學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
- pdf(803)pdf(1062)pdf(1490)pdf(853)pdf(883)pdf(1441)pdf(2089)pdf(1922)pdf(1592)pdf(1117)pdf(895)pdf(1642)pdf(1023)pdf(1092)pdf(1352)pdf(1574)pdf(1087)pdf(1104)
Publication Export
-
題名 物體輪廓診斷性對形式內促發與跨形式促發之影響
The effect of object contour diagnosticity on within-modal and cross-modal priming作者 王林宇
Linyu Lennel Wang貢獻者 顏乃欣
Nai-Shing Yen
王林宇
Linyu Lennel Wang關鍵詞 物體辨識
內隱記憶
知識表徵
腦側化
物體輪廓診斷性
物體類型
形式內促發
跨形式促發
object recognition
implicit memory
knowledge representation
lateralization
global diagnosticity
within-modal priming
within-modal priming
object type日期 2002 上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) 摘要 每個人遇到曾經看過的物體時，辨識該物體速度會增加（或辨識的正確率增加），這個現象稱為促發(priming)效果（簡稱P-P促發），同樣地，閱讀某物體的名稱（亦即文字）後，隔幾分鐘後再看該物體的圖形，這樣也會產生一種促發量（簡稱W-P促發）。許多研究都指出W-P促發是一種內隱(implicit)記憶，亦即，個體不需要刻意想起曾經看過的物件，促發效果仍會產生，而且P-P促發量都高於W-P促發量。然而，一些研究卻發現W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯然地，內隱記憶理論無法對於這種反直覺現象提出合理的解釋。根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論(dual coding theory)(Paivio, 1986, 1991)，辨識具體(concrete)名詞（例如，物體的名稱）會同時觸及(access)或激發兩種知識表徵，一種是涉及左腦的口語(verbal)表徵，另一種是涉及左腦與右腦的影像(image)表徵，而許多神經語言學研究皆指出，涉及處理具體名詞的神經機制不只包含左腦，同時也包含右腦，是以，閱讀具體名詞可能會觸及或激發物體的內在表徵，如果物體輪廓相當獨特或明顯，那麼閱讀此類型物體之名稱可能會觸及或激發此類物體的完整或重要表徵，致使W-P促發量等於P-P促發量現象。因此本研究試圖操弄物體輪廓診斷性來解釋W-P促發量等於P-P促發量之現象。實驗一與實驗二分別以「圖形唸名」以及「圖形知覺辨識作業」來檢驗「物體輪廓診斷性」對促發的影響，結果顯示，「整體診斷性不高」物體（globally non-diagnostic object，簡稱GN類物體）的P-P促發量高於W-P促發量，和先前許多研究結果一致，然而，「整體診斷性高」物體（globally diagnostic object，簡稱GD類物體）的W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯示「物體輪廓診斷性」會影響促發的表現，同時也顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱可以觸及或激發GD類物體的整體或必要的知識表徵。實驗三以分視野(divided visual field)呈現方式檢驗GD類物體的W-P促發之腦側化現象。本研究發現，顯著的W-P促發只出現在右腦，顯示W-P促發主要經由右腦來處理，根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論來推論，W-P促發之本質可能主要涉及以影像為基礎的(image-based)的知識表徵。本研究同時操弄外顯記憶以檢驗外顯記憶是否污染W-P促發而導致W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，結果顯示，不管哪一種物體，P-P情境的再認記憶表現都顯著比W-P情境好，顯示GD類物體的促發表現與外顯記憶表現之間有單一分離(single dissociation)的關係，換言之，GD類物體之W-P促發並不受外顯記憶影響或污染。此外，實驗四顯示刻意的心像策略並不涉及W-P促發，顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱觸及GD類物體概念表徵是一種自動化而且相當快速的歷程。
Implicit memory is usually assessed by showing repetition priming effects, when better performance in accuracy or response time for stimuli that have been previously encountered in comparison with performance with new stimuli. Picture-naming priming has been examined in studies that compared priming in participants who named pictures in the study phase and named those same pictures in the test phase (P-P condition) versus participants who read words that were the names of pictures in the study phase and named pictures cor-responding to those words in the test phase (W-P condition). Many studies demonstrated W-P priming is less than P-P priming in the picture-naming task and other similar object recognition tasks. However, in sharp contrast to the above studies, some studies reported equivalent magnitudes of P-P and W-P naming priming. Theories of implicit memory cannot account for the counter-intuitive phenomenon.According to Paivio’s dual-coding theory, the processing of abstract nouns (e.g., justice) relies on verbal code representations of the left cerebral hemisphere only, whereas concrete nouns (e.g., airplane) additionally access a second image-based processing system in the right cerebral hemisphere (Paivio, 1986, 1991). Paivio’s theory is supported by many researches on neurolinguistics. If the contour of an object is very distinctive or diagnostic, there should be the possible result that reading the name of the distinctive objects could access the whole or essential representation of the object. Following the idea, I manipulated global diagnosticity of object contour to examine whether P-P priming is always larger than W-P priming.I found P-P priming was equivalent to W-P priming on “globally diagnostic” (GD) objects, but the P-P priming was still larger than W-P priming on “glob-ally non-diagnostic” (GN) objects. This phenomenon appeared on both pic-ture-naming (Experiment 1) and picture perceptual-identification (Experiment 2) tasks. Experiment 3 showed that significant W-P priming appeared only when GD objects in the test phase were presented to the right cerebral hemi-sphere (in the left visual field). Based on the Paivio’s dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986, 1991) and research on neurolinguistics, the nature of W-P priming for GD objects was inferred to be image-based processing.Better explicit (conscious) memory performance (recognition memory) in P-P condition than that in W-P condition showed that equivalent priming across P-P and W-P conditions on GD objects was dissociated from the influence of conscious recognition memory. Experiment 4 showed that the intentional strategy of generating mental imagery was not necessarily involved in the W-P priming.These results suggested that reading names of globally diagnostic objects can access, automatically and unconsciously, the representation or essential features of globally diagnostic objects, and right cerebral hemisphere might be responsible for the processing.參考文獻 汪曼穎(1998)。常見物體輪廓圖形之知覺及語意特性評估研究。「中華心理學刊」，39，157-172。
陳學志、鄭昭明(1999)。適用於認知心理學實驗室之變異數分析暨趨勢分析程式。「應用心理研究」，1，229-246。
Amedi, A., Jacobson, G., Hendler, T., Malach, R., & Zohary, E. (2002). Con-vergence of visual and tactile shape processing in the human lateral occipital complex. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 1202-1212.
Amedi, A., Malach, R., Hendler, T., Peled, S., & Zohary, E. (2001). Visuo-haptic object-related activation in the ventral visual pathway. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 324-330.
Awh E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Schumacher, E. H., Koeppe, R. A., & Katz, S. (1996). Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Psychological Science, 7, 25-31.
Badgaiyan, R. D., Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1999). Auditory priming within and across modalities: Evidence from positron emission tomography Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 337-348.
Badgaiyan, R. D., Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M. (2001). Priming within and across modalities: Exploring the nature of rCBF increases and decreases. Neuroimage, 13, 272-282.
Barry, C., Hirsh, K. W., Johnston, R. A., & Williams, C. L. (2001). Age of ac-quisition, word frequency, and the locus of repetition priming of picture naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 350-375.
Bartram, D. J. (1974). The role of visual and semantic codes in object naming. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 325-356.
Bassili, J. N., Smith, M. C., & MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Auditory and visual word-stem completion: Separating data-driven and conceptually driven processes. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experi-mental Psychology, 41A, 439-453.
Berry, D. C., Banbury, S., & Henry, L. (1997). Transfer across form and modal-ity in implicit and explicit memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: Human Experimental Psychology, 50A, 1-24.
Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115-148.
Biederman, I., & Cooper, E. E. (1991a). Evidence for complete translational and reflectional invariance in visual object priming. Perception, 20, 585-593.
Biederman, I., & Cooper, E. E. (1991b). Priming contour-deleted images: Evidnece for intermediate representations in visual object recognition. Cog-nitive Psychology, 23, 393-419.
Biederman, I., & Cooper, E. E. (1992). Size invariance in visual object priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 121-133.
Biederman, I., & Gerhardstein, P. C. (1993). Recognizing depth-rotated objects: Evidence and conditions for three-dimensional viewpoint invariance. Jour-nal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 1162-1182.
Blaxton, T. A. (1989). Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer-appropriate processing framework. Journal of Ex-perimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 657-688.
Blum, D., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2001). Transfer across modality in perceptual implicit memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 147-154.
Bookheimer, S. Y. Zeffiro, T. A., Blaxton, T, Gaillard, W., & Theodore, W. (1995). Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word read-ing. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 93-106.
Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought? English and Mandarin speakers` conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 1-22.
Brown, A. S., Neblett, D. R., Jones, T. C., & Mitchell, D. B. (1991). Transfer of processing in recognition priming: Some inappropriate finding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 514-525.
Bruce, V., Carson, D., Burton, A. M., & Ellis, A. W. (2000). Perceptual priming is not a necessary consequence of semantic classification of pictures. Quar-terly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 53A, 289-323.
Buckner R. L., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval. Proceedings of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 95, 891-898.
Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., & Rosen B. R. (2000). Func-tional MRI evidence for a role of frontal and inferior temporal cortex in amodal components of priming. Brain, 123, 620-640.
Burgund, E. D., & Marsolek, C. J. (2000). Viewpoint-invariant and viewpoint-dependent object recognition in dissociable neural subsystems. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 480-489.
Carlesimo, G. A. (1994). Perceptual and conceptual priming in amnesic and al-coholic patients. Neuropsychologia, 32, 903-21.
Carlesimo, G. A., Marfia, G. A., Loasses, A., & Caltagirone, C. (1996). Percep-tual and conceptual components in implicit and explicit stem completion. Neuropsychologia, 34, 785-92.
Carr, T. H., Brown, J. S., & Charalambous, A. (1989). Repetition and reading: Perceptual encoding mechanisms are very abstract but not very interactive. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 763-778.
Carrasco, M., & Seamon, J. G. (1996). Priming impossible figures in the object decision test: The critical importance of perceived stimulus complexity. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 344-351.
Carroll, M., Byrne, B., & Kirsner, K. (1985). Autobiographical memory and perceptual learning: A developmental study using picture recognition, naming latency, and picture identification. Memory & Cognition, 13, 273-279.
Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1992). Intact and long-lasting repetition priming in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 509-520.
Chao, L. L., Haxby, J. V., & Martin, A. (1999). Attribute-based neural sub-strates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 913-919.
Church, B. A., & Schacter, D. L. (1994). Perceptual specificity of auditory priming: Implicit memory for voice intonation and fundamental frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 521-533.
Clarke, R., & Morton, J. (1983). Cross modality facilitation in tachistoscopic word recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 35A, 79-96.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-rout and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psycho-logical Review, 100, 589-608.
Cooper, L. A., Schacter, D. L., Ballesteros, S., & Moore, C. (1992). Priming and recognition of transformed three-dimensional objects: effects of size and reflection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 43-57.
Crabb, B. T., & Dark, V. J. (1999). Perceptual implicit memory requires atten-tional encoding. Memory & Cognition, 27, 267-75.
Craik, F. I. M., Moscovitch, M., & McDowd, J. M. (1994). Contributions of surface and conceptual information to performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 864-875.
Curran, T., Schacter, D. L., & Galluccio, L. (1999). Cross-modal priming and explicit memory in patients with verbal production deficits. Brain and Cognition, 39, 133-146.
Day, J. (1979). Visual half-field word recognition as a function of syntactic class and image-ability. Neuropsychologia, 17, 515–519.
Debner, J. A., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 304-317.
Demb, J. B., Desmond, J. E., Wagner, A. D., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995). Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 5870-5878.
Dorfman, J. (1994). Sublexical components in implicit memory for novel words. Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni-tion, 20, 1108-1125.
Duchek, J. M., & Neely, J. H. (1989). A dissociative word-frequency x lev-els-of-processing interaction in episodic recognition and lexical decision tasks. Memory & Cognition, 17, 148-162.
Durso, F. T., & Johnson, M. K. (1979). Facilitation and categorizing repeated words and pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 449-459.
Easton, R. D., Greene, A. J., & Srinivas, K. (1997). Transfer between vision and haptics: Memory for 2-D patterns and 3-D objects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 403-410.
Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K., & Greene, A. J. (1997). Do vision and touch share common representations?: Explicit and implicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 153-163.
Ellis, A. (1982). Modality-specific repetition priming of auditory word recogni-tion. Current Psychological Research, 2, 123-128.
Eviatar, Z., Menn, L., & Zaidel, E. (1990). Concreteness: Nouns, verbs and hemispheres. Cortex, 26, 611-624.
Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). A PET Study of Word Finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1137-1148.
Gabrieli J. D. E, Desmond, J. E., Demb, J. B., Wagner, A. D., Stone, M. V., Vaidya C. J., & Glover, G. H. (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imag-ing of semantic memory processes in the frontal lobes. Psychological Sci-ence, 7, 278-283
Gabrieli J. D. E, Poldrack, R. A., & Desmond, J. E. (1998). The role of left pre-frontal cortex in language and memory. Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences, U.S.A., 95, 906-913.
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Keane, M. M., Stanger, B. Z., Kjelgaard, M. M., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1994). Dissociations among structural-perceptual, lexi-cal-semantic, and event-fact memory systems in Alzheimer, amnesic, and normal subjects. Cortex, 30, 75-103.
Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Generation and priming effects in word-fragment com-pletion. Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cog-nition, 14, 495-501.
Gardiner, J. M. (1989). A generation effect in memory without awareness. The British Journal of Psychology, 80, 163-168.
Gardiner, J. M., Dawson, A. J., & Sutton E. A. (1989). Specificity and general-ity of enhanced priming effects for self-generated study items. American Journal of Psychology, 102, 295-305.
Gipson, P. (1986). The production of phonology and auditory priming. The British Journal of Psychology, 77, 359-375.
Glaser, W. R. (1992). Picture naming. Cognition, 42, 61-105
Graf, P., & Ryan, L. (1990). Transfer-appropriate processing for implicit and explicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 978-992.
Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and Explicit Memory for New As-sociations in Normal and Amnesic Subjects. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501-518.
Graf, P., Mandler, G. (1984) Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behav-ior, 23, 553-568.
Graf, P., Mandler, G., & Haden, P. E. (1982). Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 17, 1243-1244.
Graf, P., Shimamura, A.P., & Squire, L.R. (1985). Priming across modalities and priming across category levels: Extending the domain of preserved function in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Mem-ory, and Cognition, 11, 385-395.
Graf, P., Squire, L. R., & Mandler, G. (1984). The information the amnesic pa-tients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
Grill-Spector, K. (2001). Semantic versus perceptual priming in fusiform cortex. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 227-228.
Grill-Spector, K. (2003). The neural basis of object perception. Current Opin-ion in Neurobiology, 13, 159-166.
Grill-Spector, K., Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition. Vision Research, 41, 1409-1422.
Hayman, C. A. G., & Tulving, E. (1989). Is priming in fragment completion based on “traceless” memory system? Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 941-956.
Hayward, W. G. (1998). Effects of outline shape in object recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 427-440.
Hirshman, E., Snodgrass, J. G., Mindes, J., & Feenan, K. (1990). Conceptual priming in fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 634-647.
Hodges J. R., & Patterson, K. (1996). Nonfluent progressive aphasia and se-mantic dementia: A comparative neuropsychological study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 511-524.
Hodges J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S., & Funnell, E. (1992). Semantic dementia: Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain, 115, 1783-806.
Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 67-104.
Hunt, R. R., & Toth, J. P. (1990). Perceptual identification, fragment comple-tion, and free recall: concepts and data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 282-290.
Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of an experi-ence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni-tion, 9, 21-38.
Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobio-graphical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: General, 110, 306-340.
Jacoby, L. L., & Hayman, C. A. G. (1987). Specific visual transfer in word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 456-463.
Jacoby, L. L., & Witherspoon, D. (1982). Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 300-324.
Jacoby, L. L., Baker, J. G., & Brooks, L. R. (1989). Episodic effects on picture identification: Implications for theories of concept learning and theories of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cogni-tion, 15, 275-281.
Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154.
Johnson, M. K., & Hasher, L. (1987). Human Learning and Memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 631-668.
Jolicoeur, P. (1985). The time to name disoriented natural objects. Memory & Cognition, 13, 289-303.
Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Monti, L. A. Fleischman, D. A., Cantor, J. M., & Noland, J. S. (1997). Intact and impaired conceptual memory processes in amnesia. Neuropsychology, 11, 59-69.
Kirsner, K., & Smith, M. C. (1974). Modality effects in word identification. Memory & Cognition, 2, 637-640.
Kirsner, K., Dunn, J. C., & Standen, P. (1989). Domain-specific resources in word recognition. In Lewandowsy, J. C. Dunn & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 99-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kirsner, K., Milech, D., & Standen, P. (1983). Common and modality-specific processes in the mental lexicon. Memory & Cognition, 11, 621-630.
Koenig, T., Kochi, K, & Lehmann, D. (1998). Event-related electric microstates of the brain differ between words with visual and abstract meaning. Electro-encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 106, 535-546.
Kolers, P. A. (1975). Specificity of operations in sentence recognition. Cogni-tive Psychology, 7, 289-306.
Kolers, P. A., & Magee, L. E. (1978). Specificity of pattern-analyzing skills in reading. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 32, 43-51.
Kounios, J., & Holcomb, P. J. (1994). Concreteness effects in semantic processing: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 804-823.
Koutstaal W, Wagner A. D., Rotte, M., Maril, A., Buckner, R. L., & Schacter D. L. (2001). Perceptual specificity in visual object priming: functional mag-netic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cor-tex Neuropsychologia, 39, 184-199.
Kroll, J. F., & Potter, M. C. (1984). Recognition words, pictures and concepts: A comparison of lexical, object, and reality decisions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 39-66.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: brain poten-tials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207, 203-205.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 307, 161-163.
Lachman, R., & Lachman, J. L. (1980). Picture naming: Retrieval and activa-tion of ling-term memory: Proceedings of the Georgr A. Talland Memorial Conference. In L. W. Poon, J. L. Fozard, L. S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, & L. W. Thompson (Eds.), New Directions in Memory and Aging (pp.313-343). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Laine M., Rinne, J. O., Hiltunen, J., & Kaasinen, V., & Sipila H. (2002). Dif-ferent brain activation patterns during production of animals versus artefacts: a PET activation study on category-specific processing. Cognitive Brain Re-search, 13, 95-99.
Lebreton, K., Desgranges, B., Landeau, B., Baron, J. C., & Eustache, F. (2001). Visual priming within and across symbolic format using a tachistoscopic picture identification task: A PET study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 670-686.
Lloyd-Jones, T. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1997a). Categorizing chairs and nam-ing pears: Category differences in object processing as a function of task and priming Memory & Cognition, 25, 606-624.
Lloyd-Jones, T. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1997b). Perceptual differentiation as a source of category effects in object processing: Evidence from naming and object decision. Memory & Cognition, 25, 18-35.
Marsolek, C. J. (1995). Abstract Visual-Form Representations in the Left Cere-bral Hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 375-386.
Marsolek, C. J. (1999). Dissociable neural subsystems underlie abstract and specific object recognition. Psychological Science, 10, 111-118.
Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1992). Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychol-ogy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 492-508.
Marsolek, C. J., Squire, L. R., Kosslyn, S. M., & Lulenski, M. E. (1994). Form-specific explicit and implicit memory in the right cerebral hemisphere. Neuropsychology, 8, 588-597.
McClelland, A. G. R., & Pring, L. (1991). An investigation of cross-modality effects in implicit and explicit memory. Quarterly Journal of Psychology : Human Experimental Psychology, 43A, 19-33.
Michelon, P., & Koenig, O. (2002). On the relationship between visual imagery and visual perception: Evidence from priming studies. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 14, 161-184.
Mitchell, D. B. (1989). How many memory systems: Evidence from aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and Cognition, 15, 31-49.
Mitchell, D. B., & Brown, A. S. (1988). Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory. Journal of Experi-mental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 213-222.
Moscovitch, M. (1994). Memory and working with memory: Evaluation of a component process model and comparisons with other models. In D. L. Schacter, & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory Systems 1994 (pp., 269-310). Cam-bridge: MIT Press.
Moscovitch, M., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Vriezen, E. (1994). Memory without conscious recollection: A tutorial review from a neuropsychological perspec-tive. In C. Umilta & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing (pp. 619-660). Cam-bridge, MA: MIT/Bradford Press.
Mulligan, N. W., & Hornstein, S. L. (2000). Attention and perceptual priming in the perceptual identification task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 626-37.
Musen, G. (1991). Effects of verbal labeling and exposure duration on implicit memory for visual patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 954-962.
Musen, G., & Treisman, A. (1990). Implicit and explicit memory for visual pat-terns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni-tion, 16, 127-137.
Neininger, B., & Pulvermüller, F. (2003). Word-category specific deficits after lesions in right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 41, 53–70.
Neville, H. J., Mills, D. L., Lawson, D. S. (1992). Fractionating language: dif-ferent neural subsystems with different sensitive periods. Cerebral Cortex, 2, 244–258.
Newell, F. N., Ernst, M. O., Tjan, B. S., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2001). Viewpoint dependence in visual and haptic object recognition. Psychological Science, 12, 37-42.
Nyberg, L., Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nilsson, L. G., Kapur, S., Houle, S., Cabeza, R., & McIntosh A. R. (1995). Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information. Neuroreport, 7, 249-252.
Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113.
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-287.
Park, S. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995). Perceptual and nonperceptual compoments of implicit memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and Cognition, 21,1583-1594.
Park, S. M., Blaxton, T. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Figlozzi, C. M., & Theodore, W. H. (1994). PET activation measures reveal a dissociation between brain regions underlying perceptual and conceptual processes in picture-naming priming. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 1230.
Park, S. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Reminger, S. L., Monti, L. A., Fleischman, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Tinklenberg, J. R., & Yesavage, J. A. (1998). Preserved prim-ing across study-test transformations in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsycology, 12, 340-352.
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. (1993). Related Articles The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature, 362, 342-345.
Postman, L, & Rosenzweig, M. G. (1956). Practice and transfer in the visual and auditory recognition of verbal stimuli. American Journal of Psychology, 69, 209-226.
Pulvermüller, F. (1999). Words in the brain’s language. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 253-336.
Pulvermüller, F. (2001). Brain reflections of words and their meaning. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 517-524.
Pulvermüller, F., Lutzenberger, W., & Birbaumer, N. (1995). Electrocortical distinction of vocabulary types. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neu-rophysiology, 94, 357–70.
Rajaram, S., & Roediger, H. L. (1993). Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 4, 765-776.
Reales, J. M., & Ballesteros, S. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory for visual and haptic objects: Cross-modal priming depends on structural descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 644-663.
Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.
Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Gardiner, J. M. (1996). Cross-modality priming in stem completion reflects conscious memory, but not voluntary memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 238-244.
Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
Roediger, H. L., & Blaxton, T. A. (1987a). Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion. Memory & Cognition, 15, 379-388.
Roediger, H. L., & Blaxton, T. A. (1987b). Retrieval modes produce dissocia-tions in memory for surface information. In D. Gorfein & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), Memory and learning: The Ebbinghaus centenial conference. Hills-dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal hu-man subjects. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8. pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Roediger, H. L., & Srinivas, K. (1993). Specificity of operations in perceptual priming. In P. Graf & M. Masson (Eds.), Implicit Memory: New directions in cognition development, and neuropsychology (pp. 17-45). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., & Challis, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissocia-tions between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing ac-count. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., Stadler, M. L., & Riegler, G. L. (1992). Direct comparison of two implicit memory tests: word fragment and word stem completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1251-1269.
Rugg M. D., Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J, & Dolan, R. J. (1996). Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and un-successful memory retrieval. Brain, 119, 2073-2083.
Sartori, G., Masterson, J., & Job, R. (1987). Direct-route reading and the locus of lexical decision. In M. Coltheart, G. Sartori, & R. Job (Eds.) The cognitive neuropsychology of language (pp. 59-78). London: Erlbaum.
Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1251-1269.
Schacter, D. L. (1990). Perceptual representation systems and implicit memory: Toward a resolution of the multiple memory systems debate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 543-571.
Schacter, D. L. (1992). Understanding implicit memory: A cognitive neurosci-ence approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
Schacter, D. L. (1994). Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory. In D. L. Schacter, & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory Systems 1994 (pp., 233-268). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M., Savage, C. R., Rauch, S. L., & Albert, M. S. (1996). Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: evi-dence from positron emission tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 93, 1321-1325.
Schacter, D. L., & Badgaiyan, R. D. (2001). Neuroimaging of priming: New perspectives on implicit memory and explicit memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 1-4.
Schacter, D. L., & Church, B. (1992). Auditory priming: Implicit and explicit memory for words and voices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learn-ing, memory, and Cognition, 18, 915-930.
Schacter, D. L., Badgaiyan, R. D., & Alpert, N. M. (1999). Visual word stem completion priming within and across modalities: a PET study. Neuroreport, 10, 2061-2065.
Schacter, D. L., Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Dale, A. M., & Rosen, B. R. (1997). Late onset of anterior prefrontal activity during true and false recog-nition: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 6, 259-269.
Schacter, D. L., Church, B., & Treadwell, J. (1994). Implicit memory in amnesic patients: Evidence for spared auditory priming. Psychological Science, 5, 20-25.
Schacter, D. L., Cooper, L. A., & Delaney, S. M. (1990). Implicit memory for unfamiliar objects depends on access to structural descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 5-24.
Segal, S. J. (1966). Priming compared to recall: Following multiple exposures and delay. Psychological Reports, 18, 615-620.
Shimamura, A. P. (1986). Priming effect of amnesia: Evidence for a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Experimental Psychology, 38A, 619-644.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Feenan, K. (1990). Priming effects in fragment completion: support for the perceptual closure hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: General, 119, 276-296.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Hirshman, E. (1994). Dissociations among implicit and ex-plicit memory tasks: The role of stimulus similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 150-161.
Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231.
Squire, L. R. (1994). Declarative and nondeclarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. In D. L. Schacter, & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory Systems 1994 (pp., 233-268). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Videen, T. O., & Raichle, M. E. (1992). Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory. Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences, U.S.A., 89, 1837-1841.
Srinivas K. (1995). Representation of rotated objects in explicit and implicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1019-1036.
Srinivas K. (1996). Contrast and illumination effects on explicit and implicit measures of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Mem-ory and Cognition. 22, 1123-1135.
Srinivas, K. (1993). Perceptual specificity in nonverbal priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 582-602.
Srinivas, K., & Roediger, H. L. (1990). Classifying implicit memory tests: Category associations and anagram solution. Journal of Memory and Lan-guage, 29, 389-412.
Tardif, Y., & Craik, F. I. M. (1989). Reading a week later: Perceptual and conceptual factors. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 107-125.
Tarr, M. J., & Pinker, S. (1989). Mental rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 233-282.
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I., Moscovitch, M., & Houle, S. (1994). Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 91, 2016-2020.
Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. I., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: audi-tory sentence recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 91, 2012-2015.
Vaidya, C. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Keane, M. M., & Monti, L. A. (1995). Percep-tual and conceptual memory processes in global amnesia. Neuropsychology, 9, 580-591.
Vandenberghe, R., Price, C., Wise, R., Josephs, O., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996). Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature, 383, 254-256.
Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D. G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, A., Van Paesschen, W., & Mishkin, M. (1997). Differential effects of early hippocampal pathol-ogy on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277, 376-380. Erratum in: Science 1997 Aug 22; 277, 1117.
Verfaellie, M., Keane, M. M., & Cook, S. P. (2001) The role of explicit mem-ory processes in cross-modal priming: An investigation of stem completion priming in amnesia. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 222-228.
Villardita, C., Grioli, S., & Quattropani, M. C. (1988). Links concrete-ness/abstractness of stimulus-words and semantic clustering in right brain-damaged patients. Cortex, 24, 563-571.
Wagner A. D., Desmond, J. E., Demb, J. B., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D.E. (1997). Semantic repetition priming for verbal and pictorial knowledge: A functional MRI study of left inferior prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 714-726.
Wang, M. Y., & Huang, J. T. (2003). The effect of global diagnosticity and complexity on object recognition. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 44, 189-210.
Wang, M., Y. & Huang, J. (1996). Object Recognition Times vary with Object Complexity and Object type. Paper presented at the eighth annual convention of the American Psychological Society.
Wang, M. Y., & Wang, L. L. (2001). The nature of picture naming priming as revealed by the cross-form comparison. Proceedings of the Third Interna-tional Conference on Cognitive Science (pp.186-190). Hefei, China: Press of USTC.
Warren, C., & Morton, J. (1982). The effects of priming on picture recognition. The British Journal of Psychology; 73, 117-129.
Warrington, E. D., & Weiskrantz, L. (1968). A new method for testing long-term retention with special reference to amnesic patients. Nature, 217, 972-974.
Warrington, E. D., & Weiskrantz, L. (1970). Amnesic syndrome: Consolidation or retrieval? Nature, 228, 628-630.
Weldon, M. S. (1991). Mechanisms underlying priming on perceptual tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 526-541.
Weldon, M. S., & Roediger, H. L. (1987). Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition, 15, 269-280.
Weldon, M.S., Roediger, H.L., Beitel, D. A., & Johnston, T. R. (1995). Percep-tual and Conceptual Processes in Implicit and Explicit Tests with Picture Fragment and Word-Fragment Cues. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 268-285.
Williams, P., & Tarr, M. J. (1997). Structural processing and implicit memory for possible and impossible figures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1344-1361.
Zaidel, E. (1998). Language in the right hemisphere following callosal discon-nection. In B. Stemmer & H. A. Whitaker (Eds), Handbook of Neurolinguis-tics (pp. 357-413). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Zangaladze, A., Epstein, C. M., Grafton, S. T, & Sathian, K. (1999). Involve-ment of visual cortex in tactile discrimination of orientation. Nature, 401, 587-590.描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
89752013
91資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 顏乃欣 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Nai-Shing Yen en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王林宇 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Linyu Lennel Wang en_US dc.creator (作者) 王林宇 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Linyu Lennel Wang en_US dc.date (日期) 2002 en_US dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 13:12:36 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089752013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32474 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 89752013 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 91 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 每個人遇到曾經看過的物體時，辨識該物體速度會增加（或辨識的正確率增加），這個現象稱為促發(priming)效果（簡稱P-P促發），同樣地，閱讀某物體的名稱（亦即文字）後，隔幾分鐘後再看該物體的圖形，這樣也會產生一種促發量（簡稱W-P促發）。許多研究都指出W-P促發是一種內隱(implicit)記憶，亦即，個體不需要刻意想起曾經看過的物件，促發效果仍會產生，而且P-P促發量都高於W-P促發量。然而，一些研究卻發現W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯然地，內隱記憶理論無法對於這種反直覺現象提出合理的解釋。根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論(dual coding theory)(Paivio, 1986, 1991)，辨識具體(concrete)名詞（例如，物體的名稱）會同時觸及(access)或激發兩種知識表徵，一種是涉及左腦的口語(verbal)表徵，另一種是涉及左腦與右腦的影像(image)表徵，而許多神經語言學研究皆指出，涉及處理具體名詞的神經機制不只包含左腦，同時也包含右腦，是以，閱讀具體名詞可能會觸及或激發物體的內在表徵，如果物體輪廓相當獨特或明顯，那麼閱讀此類型物體之名稱可能會觸及或激發此類物體的完整或重要表徵，致使W-P促發量等於P-P促發量現象。因此本研究試圖操弄物體輪廓診斷性來解釋W-P促發量等於P-P促發量之現象。實驗一與實驗二分別以「圖形唸名」以及「圖形知覺辨識作業」來檢驗「物體輪廓診斷性」對促發的影響，結果顯示，「整體診斷性不高」物體（globally non-diagnostic object，簡稱GN類物體）的P-P促發量高於W-P促發量，和先前許多研究結果一致，然而，「整體診斷性高」物體（globally diagnostic object，簡稱GD類物體）的W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，顯示「物體輪廓診斷性」會影響促發的表現，同時也顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱可以觸及或激發GD類物體的整體或必要的知識表徵。實驗三以分視野(divided visual field)呈現方式檢驗GD類物體的W-P促發之腦側化現象。本研究發現，顯著的W-P促發只出現在右腦，顯示W-P促發主要經由右腦來處理，根據Paivio的雙重收錄理論來推論，W-P促發之本質可能主要涉及以影像為基礎的(image-based)的知識表徵。本研究同時操弄外顯記憶以檢驗外顯記憶是否污染W-P促發而導致W-P促發量等於P-P促發量，結果顯示，不管哪一種物體，P-P情境的再認記憶表現都顯著比W-P情境好，顯示GD類物體的促發表現與外顯記憶表現之間有單一分離(single dissociation)的關係，換言之，GD類物體之W-P促發並不受外顯記憶影響或污染。此外，實驗四顯示刻意的心像策略並不涉及W-P促發，顯示閱讀GD類物體名稱觸及GD類物體概念表徵是一種自動化而且相當快速的歷程。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Implicit memory is usually assessed by showing repetition priming effects, when better performance in accuracy or response time for stimuli that have been previously encountered in comparison with performance with new stimuli. Picture-naming priming has been examined in studies that compared priming in participants who named pictures in the study phase and named those same pictures in the test phase (P-P condition) versus participants who read words that were the names of pictures in the study phase and named pictures cor-responding to those words in the test phase (W-P condition). Many studies demonstrated W-P priming is less than P-P priming in the picture-naming task and other similar object recognition tasks. However, in sharp contrast to the above studies, some studies reported equivalent magnitudes of P-P and W-P naming priming. Theories of implicit memory cannot account for the counter-intuitive phenomenon.According to Paivio’s dual-coding theory, the processing of abstract nouns (e.g., justice) relies on verbal code representations of the left cerebral hemisphere only, whereas concrete nouns (e.g., airplane) additionally access a second image-based processing system in the right cerebral hemisphere (Paivio, 1986, 1991). Paivio’s theory is supported by many researches on neurolinguistics. If the contour of an object is very distinctive or diagnostic, there should be the possible result that reading the name of the distinctive objects could access the whole or essential representation of the object. Following the idea, I manipulated global diagnosticity of object contour to examine whether P-P priming is always larger than W-P priming.I found P-P priming was equivalent to W-P priming on “globally diagnostic” (GD) objects, but the P-P priming was still larger than W-P priming on “glob-ally non-diagnostic” (GN) objects. This phenomenon appeared on both pic-ture-naming (Experiment 1) and picture perceptual-identification (Experiment 2) tasks. Experiment 3 showed that significant W-P priming appeared only when GD objects in the test phase were presented to the right cerebral hemi-sphere (in the left visual field). Based on the Paivio’s dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986, 1991) and research on neurolinguistics, the nature of W-P priming for GD objects was inferred to be image-based processing.Better explicit (conscious) memory performance (recognition memory) in P-P condition than that in W-P condition showed that equivalent priming across P-P and W-P conditions on GD objects was dissociated from the influence of conscious recognition memory. Experiment 4 showed that the intentional strategy of generating mental imagery was not necessarily involved in the W-P priming.These results suggested that reading names of globally diagnostic objects can access, automatically and unconsciously, the representation or essential features of globally diagnostic objects, and right cerebral hemisphere might be responsible for the processing. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 iii英文摘要 iv致謝 v表目次 ix圖目次 x緒論 1知覺特定性(Perceptual Specificity) 3非知覺歷程 ~ 跨形式促發(Cross Form/Modality Priming) 8影響跨形式促發的因素 12反直覺現象 ~ 跨形式促發量 = 形式內促發量 22研究目的 26實驗一 28實驗二 40實驗三 44實驗四 52綜合討論 58參考文獻 68附錄 81 zh_TW dc.format.extent 11043 bytes - dc.format.extent 10039 bytes - dc.format.extent 228210 bytes - dc.format.extent 165690 bytes - dc.format.extent 283158 bytes - dc.format.extent 305620 bytes - dc.format.extent 313821 bytes - dc.format.extent 296984 bytes - dc.format.extent 454058 bytes - dc.format.extent 355808 bytes - dc.format.extent 269816 bytes - dc.format.extent 501243 bytes - dc.format.extent 367247 bytes - dc.format.extent 537698 bytes - dc.format.extent 470293 bytes - dc.format.extent 330884 bytes - dc.format.extent 448838 bytes - dc.format.extent 423278 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 物體辨識 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內隱記憶 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識表徵 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 腦側化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 物體輪廓診斷性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 物體類型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形式內促發 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨形式促發 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) object recognition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) implicit memory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) knowledge representation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) lateralization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) global diagnosticity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) within-modal priming en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) within-modal priming en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) object type en_US dc.title (題名) 物體輪廓診斷性對形式內促發與跨形式促發之影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The effect of object contour diagnosticity on within-modal and cross-modal priming en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 汪曼穎(1998)。常見物體輪廓圖形之知覺及語意特性評估研究。「中華心理學刊」，39，157-172。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳學志、鄭昭明(1999)。適用於認知心理學實驗室之變異數分析暨趨勢分析程式。「應用心理研究」，1，229-246。 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amedi, A., Jacobson, G., Hendler, T., Malach, R., & Zohary, E. (2002). Con-vergence of visual and tactile shape processing in the human lateral occipital complex. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 1202-1212. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amedi, A., Malach, R., Hendler, T., Peled, S., & Zohary, E. (2001). Visuo-haptic object-related activation in the ventral visual pathway. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 324-330. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Awh E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Schumacher, E. H., Koeppe, R. A., & Katz, S. (1996). Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Psychological Science, 7, 25-31. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Badgaiyan, R. D., Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1999). Auditory priming within and across modalities: Evidence from positron emission tomography Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 337-348. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Badgaiyan, R. D., Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M. (2001). Priming within and across modalities: Exploring the nature of rCBF increases and decreases. Neuroimage, 13, 272-282. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barry, C., Hirsh, K. W., Johnston, R. A., & Williams, C. L. (2001). Age of ac-quisition, word frequency, and the locus of repetition priming of picture naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 350-375. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bartram, D. J. (1974). The role of visual and semantic codes in object naming. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 325-356. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bassili, J. N., Smith, M. C., & MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Auditory and visual word-stem completion: Separating data-driven and conceptually driven processes. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experi-mental Psychology, 41A, 439-453. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berry, D. C., Banbury, S., & Henry, L. (1997). Transfer across form and modal-ity in implicit and explicit memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: Human Experimental Psychology, 50A, 1-24. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115-148. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biederman, I., & Cooper, E. E. (1991a). Evidence for complete translational and reflectional invariance in visual object priming. Perception, 20, 585-593. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biederman, I., & Cooper, E. E. (1991b). Priming contour-deleted images: Evidnece for intermediate representations in visual object recognition. Cog-nitive Psychology, 23, 393-419. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biederman, I., & Cooper, E. E. (1992). Size invariance in visual object priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 121-133. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biederman, I., & Gerhardstein, P. C. (1993). Recognizing depth-rotated objects: Evidence and conditions for three-dimensional viewpoint invariance. Jour-nal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 1162-1182. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blaxton, T. A. (1989). Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer-appropriate processing framework. Journal of Ex-perimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 657-688. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blum, D., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2001). Transfer across modality in perceptual implicit memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 147-154. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bookheimer, S. Y. Zeffiro, T. A., Blaxton, T, Gaillard, W., & Theodore, W. (1995). Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word read-ing. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 93-106. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought? English and Mandarin speakers` conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 1-22. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, A. S., Neblett, D. R., Jones, T. C., & Mitchell, D. B. (1991). Transfer of processing in recognition priming: Some inappropriate finding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 514-525. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bruce, V., Carson, D., Burton, A. M., & Ellis, A. W. (2000). Perceptual priming is not a necessary consequence of semantic classification of pictures. Quar-terly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 53A, 289-323. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buckner R. L., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval. Proceedings of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 95, 891-898. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., & Rosen B. R. (2000). Func-tional MRI evidence for a role of frontal and inferior temporal cortex in amodal components of priming. Brain, 123, 620-640. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burgund, E. D., & Marsolek, C. J. (2000). Viewpoint-invariant and viewpoint-dependent object recognition in dissociable neural subsystems. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 480-489. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carlesimo, G. A. (1994). Perceptual and conceptual priming in amnesic and al-coholic patients. Neuropsychologia, 32, 903-21. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carlesimo, G. A., Marfia, G. A., Loasses, A., & Caltagirone, C. (1996). Percep-tual and conceptual components in implicit and explicit stem completion. Neuropsychologia, 34, 785-92. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carr, T. H., Brown, J. S., & Charalambous, A. (1989). Repetition and reading: Perceptual encoding mechanisms are very abstract but not very interactive. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 763-778. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carrasco, M., & Seamon, J. G. (1996). Priming impossible figures in the object decision test: The critical importance of perceived stimulus complexity. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 344-351. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carroll, M., Byrne, B., & Kirsner, K. (1985). Autobiographical memory and perceptual learning: A developmental study using picture recognition, naming latency, and picture identification. Memory & Cognition, 13, 273-279. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1992). Intact and long-lasting repetition priming in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 509-520. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, L. L., Haxby, J. V., & Martin, A. (1999). Attribute-based neural sub-strates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 913-919. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Church, B. A., & Schacter, D. L. (1994). Perceptual specificity of auditory priming: Implicit memory for voice intonation and fundamental frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 521-533. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clarke, R., & Morton, J. (1983). Cross modality facilitation in tachistoscopic word recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 35A, 79-96. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-rout and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psycho-logical Review, 100, 589-608. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cooper, L. A., Schacter, D. L., Ballesteros, S., & Moore, C. (1992). Priming and recognition of transformed three-dimensional objects: effects of size and reflection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 43-57. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crabb, B. T., & Dark, V. J. (1999). Perceptual implicit memory requires atten-tional encoding. Memory & Cognition, 27, 267-75. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Craik, F. I. M., Moscovitch, M., & McDowd, J. M. (1994). Contributions of surface and conceptual information to performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 864-875. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Curran, T., Schacter, D. L., & Galluccio, L. (1999). Cross-modal priming and explicit memory in patients with verbal production deficits. Brain and Cognition, 39, 133-146. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Day, J. (1979). Visual half-field word recognition as a function of syntactic class and image-ability. Neuropsychologia, 17, 515–519. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Debner, J. A., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 304-317. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Demb, J. B., Desmond, J. E., Wagner, A. D., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995). Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 5870-5878. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dorfman, J. (1994). Sublexical components in implicit memory for novel words. Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni-tion, 20, 1108-1125. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duchek, J. M., & Neely, J. H. (1989). A dissociative word-frequency x lev-els-of-processing interaction in episodic recognition and lexical decision tasks. Memory & Cognition, 17, 148-162. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Durso, F. T., & Johnson, M. K. (1979). Facilitation and categorizing repeated words and pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 449-459. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Easton, R. D., Greene, A. J., & Srinivas, K. (1997). Transfer between vision and haptics: Memory for 2-D patterns and 3-D objects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 403-410. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K., & Greene, A. J. (1997). Do vision and touch share common representations?: Explicit and implicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 153-163. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, A. (1982). Modality-specific repetition priming of auditory word recogni-tion. Current Psychological Research, 2, 123-128. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eviatar, Z., Menn, L., & Zaidel, E. (1990). Concreteness: Nouns, verbs and hemispheres. Cortex, 26, 611-624. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). A PET Study of Word Finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1137-1148. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gabrieli J. D. E, Desmond, J. E., Demb, J. B., Wagner, A. D., Stone, M. V., Vaidya C. J., & Glover, G. H. (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imag-ing of semantic memory processes in the frontal lobes. Psychological Sci-ence, 7, 278-283 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gabrieli J. D. E, Poldrack, R. A., & Desmond, J. E. (1998). The role of left pre-frontal cortex in language and memory. Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences, U.S.A., 95, 906-913. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gabrieli, J. D. E., Keane, M. M., Stanger, B. Z., Kjelgaard, M. M., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1994). Dissociations among structural-perceptual, lexi-cal-semantic, and event-fact memory systems in Alzheimer, amnesic, and normal subjects. Cortex, 30, 75-103. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Generation and priming effects in word-fragment com-pletion. Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cog-nition, 14, 495-501. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardiner, J. M. (1989). A generation effect in memory without awareness. The British Journal of Psychology, 80, 163-168. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardiner, J. M., Dawson, A. J., & Sutton E. A. (1989). Specificity and general-ity of enhanced priming effects for self-generated study items. American Journal of Psychology, 102, 295-305. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gipson, P. (1986). The production of phonology and auditory priming. The British Journal of Psychology, 77, 359-375. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glaser, W. R. (1992). Picture naming. Cognition, 42, 61-105 zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graf, P., & Ryan, L. (1990). Transfer-appropriate processing for implicit and explicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 978-992. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and Explicit Memory for New As-sociations in Normal and Amnesic Subjects. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501-518. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graf, P., Mandler, G. (1984) Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behav-ior, 23, 553-568. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graf, P., Mandler, G., & Haden, P. E. (1982). Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 17, 1243-1244. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graf, P., Shimamura, A.P., & Squire, L.R. (1985). Priming across modalities and priming across category levels: Extending the domain of preserved function in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Mem-ory, and Cognition, 11, 385-395. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graf, P., Squire, L. R., & Mandler, G. (1984). The information the amnesic pa-tients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grill-Spector, K. (2001). Semantic versus perceptual priming in fusiform cortex. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 227-228. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grill-Spector, K. (2003). The neural basis of object perception. Current Opin-ion in Neurobiology, 13, 159-166. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grill-Spector, K., Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition. Vision Research, 41, 1409-1422. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayman, C. A. G., & Tulving, E. (1989). Is priming in fragment completion based on “traceless” memory system? Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 941-956. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayward, W. G. (1998). Effects of outline shape in object recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 427-440. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hirshman, E., Snodgrass, J. G., Mindes, J., & Feenan, K. (1990). Conceptual priming in fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 634-647. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hodges J. R., & Patterson, K. (1996). Nonfluent progressive aphasia and se-mantic dementia: A comparative neuropsychological study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 511-524. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hodges J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S., & Funnell, E. (1992). Semantic dementia: Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain, 115, 1783-806. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 67-104. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hunt, R. R., & Toth, J. P. (1990). Perceptual identification, fragment comple-tion, and free recall: concepts and data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 282-290. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of an experi-ence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni-tion, 9, 21-38. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobio-graphical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: General, 110, 306-340. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacoby, L. L., & Hayman, C. A. G. (1987). Specific visual transfer in word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 456-463. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacoby, L. L., & Witherspoon, D. (1982). Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 300-324. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacoby, L. L., Baker, J. G., & Brooks, L. R. (1989). Episodic effects on picture identification: Implications for theories of concept learning and theories of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cogni-tion, 15, 275-281. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnson, M. K., & Hasher, L. (1987). Human Learning and Memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 631-668. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jolicoeur, P. (1985). The time to name disoriented natural objects. Memory & Cognition, 13, 289-303. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Monti, L. A. Fleischman, D. A., Cantor, J. M., & Noland, J. S. (1997). Intact and impaired conceptual memory processes in amnesia. Neuropsychology, 11, 59-69. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kirsner, K., & Smith, M. C. (1974). Modality effects in word identification. Memory & Cognition, 2, 637-640. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kirsner, K., Dunn, J. C., & Standen, P. (1989). Domain-specific resources in word recognition. In Lewandowsy, J. C. Dunn & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 99-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kirsner, K., Milech, D., & Standen, P. (1983). Common and modality-specific processes in the mental lexicon. Memory & Cognition, 11, 621-630. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koenig, T., Kochi, K, & Lehmann, D. (1998). Event-related electric microstates of the brain differ between words with visual and abstract meaning. Electro-encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 106, 535-546. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kolers, P. A. (1975). Specificity of operations in sentence recognition. Cogni-tive Psychology, 7, 289-306. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kolers, P. A., & Magee, L. E. (1978). Specificity of pattern-analyzing skills in reading. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 32, 43-51. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kounios, J., & Holcomb, P. J. (1994). Concreteness effects in semantic processing: ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 804-823. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Koutstaal W, Wagner A. D., Rotte, M., Maril, A., Buckner, R. L., & Schacter D. L. (2001). Perceptual specificity in visual object priming: functional mag-netic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cor-tex Neuropsychologia, 39, 184-199. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kroll, J. F., & Potter, M. C. (1984). Recognition words, pictures and concepts: A comparison of lexical, object, and reality decisions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 39-66. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: brain poten-tials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207, 203-205. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 307, 161-163. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lachman, R., & Lachman, J. L. (1980). Picture naming: Retrieval and activa-tion of ling-term memory: Proceedings of the Georgr A. Talland Memorial Conference. In L. W. Poon, J. L. Fozard, L. S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, & L. W. Thompson (Eds.), New Directions in Memory and Aging (pp.313-343). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Laine M., Rinne, J. O., Hiltunen, J., & Kaasinen, V., & Sipila H. (2002). Dif-ferent brain activation patterns during production of animals versus artefacts: a PET activation study on category-specific processing. Cognitive Brain Re-search, 13, 95-99. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lebreton, K., Desgranges, B., Landeau, B., Baron, J. C., & Eustache, F. (2001). Visual priming within and across symbolic format using a tachistoscopic picture identification task: A PET study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 670-686. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lloyd-Jones, T. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1997a). Categorizing chairs and nam-ing pears: Category differences in object processing as a function of task and priming Memory & Cognition, 25, 606-624. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lloyd-Jones, T. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1997b). Perceptual differentiation as a source of category effects in object processing: Evidence from naming and object decision. Memory & Cognition, 25, 18-35. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marsolek, C. J. (1995). Abstract Visual-Form Representations in the Left Cere-bral Hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 375-386. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marsolek, C. J. (1999). Dissociable neural subsystems underlie abstract and specific object recognition. Psychological Science, 10, 111-118. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1992). Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychol-ogy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 492-508. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marsolek, C. J., Squire, L. R., Kosslyn, S. M., & Lulenski, M. E. (1994). Form-specific explicit and implicit memory in the right cerebral hemisphere. Neuropsychology, 8, 588-597. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McClelland, A. G. R., & Pring, L. (1991). An investigation of cross-modality effects in implicit and explicit memory. Quarterly Journal of Psychology : Human Experimental Psychology, 43A, 19-33. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Michelon, P., & Koenig, O. (2002). On the relationship between visual imagery and visual perception: Evidence from priming studies. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 14, 161-184. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mitchell, D. B. (1989). How many memory systems: Evidence from aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and Cognition, 15, 31-49. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mitchell, D. B., & Brown, A. S. (1988). Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory. Journal of Experi-mental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 213-222. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moscovitch, M. (1994). Memory and working with memory: Evaluation of a component process model and comparisons with other models. In D. L. Schacter, & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory Systems 1994 (pp., 269-310). Cam-bridge: MIT Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moscovitch, M., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Vriezen, E. (1994). Memory without conscious recollection: A tutorial review from a neuropsychological perspec-tive. In C. Umilta & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing (pp. 619-660). Cam-bridge, MA: MIT/Bradford Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mulligan, N. W., & Hornstein, S. L. (2000). Attention and perceptual priming in the perceptual identification task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 626-37. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Musen, G. (1991). Effects of verbal labeling and exposure duration on implicit memory for visual patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 954-962. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Musen, G., & Treisman, A. (1990). Implicit and explicit memory for visual pat-terns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni-tion, 16, 127-137. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neininger, B., & Pulvermüller, F. (2003). Word-category specific deficits after lesions in right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia, 41, 53–70. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neville, H. J., Mills, D. L., Lawson, D. S. (1992). Fractionating language: dif-ferent neural subsystems with different sensitive periods. Cerebral Cortex, 2, 244–258. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Newell, F. N., Ernst, M. O., Tjan, B. S., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2001). Viewpoint dependence in visual and haptic object recognition. Psychological Science, 12, 37-42. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nyberg, L., Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nilsson, L. G., Kapur, S., Houle, S., Cabeza, R., & McIntosh A. R. (1995). Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information. Neuroreport, 7, 249-252. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. London: Oxford Univ. Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-287. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Park, S. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995). Perceptual and nonperceptual compoments of implicit memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and Cognition, 21,1583-1594. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Park, S. M., Blaxton, T. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Figlozzi, C. M., & Theodore, W. H. (1994). PET activation measures reveal a dissociation between brain regions underlying perceptual and conceptual processes in picture-naming priming. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 1230. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Park, S. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Reminger, S. L., Monti, L. A., Fleischman, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Tinklenberg, J. R., & Yesavage, J. A. (1998). Preserved prim-ing across study-test transformations in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsycology, 12, 340-352. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. (1993). Related Articles The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature, 362, 342-345. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Postman, L, & Rosenzweig, M. G. (1956). Practice and transfer in the visual and auditory recognition of verbal stimuli. American Journal of Psychology, 69, 209-226. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pulvermüller, F. (1999). Words in the brain’s language. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 253-336. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pulvermüller, F. (2001). Brain reflections of words and their meaning. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 517-524. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pulvermüller, F., Lutzenberger, W., & Birbaumer, N. (1995). Electrocortical distinction of vocabulary types. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neu-rophysiology, 94, 357–70. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rajaram, S., & Roediger, H. L. (1993). Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 4, 765-776. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reales, J. M., & Ballesteros, S. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory for visual and haptic objects: Cross-modal priming depends on structural descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 644-663. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Gardiner, J. M. (1996). Cross-modality priming in stem completion reflects conscious memory, but not voluntary memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 238-244. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L., & Blaxton, T. A. (1987a). Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion. Memory & Cognition, 15, 379-388. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L., & Blaxton, T. A. (1987b). Retrieval modes produce dissocia-tions in memory for surface information. In D. Gorfein & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), Memory and learning: The Ebbinghaus centenial conference. Hills-dale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal hu-man subjects. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8. pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L., & Srinivas, K. (1993). Specificity of operations in perceptual priming. In P. Graf & M. Masson (Eds.), Implicit Memory: New directions in cognition development, and neuropsychology (pp. 17-45). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., & Challis, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissocia-tions between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing ac-count. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., Stadler, M. L., & Riegler, G. L. (1992). Direct comparison of two implicit memory tests: word fragment and word stem completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1251-1269. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rugg M. D., Fletcher, P. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J, & Dolan, R. J. (1996). Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and un-successful memory retrieval. Brain, 119, 2073-2083. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sartori, G., Masterson, J., & Job, R. (1987). Direct-route reading and the locus of lexical decision. In M. Coltheart, G. Sartori, & R. Job (Eds.) The cognitive neuropsychology of language (pp. 59-78). London: Erlbaum. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1251-1269. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L. (1990). Perceptual representation systems and implicit memory: Toward a resolution of the multiple memory systems debate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 543-571. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L. (1992). Understanding implicit memory: A cognitive neurosci-ence approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L. (1994). Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory. In D. L. Schacter, & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory Systems 1994 (pp., 233-268). Cambridge: MIT Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M., Savage, C. R., Rauch, S. L., & Albert, M. S. (1996). Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: evi-dence from positron emission tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 93, 1321-1325. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., & Badgaiyan, R. D. (2001). Neuroimaging of priming: New perspectives on implicit memory and explicit memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 1-4. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., & Church, B. (1992). Auditory priming: Implicit and explicit memory for words and voices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learn-ing, memory, and Cognition, 18, 915-930. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., Badgaiyan, R. D., & Alpert, N. M. (1999). Visual word stem completion priming within and across modalities: a PET study. Neuroreport, 10, 2061-2065. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Dale, A. M., & Rosen, B. R. (1997). Late onset of anterior prefrontal activity during true and false recog-nition: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 6, 259-269. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., Church, B., & Treadwell, J. (1994). Implicit memory in amnesic patients: Evidence for spared auditory priming. Psychological Science, 5, 20-25. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacter, D. L., Cooper, L. A., & Delaney, S. M. (1990). Implicit memory for unfamiliar objects depends on access to structural descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 5-24. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Segal, S. J. (1966). Priming compared to recall: Following multiple exposures and delay. Psychological Reports, 18, 615-620. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shimamura, A. P. (1986). Priming effect of amnesia: Evidence for a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Experimental Psychology, 38A, 619-644. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Snodgrass, J. G., & Feenan, K. (1990). Priming effects in fragment completion: support for the perceptual closure hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psy-chology: General, 119, 276-296. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Snodgrass, J. G., & Hirshman, E. (1994). Dissociations among implicit and ex-plicit memory tasks: The role of stimulus similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 150-161. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Squire, L. R. (1994). Declarative and nondeclarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. In D. L. Schacter, & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory Systems 1994 (pp., 233-268). Cambridge: MIT Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Videen, T. O., & Raichle, M. E. (1992). Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory. Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences, U.S.A., 89, 1837-1841. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Srinivas K. (1995). Representation of rotated objects in explicit and implicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1019-1036. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Srinivas K. (1996). Contrast and illumination effects on explicit and implicit measures of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Mem-ory and Cognition. 22, 1123-1135. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Srinivas, K. (1993). Perceptual specificity in nonverbal priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 582-602. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Srinivas, K., & Roediger, H. L. (1990). Classifying implicit memory tests: Category associations and anagram solution. Journal of Memory and Lan-guage, 29, 389-412. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tardif, Y., & Craik, F. I. M. (1989). Reading a week later: Perceptual and conceptual factors. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 107-125. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tarr, M. J., & Pinker, S. (1989). Mental rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 233-282. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-306. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I., Moscovitch, M., & Houle, S. (1994). Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 91, 2016-2020. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. I., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: audi-tory sentence recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 91, 2012-2015. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vaidya, C. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Keane, M. M., & Monti, L. A. (1995). Percep-tual and conceptual memory processes in global amnesia. Neuropsychology, 9, 580-591. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vandenberghe, R., Price, C., Wise, R., Josephs, O., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996). Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature, 383, 254-256. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D. G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, A., Van Paesschen, W., & Mishkin, M. (1997). Differential effects of early hippocampal pathol-ogy on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277, 376-380. Erratum in: Science 1997 Aug 22; 277, 1117. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Verfaellie, M., Keane, M. M., & Cook, S. P. (2001) The role of explicit mem-ory processes in cross-modal priming: An investigation of stem completion priming in amnesia. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 222-228. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Villardita, C., Grioli, S., & Quattropani, M. C. (1988). Links concrete-ness/abstractness of stimulus-words and semantic clustering in right brain-damaged patients. Cortex, 24, 563-571. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wagner A. D., Desmond, J. E., Demb, J. B., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D.E. (1997). Semantic repetition priming for verbal and pictorial knowledge: A functional MRI study of left inferior prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 714-726. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, M. Y., & Huang, J. T. (2003). The effect of global diagnosticity and complexity on object recognition. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 44, 189-210. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, M., Y. & Huang, J. (1996). Object Recognition Times vary with Object Complexity and Object type. Paper presented at the eighth annual convention of the American Psychological Society. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, M. Y., & Wang, L. L. (2001). The nature of picture naming priming as revealed by the cross-form comparison. Proceedings of the Third Interna-tional Conference on Cognitive Science (pp.186-190). Hefei, China: Press of USTC. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Warren, C., & Morton, J. (1982). The effects of priming on picture recognition. The British Journal of Psychology; 73, 117-129. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Warrington, E. D., & Weiskrantz, L. (1968). A new method for testing long-term retention with special reference to amnesic patients. Nature, 217, 972-974. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Warrington, E. D., & Weiskrantz, L. (1970). Amnesic syndrome: Consolidation or retrieval? Nature, 228, 628-630. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weldon, M. S. (1991). Mechanisms underlying priming on perceptual tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 526-541. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weldon, M. S., & Roediger, H. L. (1987). Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition, 15, 269-280. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weldon, M.S., Roediger, H.L., Beitel, D. A., & Johnston, T. R. (1995). Percep-tual and Conceptual Processes in Implicit and Explicit Tests with Picture Fragment and Word-Fragment Cues. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 268-285. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Williams, P., & Tarr, M. J. (1997). Structural processing and implicit memory for possible and impossible figures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1344-1361. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zaidel, E. (1998). Language in the right hemisphere following callosal discon-nection. In B. Stemmer & H. A. Whitaker (Eds), Handbook of Neurolinguis-tics (pp. 357-413). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. zh_TW dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zangaladze, A., Epstein, C. M., Grafton, S. T, & Sathian, K. (1999). Involve-ment of visual cortex in tactile discrimination of orientation. Nature, 401, 587-590. zh_TW
