Motivation and Second Language Learning..........12
      2.3.1 The Socio-Educational Model..................13
      2.3.2 The Self-Determination Theory................15
      2.4 Interaction between Attitudes and Motivation.....18
      2.5 Cultural Background and Language Learning........20
      2.5.1 Parents` Role and Attitudes toward Language
      Learning.....................................20
      2.5.2 Socio-cultural Milieu........................23
      2.6 Research Questions...............................26
      2.7 Hypotheses........................................27
     3. Methodology..............................................28
      3.1 Participants.......................................28
      3.2 Instruments........................................30
      3.2.1 Student Questionnaire........................30
      3.2.2 Parent Questionnaire.........................32
      3.3 Procedures.........................................34
      3.4 Data Analyses......................................35
     4. Results..................................................37
     5. Discussion...............................................55
      5.1 Students’ Attitudes toward English Learning.......56
      5.2 The Degree of Students` Satisfaction with English
      Classes............................................57
      5.3 Students’ Motivation in Learning English..........61
      5.4 Parents’ Attitudes toward English Learning........62
      5.5 The Relationship between Children`s Perceptions of
      their Parents’ Support for English Learning and
      Parents’ Actual Attitudes toward English
      Learning...........................................66
      5.6 The Relationship between Attitudes and Motivation..67
     6. Conclusion...............................................71
      6.1 Summary of the Study...............................71
      6.2 Limitations of the Study...........................73
      6.3 Implications.......................................74
      6.4 Suggestions for Future Research....................77
     References...................................................79
     
     Appendix
      A.Questionnaire for Students (English Version)..........88
      B.Questionnaire for Parents (English Version)...........94
      C.The Student Questionnaire (Chinese Version)...........97
      D.The Parent Questionnaire (Chinese Version)...........103
      E.Descriptive Statistics of the Student Questionnaire..107
      F.Descriptive Statistics of the Parent Questionnaire...114
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091951019en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 原住民國中生zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 態度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) aboriginal junior high school studentsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) attitudesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) motivationen_US
dc.title (題名) 臺灣現行英語教學對原住民國中生學習態度與動機之效益研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effects of English Teaching on Aboriginal Junior High School Students` Attitudes and Motivation in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aboud, F. (1994). Children and prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, R.W. (1978). An implicational model for second- language research. Language Learning, 28, 221-282.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Au, S.Y. (1988). A critical appraisal of Gardner’s social-psychological theory of second language. Language Learning, 38, 75-100.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Belmechri, F. & Hummel, K. (1998). Orientations and motivation in the acquisition of English as a second language among high school students in Quebec city. Language Learning, 48, 219-244.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berndt, T.J. (1990). Expectancies, values, and achievement in junior high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 319-326.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brindlberg, D. (1989). The role of needs analysis in adult ESL programme design. In R. K. Johnson (ed.), The second language curriculum (pp. 63-78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, H.D. (1980). The optimal distance model of second language acquisition. Tesol Quarterly, 14, 157-164.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, H.D. (1991). Tesol at twenty-five: What are the issues? Tesol Quarterly, 25, 245-259.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, H.D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching (3rd ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brumfit, C. (1992). Review of Stephen Krashen’s language acquisition and language education (1989). Applied Linguistics, 13, 123-125.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chastain, K. (1975). Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 25, 153-161.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chihara, T. & Oller, J.W. (1978). Attitudes and attained proficiency in EFL: A sociolinguistic study of adult Japanese speakers. Language Learning, 28, 55-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chiu, H. (2002). Quantitative study and statistical analysis. Taipei: Wu-Nan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clement, R. & Kruidenier, B.G. (1983). Orientations in second language acquisition: The effects of ethnicity, milieu, and target language on their emergence. Language Learning, 33, 273-291.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crookes, G. & Schmidt, R.W. (1991). Motivation: Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning, 41, 469- 512.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deci, E.L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Donitsa-Schmidt, S., Inbar, O., & Shohamy, E. (2004). The effects of teaching spoken Arabic on students’ attitudes and motivation in Israel. The Modern Language Journal, 88, 217-228.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning. Language Learning, 40, 45-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dörnyei, Z. (1994). Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 78, 273-284.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second language and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31, 117-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dulay, H.C. & Burt, M.K. (1974a). Errors and strategies in child second language acquisition. Language Learning, 24, 37-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, R. (1990). Instructed second language acquisition: Learning in the classroom. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ely, C.M. (1986). An analysis of discomfort, risktaking, sociability, and motivation in the L2. Language Learning, 36, 1-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ely, C.M. (1986). Language learning motivation: A descriptive and casual analysis. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 28-35.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fathman, A.K. (1976). Variables affecting the successful learning of English as a second language. Tesol Quarterly, 10, 433-441.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. (1980). On the validity of affective variables in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 30, 255-277.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. (1988). The socio-educational model of second-language learning: Assumptions, findings, and issues. Language Learning, 38, 101-126.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C., Lalonde, R.N., & Moorcroft, R. (1985). The role of attitudes and motivation in second language learning: Correlation and experimental considerations. Language Learning, 35, 207-227.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1959). Motivational variables in second language learning. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13, 266-272.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Howard Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. & MacIntyre, P.D. (1991). An instrumental motivation in language study: Who says it isn’t effective? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 57-72.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C. & MacIntyre, P.D. (1993). On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 43, 157-194.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C., Masgoret, A-M., & Tremblay, P.F. (1999). Home background characteristics and second language learning. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 419-437.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R.C., Tremblay, P.F., & Masgoret, A-M. (1997). Towards a full model of second language learning: An empirical investigation. The Modern Language Journal, 81, 344-362.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Genesee, F. (1982). Experimental neuropsychological research on second language processing. Tesol Quarterly, 16, 315-322.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Genesee, F. & Hamayan, E. (1980). Individual differences in second language learning. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 95-110.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gottfried, A.E. (1985). Academic intrinsic motivation in elementary and junior high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 261-297.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gottfried, A.E., Fleming, J.S., & Gottfried, A.W. (1994). Role of parental motivational practices in children’s learning. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 419-437.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gradman, H.L. & Hanania E. (1991). Language learning background factors and ESL proficiency. The Modern Language Journal, 75, 39-51.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guiora, A.Z., Brannon, R.C., & Dull, C.Y. (1972b). Empathy and second language learning. Language Learning, 22, 111-130.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hadley, A.O. (2001). Teaching language in context. Heinle & Heinle.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hill, J. (1970). Foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance revisited. Language Learning, 20, 237-248.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, J. (1986). Attitudes, motivation, and achievement in EFL: A case study of Chinese junior high school students. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, J. (1988). Motivation, attitudes, and EFL. English Teaching, 12(4), 4-11.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacobs, B. & Schumann, J. (1992). Language acquisition and the neurosciences: towards a more integrative perspective. Applied Linguistics, 13, 282-301.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jorden, E.H., & Lambert, R.D. (1991). Japanese language instruction in the United States: Resources, practice, and investment strategy. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kraemer, R. (1993). Social psychological factors related to the study of Arabic among Israeli high school students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 83-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krashen, S.D. & Terrell, T.D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. San Francisco: Pergamon/Alemany.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lai, H. (1984). Attitudes and attained EFL proficiency: A study of the Chinese senior high school students. M.A. thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lai, P. (1977). Attitudes, motivation and foreign language learning. Studies in English Literature & Linguistics, 3, 85-98.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Larsen-Freeman, D. (1976). An explanation for the morpheme acquisition order of second language learners. Language Learning, 26, 125-134.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). The biological foundations of language. New York: John Wiley & Sons.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, L. (2004). A Study on the relations of teachers’ creative teaching, students’ self-concept, learning motivation, learning strategies and learning effectiveness in elementary school. M.A. thesis. National Kaohsiung Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Long, M. (1990). Maturational constraints on language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 12, 251-285.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lukemani, Y.M. (1972). Motivation to learn and language proficiency. Language Learning, 22, 261-273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Macnamara, J. (1975). Comparison between first and second language learning. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 7, 71-94.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mantle-Bromley, C. (1992). Preparing students for meaningful culture learning. Foreign Language Annals, 25, 117-127.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, S.J., Walton, A.R., & Lambert, R.D. (1992). Introducing Chinese into high schools: The dodge initiative. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neufeld, G. (1979). Towards a theory of language learning ability. Language Learning, 29, 227-241.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neufeld, G. (1980). On the adult’s ability to acquire phonology. Tesol Quarterly, 14, 285-298.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Noels, K.A., Clement, R., & Pettetier, L.G. (2001). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations of French Canadian learners of English. The Canadian Modern Language Rewiew, 57, 424-442.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Noels, K.A., Pelletier, L.G., Clement, R., & Vallerand, R.J. (2001). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, 50, 57-85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oller, J.W., Baca, L., & Vigil, F. (1977). Attitudes and attained proficiency in ESL: A sociolinguistic study of Mexican Americans in the southwest. Tesol Quarterly, 11, 173-183.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oxford, R. & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 78, 12-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pierson, H.D., Fu, G.S., & Lee, S-Y. (1987). An analysis of the relationship between language attitudes and English attainment of second students in Hong Kong. Language Learning, 30, 289-316.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pintrich, P.R. & De Groot, E.V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pokay, P. & Blumenfeld, P.C. (1990). Predicting achievement early and late in the semester: The role of motivation and use of learning strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 41-50.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ramage, K. (1990). Motivational factors and persistence in foreign language study. Language Learning, 40, 189-219.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richard, R.D. (1980). The development of linguistic attitudes and preferences. Tesol Quarterly, 14, 27-37.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosansky, E.J. (1975). The critical period for the acquisition of language: Some cognitive developmental considerations. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 6, 92-102.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samimy, K.K. & Tabuse, M. (1992). Affective variables and a less commonly taught language: A study in beginning Japanese classes. Language Learning, 42, 377-398.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samovar, L.A. & Porter, R.E. (1993). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schumann, J.H. (1975). Affective factors and the problem of age in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 25, 209-235.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scovel, T. (1969). Foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance. Language Learning, 19, 245-254.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scovel, T. (1988). A time to speak: A psycholinguistic inquiry into the critical period for human speech. New York: Newbury house publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Seliger, H.W. (1982). On the possible role of the right hemisphere in second language acquisition. Tesol Quarterly, 16, 307-314.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shaaban, K. & Ghaith, G. (2000). Student motivation to learn English as a foreign language. Foreign Language Annals. 33, 632-644.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second language learning. London: Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skehan, P. (1991). Individual differences in second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 275-298.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Strong, M. (1984). Integrative motivation: Cause or result of successful second language acquisition? Language Learning, 34, 1-13.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sung, H. & Padilla, A. (1998). Student motivation, parental attitudes, and involvement in the learning of Asian language in elementary and secondary schools. The Modern Language Journal, 82, 205-216.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Svanes, B. (1987). Motivation and cultural distance in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 37, 341-359.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tremblay, P.F. & Gardner, R.C. (1995). Expanding the motivation construct in language learning. The Modern language Journal, 79, 505-520.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vallerand, R.J. & Bissonette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60, 599-620.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Glais, M.R., Briere, N.M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Education and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1003-1017.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Glais, M.R., Briere, N.M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E.F. (1993). On the assessment of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education: Evidence on the concurrent and construct validity of the academic motivation scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 159-172.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Warden, C.A. & Lin, H.J. (2000). Existence of integrative motivation in an Asian EFL setting. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 535-547.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wen, X. (1997). Motivation and language learning with students of Chinese. Foreign Language Annals, 30, 235-251.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wong, M.M. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Motivation and academic achievement: The effects of personality traits and the quality of experience. Journal of Personality, 59, 539-574.zh_TW