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題名 受雇人員的體型與相貌對其工作職位之影響
The Effects of Employees’BMI and Physical Attractiveness on Positions
作者 鍾越漪
Chung, Yueh-Yi
貢獻者 黃智聰
Huang, Jr-Tsung
鍾越漪
Chung, Yueh-Yi
關鍵詞 BMI值
人力資本
工作職位
相貌
BMI
human capital
physical attractiveness
position
日期 2005
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 12:30:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 目前,台灣整型、塑身的潮流已不分性別且日趨普遍化,觀察其原因除了吸引異性之外,美麗對就業、工作職位之升等似乎亦有直接關係。國外研究發現,外表與個人在職場上的表現息息相關,但台灣研究漂亮經濟的相關文獻少之又少,針對個人體型、相貌對其工作職位之影響的實證研究更是付之闕如,促使筆者意欲去驗證,台灣的勞動市場中,外表是否為影響個人事業的重要變數,以彌補現有文獻之不足。然而,由於研究資源不足,本文僅以太子汽車工業股份有限公司之員工為研究對象,以BMI值及相貌作為個人外表的衡量指標,進行外表與個人職位高低是否相關的初探性研究。
     
      本文將男性非銷售人員、女性非銷售人員、及銷售單位人員區分為三種模型,並以最小平方法(OLS)對各解釋變數的影響方向加以估計。實證結果發現,男性非銷售人員之年齡、婚姻、教育、年資對其職位階級都有正向的助益;相貌方面也的確存在“貌醜懲罰”、“貌美獎勵”的傾向,即越英俊的男性非銷售人員,其職位便相對越高。至於國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕對工作職位則有負面影響。
     
      在女性非銷售人員部分,已婚及教育程度越高者,其職位相對越高;國小以下子女數對女性職業地位則有不利之影響。至於年齡及年資都未如男性非銷售人員般與個人職位呈正相關,此估計結果可能代表,太子汽車工業股份有限公司存在「玻璃天花板」現象。最後,體型相貌變數皆與女性非銷售人員之職位高低無關。
     
      在銷售單位方面,不區分性別一同估計的結果得出,婚姻、教育程度對銷售單位員工職位有正向效果;國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕則有負面影響。而BMI值過輕者可能是受消費者歧視所累,間接導致其難以獲致較高的職位。
This study attempts to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index, physical attractiveness and an employee’s position in Taiwan for the sake of being the supplement to the existing literatures related to this research field which primarily consider gender differences.
     
      The research object comes form the data bank of Prince Motor Corporation. The total number of sample used in this study is 754 and the empirical employed in this study is OLS Model. The findings suggest that age, marital status, education, experience, and physical attractiveness have a positive effect on men’s positions in non-sales department; number of children under age 12 and being underweight, a negative effect.
     
      For women in non-sales department, positions are significantly and positively affected by marital status and education, negatively affected by number of children under age 12.
     
      Finally, in sales department, the employees who are married and have higher education definitely are in higher position. Number of children under age 12 and being underweight have a negative effect on sales people’s position.
參考文獻 一、中文部分
尹怡君(2005),「外表左右職場的競爭力-用面子換位子」,《卓越》,250,頁40-44。
王雅芬(1993),「台灣地區職業結構性別差異與教育程度關連性之研究」,《勞工研究》,113,頁20-31。
李承達(2004),「美貌對得票率的影響-以2004年立委選舉為例」,國立台灣大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
李誠(2004),「美麗能提升你成功的機率嗎?」,《遠見雜誌》,214,頁195-196。
吳盛、蔡瑞明、蔡玉娟(2000),「台灣地區資訊人員職業生涯成就與性別差異相關性之探討」,《輔仁管理評論》,7(1),頁79-102。
孫清山、王毅志(1995),「教育、收入與社會資源和階級取得過程之關連」,林松齡、王振寰主編,《台灣社會學研究的回顧與前瞻論文集》,頁151-182,東海大學。
莊奕琦、李鈞元(2003),「如何衡量人力資本:理論與台灣實證」,《經濟叢刊》,31(1),頁51-85。
陳建志(2002),「人力資本差異或性別歧視?就業市場性別階層化之探討」,《人文及社會科學集刊》,14(3),363-407。
游子慧(2004),「影響玻璃天花板效應之因素-以資訊服務業為例之探索性研究」,國立中央大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
葉玫君(2003),「肥胖與職業-肥胖女性是否較可能無業?」,私立淡江大學產業經濟學系碩士論文。
張晉芬(1993),「企業組織中升遷機會的決定及員工的期望:兼論內部勞動市場的應用」,《人文及社會科學集刊》,6(1),205-230。
張晉芬(1995),「綿綿此恨可有絕期?-女性工作困境之剖析」,劉毓秀主編,《台灣婦女處境白皮書》,台北:時報出版社。
黃煥榮(1999),「組織中玻璃天花板效應之研究:行政院部會機關女性升遷之實證分析」,國立政治大學公共行政學系博士論文。
二、英文部分
Averett, S. and S. Korenman (1996), “The Economic Reality of The Beauty Myth,” The Journal of Human Resources, 31, 304-330.
Becker, Gary (1957), The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Becker, Gary (1964), Human Capital, New York: National Bureau for Economic Research.
Berkowitz, W. R., J. C. Nebel, and J. W. Reitman (1971), “Height and Interpersonal Attraction,” Proceeding of the 79th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6, 281-282.
Budig, M. J. and P. England (2001), “The Wage Penalty for Motherhood,” American Sociological Review, 66, 204-225.
Dickey-Bryant, L., G. J. Lautenschlager, J. L. Mendoza, and N. Abrahams (1986), “Facial Attractiveness and Its Relation to Occupational Success,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 16-19.
Engemann K. M. and M. T. Owyang (2005), “So Much for That Merit Raise: The Link Between Wages and Appearance,” The Regional Economist, April 2005, 10-11.
Everett, L., D. Thorne and C. Danehower (1996), “Cognitive Moral Development and Attitudes Toward Women Executive,” Journal of Business Ethics, 15(11), 1227-1235.
Fogel, R. (1994), “Economic Growth, Population Theory and physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy,” American Economic Review, 84(3), 369-395.
Forster, S. E. (1995), “The Glass Ceiling in the Legal Profession: Why Do Law Firms Still Have So Few Female Partners?” UCLA Law Review, 42(6), 1631-1689.
French, M. T. (2002), “Physical Appearance and Earnings: Further Evidence,” Applied Economics, 34, 569-572.
Frieze, I. H., J. E. Olson, and D. C. Good (1990), “Perceived and Actual Discrimination in the Salaries of Male and Female Managers,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(1), 46-67.
Glass, J. and V. Gamarigg (1992), “Gender, Parenthood, and Job-Family Compatibility,” American Journal of Sociology, 98(1), 131-151.
Gortmaker, S. L., A. Must, J. M. Perrin, A. M. Sobol and W. H. Dietz (1993), “Social and Economic Consequences of Overweight in adolescence and Young Adulthood,” New England Journal of Medicine, 329(14), 1008-1012.
Greene, W. H. (2003), Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Grossman, M. (1972), “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health,” Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223-255.
Hamermesh, D. S. (2005), “Changing Looks and Changing Discrimination: The Beauty of Economists,” Working Paper in National Bureau of Economic Research.
Hamermesh, D. S. and J. E. Biddle (1994), “Beauty and the Labor Market,” American Economic Review, 84, 1174-1194.
Harper, B. (2000), “Beauty, Stature and the Labour Market: A British Cohort Study,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 62(0), 771-800.
Hatfield, E. and S. Sprecher (1986), Mirror, Mirror: The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hauser, R. M., S. Tsai ,and W. H. Sewell (1983), “A Model of Stratification with Response Error in Social and Psychological Variables,” Sociology of Education, 56, 20-46.
Hill, R. C., W. E. Griffiths, and G. G. Judge (2001), Undergraduate Econometrics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Loh, E. S. (1993), “The Economic Effects of Physical Appearance,” Social Science Ouarterly, 74, 420-438.
Mani, B. G. (1997), “Gender and the Federal Senior Executive Service: Where is the Glass Ceiling?” Public Personal Management, 26(4), 545-558.
Martel, L. F. and H. B. Biller (1987), Stature and Stigma. Lexington: D.C. Health amd Company.
Mincer, J. (1958), “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution,” Journal of Political Economy, 66, 281-302.
Mincer, J. (1970), “The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Special Reference to the Human Capital Approach,” Journal of Economic Literature, 8, 1-26.
Mincer, J. (1974), Schooling Experience, and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
Morrow, P. C., J. C. McElroy, B. G. Stamper, and M. A. Wilson (1990), “The Effects of Physical Attractiveness and Other Demographic Characteristics on Promotion Decisions,” Journal of Management, 16, 723-736.
Naff, K. C. and T. Sue (1995), “The Glass Ceiling Revisited: Determinants of Federal Job Advancement,” Policy Studies Review, 13, 249-272.
Neal, D. (1995), “Industry-Specific Human Capital: Evidence from Displaced Workers,” Journal of Labor Economics, 13, 653-677.
Pagán J. and A. Dávila (1997), “Obesity, Occupational Attainment, and Earnings,” Social Science Quarterly, 78(3), 756-770.
Persico, N. , Postlewaite, A. and ,Silverman, D. (2004), “The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height,” Journal of Political Economy, 112(5), 1019-1053.
Piore, M. J. (1975), “Notes for a Theory of Labor Market Stratification,” in Edwards, R.C., M. Reich ,and D. M. Gordon (eds.), Labor Market Segmentation. Lexington Massachusetts: Heath.
Ragins, B. R. and J. Cotton (1998), “Barriers to Mentoring: The Female Manager’s Dilemma,” Human Relations, 42, 1-22.
Register C. A. and D. R. Williams (1990), “Wage Effects of Obesity Among Young Workers,” Social Science Quarterly, 71(1), 130-141.
Roszell, P., D. Kennedy, and E. Grabb (1989), “Physical Attractiveness and Income Attainment among Canadians,” Journal of Psychology, 123(6), 547-559.
Schultz, T. W. (1960), “Investment in Human Capital,” American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
Schultz, T. W. (1961), “Education and Economic Growth,” in Hentry, N.B. (ed.), Special Forces Influencing American Education, 72-79. New York: Agathon.
Sewell, W. H., R. M. Hauser ,and W. C. Wolf (1980), “Sex, Schooling, and Occupational Status,” American Journal of Sociology, 86, 551-583.
Sorensen, T. I. and S. Sonne-Holm (1985), “Intelligence Test Performance in Obesity in Relation to Educational Attainment and Parental Social Class,” Journal of Biosocial Science, 17, 379-387.
Strauss, J. and D. Thomas (1998), “Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development,” Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 766-817.
Thomas, D. and J. Strauss (1997), “Health and Wages: Evidence on Men and Women in Urban Brazil,” Journal of Econometrics, 77(1), 159-186.
Umberson, D. and M. Hughes (1987), “The Impact of Physical Attractiveness on Achievement and Psychological Well-Being,” Social Psychology Quarterly, 50, 227-236.
Waldfogel, J. (1997), “The Effect of Children on Women’s Wages,” American Sociological Review, 62, 209-217.
World Health Organization (1998), “Obesity: Prevention and Managing the Global Epidemic,” Report of WHO Consultation on Obesity, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
三、參考網站
行政院衛生署(2002),「國人肥胖定義及處理原則」,2002/4/15。http://www.doh.gov.tw/newverprog/proclaim/content.asp?class_no=2452&doc_no=10790.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
93921001
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093921001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃智聰zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Jr-Tsungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鍾越漪zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chung, Yueh-Yien_US
dc.creator (作者) 鍾越漪zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chung, Yueh-Yien_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:30:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:30:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 12:30:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093921001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31906-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 行政管理碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93921001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 目前,台灣整型、塑身的潮流已不分性別且日趨普遍化,觀察其原因除了吸引異性之外,美麗對就業、工作職位之升等似乎亦有直接關係。國外研究發現,外表與個人在職場上的表現息息相關,但台灣研究漂亮經濟的相關文獻少之又少,針對個人體型、相貌對其工作職位之影響的實證研究更是付之闕如,促使筆者意欲去驗證,台灣的勞動市場中,外表是否為影響個人事業的重要變數,以彌補現有文獻之不足。然而,由於研究資源不足,本文僅以太子汽車工業股份有限公司之員工為研究對象,以BMI值及相貌作為個人外表的衡量指標,進行外表與個人職位高低是否相關的初探性研究。
     
      本文將男性非銷售人員、女性非銷售人員、及銷售單位人員區分為三種模型,並以最小平方法(OLS)對各解釋變數的影響方向加以估計。實證結果發現,男性非銷售人員之年齡、婚姻、教育、年資對其職位階級都有正向的助益;相貌方面也的確存在“貌醜懲罰”、“貌美獎勵”的傾向,即越英俊的男性非銷售人員,其職位便相對越高。至於國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕對工作職位則有負面影響。
     
      在女性非銷售人員部分,已婚及教育程度越高者,其職位相對越高;國小以下子女數對女性職業地位則有不利之影響。至於年齡及年資都未如男性非銷售人員般與個人職位呈正相關,此估計結果可能代表,太子汽車工業股份有限公司存在「玻璃天花板」現象。最後,體型相貌變數皆與女性非銷售人員之職位高低無關。
     
      在銷售單位方面,不區分性別一同估計的結果得出,婚姻、教育程度對銷售單位員工職位有正向效果;國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕則有負面影響。而BMI值過輕者可能是受消費者歧視所累,間接導致其難以獲致較高的職位。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study attempts to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index, physical attractiveness and an employee’s position in Taiwan for the sake of being the supplement to the existing literatures related to this research field which primarily consider gender differences.
     
      The research object comes form the data bank of Prince Motor Corporation. The total number of sample used in this study is 754 and the empirical employed in this study is OLS Model. The findings suggest that age, marital status, education, experience, and physical attractiveness have a positive effect on men’s positions in non-sales department; number of children under age 12 and being underweight, a negative effect.
     
      For women in non-sales department, positions are significantly and positively affected by marital status and education, negatively affected by number of children under age 12.
     
      Finally, in sales department, the employees who are married and have higher education definitely are in higher position. Number of children under age 12 and being underweight have a negative effect on sales people’s position.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論................................................1
     第一節、研究背景............................................1
     第二節、研究目的與架構.......................................4
     
     第二章、理論探討與文獻回顧....................................6
     第一節、理論探討.............................................6
     第二節、相關文獻回顧........................................10
     第三節、本章小結............................................21
     
     第三章、資料分析............................................23
     第一節、資料來源與相貌評定...................................23
     第二節、公司員工基本資料分析.................................25
     第三節、本章小結............................................33
     
     第四章、研究設計............................................35
     第一節、研究方法與實證模型...................................35
     第二節、變數定義............................................40
     第三節、研究範圍與研究限制...................................44
     第四節、本章小結............................................46
     
     第五章、實證結果與分析......................................48
     第一節、基本假設檢定........................................48
     第二節、實證結果分析........................................51
     第三節、本章小結............................................56
     
     第六章、結論與政策建議......................................58
     
     參考文獻...................................................61
     
     
     表次
     表1: 相貌及體型影響勞動結果的相關文獻整理.....................18
     表2: 性別與職位交互表......................................25
     表3: 教育程度與職位交互表...................................27
     表4: 年資與職位交互表......................................28
     表5: 歐美、亞太及台灣地區之BMI標準..........................30
     表6: BMI值與職位交互表.....................................31
     表7: 相貌等級與職位交互表...................................32
     表8: 實證變數說明..........................................43
     表9: 非銷售單位模型估計結果.................................52
     表10:銷售單位模型估計結果...................................54
     
     
     圖次
     圖1: 研究架構圖............................................5
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093921001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BMI值zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人力資本zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作職位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 相貌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BMIen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) human capitalen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) physical attractivenessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) positionen_US
dc.title (題名) 受雇人員的體型與相貌對其工作職位之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effects of Employees’BMI and Physical Attractiveness on Positionsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 尹怡君(2005),「外表左右職場的競爭力-用面子換位子」,《卓越》,250,頁40-44。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王雅芬(1993),「台灣地區職業結構性別差異與教育程度關連性之研究」,《勞工研究》,113,頁20-31。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李承達(2004),「美貌對得票率的影響-以2004年立委選舉為例」,國立台灣大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李誠(2004),「美麗能提升你成功的機率嗎?」,《遠見雜誌》,214,頁195-196。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳盛、蔡瑞明、蔡玉娟(2000),「台灣地區資訊人員職業生涯成就與性別差異相關性之探討」,《輔仁管理評論》,7(1),頁79-102。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫清山、王毅志(1995),「教育、收入與社會資源和階級取得過程之關連」,林松齡、王振寰主編,《台灣社會學研究的回顧與前瞻論文集》,頁151-182,東海大學。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 莊奕琦、李鈞元(2003),「如何衡量人力資本:理論與台灣實證」,《經濟叢刊》,31(1),頁51-85。zh_TW
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