1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 主管與員工認知、溝通風格之相似性對員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、工作績效、與離職傾向的影響
作者 李佳倫
Lee chia-lun
貢獻者 張裕隆
李佳倫
Lee chia-lun
關鍵詞 認知風格
溝通風格
相似性
員工溝通滿足
工作滿足
工作績效
離職傾向
員工態度
工作表現
日期 2002
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 13:12:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究的目的在於探討：(1)主管與員工之「認知風格」與「溝通風格」的關係，(2)主管之認知或溝通風格，對員工態度與工作表現的影響，以及(3)主管與員工認知、溝通風格之相似性，對員工態度與工作表現的影響，以期增進主管與員工的溝通，進而增進組織效能。研究採「主管-員工」配對問卷調查的方式，共計有效樣本214對，其中包括主管74位，員工214位。研究結果顯示：
(一)「分析型」員工確實較「直覺型」員工，在「支配性」和「好辯性」上的表現較多，至於其他向度則無顯著差異。
(二)員工工作滿足會受到不同認知風格主管的影響；主管的「注意性」和「生動性」與員工溝通、工作滿足有顯著正相關，其「開放性」與員工工作滿足有顯著正相關；主管的「支配性」和「精確性」與員工工作績效有顯著負相關；以及主管的「友善性」與員工離職傾向有顯著負相關，至於其他變項之間則無顯著相關。
(三)主管與員工認知風格一致性，與員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、
工作績效和離職傾向均未達顯著關係；主管與員工「友善性」
和「輕鬆性」溝通風格一致性，與員工工作績效具有顯著正
相關。
最後本研究進一步指出本研究之限制，與後續相關研究建議。

關鍵詞:認知風格、溝通風格、相似性、員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、工作績效、離職傾向、員工態度、工作表現
參考文獻 中文部分：
王彥程（2000）。「台灣企業員工人際溝通能力之衡量及其量表發展之研究」。私立長榮管理學院經營管理研究所碩士論文。
王榮春（2001）。「部屬對主管領導行為知覺、相關情境因素二者與部屬對主管反應及工作行為的關係」。國立政治心理學系博士論文。
王嘉源（1993），Peter F. Drucker 原著。「管理未來」。台北：時報文化。
王壽麟（1992）。「組織溝通、領導型態與工作態度之關係」。政治作戰學校新聞研究所碩士論文。
李秀珠（2001）。上行順服取得策略：檢視部署對上司之溝通策略及其影響。「新聞學研究」，第六十七期，113-140。
林欽榮（1991）。「管理心理學」。台北: 五南圖書出版。
林欽榮（2001）。「人際關係與溝通」。台北：揚智文化。
俞成業（1982）。「組織員工溝通滿意度之個案實證研究」。國立交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
周玉霜（2000）。「國中教師與學生思考風格及其教學互動之關係」。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文。
洪英正（1987）。「工作團隊中工作者的A型人格、主管領導型態與工作壓力、工作滿足及工作投入的關係研究」。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
侯正琪（1998）。「雙向全動視訊會議使用之溝通風格，溝通恐懼與電視呈現之研」究。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
徐佳士（1987）。「大眾傳播理論」。台北：正中書局。
高筱綺（1999）。「個人溝通風格、對網路空間的認知及其個人網頁自我呈現之研究」。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
莊立民（1995）。「溝通滿足、工作績效離職傾向之相關研究-燁隆集團實證」。私立高雄工學院管理科學研究所碩士論文。
陳光榮（1996）。管理溝通。「經濟情勢暨評論」，第二卷第三期，頁149-156。
陳淑玲（1998）。提高企業競爭力的人力資源管理策略。「就業與訓練」，16卷，5期，頁62-67。
陳彰儀（1995）。「組織心理學」。台北：心理出版社有限公司。
張春興（1997）。「教育心理學」。台北: 東華書局。
張裕隆（1998） 。我國「管理才能評鑑工具」發展及信效度分析研究（Ι）。「國科會專題研究報告」。
費孝通（1978）。「鄉土中國與鄉土重建」。上海：觀察社
黃光國（1985）。「現代化與中國化論集」。台北：桂冠出版。
楊坤原（1996）。「科學教育學刊」，第四卷第二期，頁135-159。
蔡文淵（1996）。「企業員工溝通滿足量表發展之研究」。國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
蔡淑敏（2001）。「企業內溝通媒介、員工溝通滿足及組織承諾關係之研究－以台灣電子資訊產業為例」。私立長榮管理學院經營管理研究所碩士論文。
劉美慧（1992）。「高職學生認知型態與職業道德判斷之研究」。國立台灣師範大學公民訓育研究所碩士論文。
嚴竹華（1999）。「溝通能力與溝通態度對溝通效能影響之研究」。私立中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文
英文部分：
Abruzzese, A. A. (1979). Effective communication through educational cognitive style. Paper presented at the Annual Fall Conference of the new England Association of Teachers of English , Portsnouth, NH.
Agor, W. H. (1986). The Logic of Intuitive Decision Making: A Research Approach for Top Management . New York: Quorum Books.
Allen, M. W, Gotcher, J. M., & Seibert, J. H. (1992). A decade of organization communication research: New views of organizational research. In S. Deetz (Ed). Communication yearbook 15, 252-330.
Allen, M. W. (1995). How employees see the boss: Communication concepts related to perceived organizational support. Western Journal of Communication, 59, 326-346.
Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1996). The Cognitive Style Index: A measure of intuition-analysis for organizational research. Journal of management Studies, 33(1), 119-136.
Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1994). Matching the cognitive styles of management students and teachers: a preliminary study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3), 1256-1258.
Allinson, C. W., Armstrong, S. J., & Hayes, J. (2001). The effect of cognitive style on leader -member exchange: A study of manager-subordinate dyads. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,74(2).
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality：A Psychological Interpretation. New York：Holt & Co.
Andersen, J. F. (1979). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. Communication Yearbook 3, 543-559.
Andersen, J. F., Andersen, P. A., & Jensen A. D. (1979). The measurement of Nonverbal immediacy. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 7, 153-180.
Armstrong, S. J. (1999). Cognitive style and dyadic interaction: a study of supervisors and subordinates engaged in working relationships, Unpublished Ph. D.thesis, University of Leeds, UK.
Armstrong, S. J. (2000). The influence of individual cognitive style on performance in management education. Educational Psychology, 20(3), 323-340.
Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C.W., & Hayes, J. (1997). The implica- tions of Cognitive Style for the Management of student-supervisor Relationship, Educational Psychology, 17, 209-218.
Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C.W., & Hayes, J. (2000). Formal mentoring system: An examination of the effects of mentor/protege cognitive styles on the mentoring process. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Armstrong, S. J., & Priola, V. (2001). Individual difference in cognitive style and their effects on task and social orientations of self-managed work teams. Small Group Research, 32(3), 283-299.
Ashkanasy, N. M., & O’Connor, C. (1997). Value congruence in leader-member exchange. The journal of Social Psychology, 137, 647-662.
Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal
test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538-1567.
Bieri, J. (1955). Cognitive complexity-simplicity and predictive behavior. Journal of Abcdrmal and social psychology, 51, 263-268.
Bieri. J., Atkins, A., Briar, S., Leaman. R., Miller, H., & Tripodi, T. (1966). Clinical and Social Judgment. Wiely, New York.
Bogen, J. E. (1969). The other side of the brain II: an appositional mind, Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Societies, 34, 313-320.
Breth, R. D. (1952). Human Relations and Communications are Twins, Personal Journal, p259.
Butler, K. A. (1984). A learning and teaching style in theory and practice. Maynard, MS: Gabriel Systems, Inc.
Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
Carrell, L. J. (1992). The relationship between cognitive style and Communication Style in the Secondary School Context. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association.
Cardello, L. L., & Ray, E. B. (1995). The relationship of perceived physician communicator style to patient satisfaction. Communication Reports, 8(1).
Christophel, D. M. (1990). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning. Communication Education, 39, 323-340.
Comstock, J., Rowell E., & Bowers, J. W. (1995). Food for though: Teacher nonverbal immediacy, student learning and curvilinearity. Communication Education, 44, 251-266.
Cronbach, L. J., & Gleset, G , C. (1953). Assessing similarity between profiles. Psychology Bulletin, 50, 456-473.
Dance , F. E. X., & Larson, C. E. (1976). The function of human communication: A theoretical approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Dance, F. E. X. (1978). Human communication theory: A high selective review and two commentaries. Communication Yearbook 2, 7-27. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Daniels, T. D., & Spiker, B. K. (1991). Perspectives on organizational communication (2nd ed). DuBuqu, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
Darwin, C. (1976). The expression of emotions in man and animals. London: Murray.
David A. B., & Maryanne B. (1984). Relationships Between Communicator Style and Perceived Teaching Effectiveness in Management Classes. Academy of Management Proceedings, 111-116.
Davis, K. (1962). Human Relations at Work. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,p344.
Dion, J. A., & Notarantonio, E. M. (1991). Salesperson communication style: The neglected dimension in sales performance. Journal of Business Communication, 29(1), 63-77.
Doob, L. W. (1958). Behavior and grammatical style. Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, 56, 398-400.
Driver, M. J. & Mock , T. J. (1974). Human Information Processing, Decision Style Theory and Accounting Information Systems. Working Paper No39, Graduate School of Business, University of Southern California.
Dunn, R. (1982). Teaching students through their individual learning styles: A research report. In student learning styles and brain behavior: Programs, instrumentation and research, 142-
151. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
Driscoll , A., & Reynolds, R. (1984). Teachers’ self-perceptions and descriptions of students for whom they hold positive attitudes. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 19(2), 2-8.
Duran, R. L., & Zakahi, W. R. (1987). Communication performance and communication satisfaction: What so we teach our students? Communication Education, 36, 13-22.
Ekstrom, R. B. (1974). Teacher aptitude and cognitive style: Their relation to pupil performance. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology Association, New Orleans. LA. Communication system. IBM System Journal, 18, 402-431.
Engel, G. H., Groppuso, J., Lowenstein, R. A., & Traub, W.G., (1979). An office communication system. IBM System Journal, 18, 402-431.
Entwhistle, N. (1981). Styles of Learning and Teaching. (Chichester, Wiley).
Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (1999). The impact of relational demography on the quality of leader-member exchanges and employees’ work attitude and well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 237-240.
Fairhurst. G. T., Rogers, L. E., & Sarr, R. A. (1987). Manager-subordinate control patterns and judgments about the relationship. In M. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 10, 395-415. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Falcione, R. L., McCroskey, J. C., & Daly, J. A. (1977). Job satisfaction as a function of employees’ communication apprehension, self–esteem, and perceptions of their immediate supervisors. Communication Yearbook 1, 363-375.
Foa, U. G., & Foa, E.B. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Frank, B. M., & Davis, J. K. (1982). Effect of field –independence match or mismatch on a communication task. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 23-31.
Freedman, N., O’Hanlon, J., Oltman, P., & Witkin, H. A. (1972). The imprint of psychological differentiation on kinetic behavior in varying communicative contexts. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 79, 239-258.
Gardner, R., Holzman, P., Klein, G., Linton, H., & Spence, D. (1959). Cognitive control: a study of individual difference in cognitive behavior. Psychological Issues,1, Monograph 4.
Garlinger, D. K., & Frank, B. M. (1986). Teacher-student cognitive styles and academic achievement: A review and min meta-analysis, Journal of Classroom Interaction, 21-28.
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1971). Changing hemisphere dominance by changing reward probability in splitbrain monkey, Experimental Neurology, 33,412-419.
Goodenough, D. R., Witkin, H. A., Lewis, H. b., Koulak, D., & Cohen, H. (1974). Repression, interference and field -dependence as factors in dream forgetting. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 85, 33-44.
Gorden, W. I., Infante, D. A., & Graham, E. E. (1988). Corporate conditions conducive to emp-
loyee voice: A subordinate perspective. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1, 101-111.
Gorham, J. (1988). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behavior and student learning. Communication Education, 37, 40-53.
Graen, G. B. (1989). Unwritten rules for your career. 15 secrets for fast track success. New York: Wiley.
Greene, C. N., & Schriesheim, C. A. (1980). Leader-group interaction：A longitudinal field investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 50-59.
Greene, L. R. (1973). Effects of field independence , physical Proximity and evaluative feedback on affective reactions and compliance in a dyatic interaction. Ph.D. dissertation. Yale University.
Gruenfeld, L. W., & Lin, T. R. (1984). Social Behavior of Field Independents and Dependents in an Organic Group. Human Relations, 37(9), 721-742.
Guild, P. (1982). Learning styles：Understanding before action. Context and conflict：Journal of the Washington State Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 10, 4-6.
Harfield, J. D., & Huseman, R. C. (1982). Perceptual Congruence About Communication as Related to satisfaction: Moderating Effect of Individual Characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 25(2), 349-358.
Harvey, O. J., Hunt, D. E. & Schroder, H. M. (1961). Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. Wiley, New York.
Hayes, J., & Allinson, C. W. (1998). Cognitive style and the theory and practice of individual and collective learning in organizations. Human Relations, 51(7), 847-872.
Herrmann, N. (1996). The Whole-Brain Business Book. NY：McGraw-Hill.
Holley, M . (1972). Field-dependence-independence sophstication of body concept, and social distance selection. Ph. D. dissertation. New York University.
Huseman, R. C., Hatfield, J. D., Boulton, W. R., & Gatewood, R. D. (1980). Development of a Conceptual Framework for Analyzing the Communication Performance Relationship. Academy of management Prceedings.
Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1982). Similarities and differences in communicator styles of superiors and subordinates: Relations to subordinate satisfaction. Communication Quarterly, 30, 67-71.
Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1985). Superiors argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness as predictors of subordinates’ satisfaction. Human Communication Research, 12, 117-125.
Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1991). How employees see the boss: Test of an argumentative and affirming model of supervisors’ communicative behavior. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55, 294-304.
Infante, D. A., & Rancer, A. S. (1995). Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness：A review of recent theory and research. In B.R. Burleson (Ed.).
Jablin, F. M. (1980). Superior’s upward influence, satisfaction, and openness in uperior-subordinate communication: A reexamination of the “Pelz effect.” Human Communication Research , 6, 210-220.
Jain, H. C. (1973). Supervisory Communication and Performance in Urban Hospitals. Journal of Communication, 23.
Jenkins, K. M. (1977). A study of the Relationship Between Organization Communication and Worker Performance, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Arizona State University.
Jerry, S. W. (1979). A Psychological Taxonomy of Trait-Descriptive Term: The Interpersonal Domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 395-412.
Jones, J. (1989). Students’ rating of teacher personality and teaching competence. Higher Education, 18(5), 551-558.
Kagan, J., Rosman, B. L., Day, D., Albert, J., & Philips, W. (1964). Information processing in the child: significance of analytic and reflective attitudes. Psychological Monographs, 78 (1), whole issue.
Kagan, J. (1965). Reflection-Implusivity and Reading Ability in Primary Grade Children. Child Development, 36, 609-628.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. (1966). The social psychology of organization, New York： Wiley.
Kay, B. K. (1993). Manager interpersonal communication behavior and subordinate motivation. Unpublished dissertation. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
Kay, B., & Christophel, D. (1995). The relationship among manager communication openness, nonverbal immediacy, and subordinate motivation. Communication Research Report, 12, 200-205.
Keefe, J. W. (1982). Foreword. In student learning styles and brain behavior: Programs, instrumentation, research. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
Kelly, G. A. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York.：Norton.
Kim. K. L., & Organ, D. W. (1982). Determinants of leader-subordinate exchange relationships. Group and Organization Studies, 7, 77-89.
King, W., Lahiff, J., & Hatfield, J. (1988). A discrepancy theory of the relationship between communication and job satisfaction. Communication Research Reports, 5, 36-43.
Kirton, M. (1976). Adaptor and innovators: A description and measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622-629.
Klein, G. (1970). Perception, Motives and Personality. Knopf, New York.
Kraus, G., & Gemmill, G. (1990). Idiosyncratic effects of implicit theories of leadership. Psychological reports, 66, 247-257.
Krone, K. J. (1994). Structuring constraints on perceptions of upward influence and supervisory relationship. The Southern Communication Journal, 59(3), 215-226.
Kubes, M. (1992). Cognitive style and interpersonal behavior. The Kirton Adaptation -Innovation and Schutz’s FIRO-B Inventories. Psychology: Journal of Human Behavior,29,33-38.
Kusler, G. E. (1982). Getting to you. In student learning styles and brain behavior: Programs, instrumentation and research, 11-14. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
Langer, S. K. (1972). Mind: An essay in human feeling . Baltimore , MD: John Hopkins University.
Lawrence, G. (1993). People types and tiger stripes: A practical guide to learning styles. Gainsville, FL: Centre for Applications of Psychological Type.
Level, D. A. (1959). A case study of Human Communications in an Urban Bank. DA 20：2957A.
Lewis, M. L., Long , L. W., & Cummings, H. W. (1981). Communication Activity as a Predictor of the Fir Between Worker Motivation and Worker Productivity. Communication Yearbook 5.
Lindsay, P. (1985). Counselling to resolve a clash of cognitive styles. Technovation, 3, 57-67.
Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. (New York, Basic Books).
Lynch, D. (1986). Is the brain stuff still the right (or left) stuff ? Training and Development Journal, 23-26.
Marcus, E. S. (1970). The relationship of psychological differentiation to the congruence of temporal patterns of speech. Doctoral dissertation, New York University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 31,2288B.
McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P., & Stewart, R. A. (1986). One-on-one： The foundations of interpersonal communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
McHale, J., & Flegg, D. (1985). How Calamity Jane was put in her place. Transition, November, 14-16.
McCormick, E. T., & Ilgen, D. (1980). Industrial Psychology. New Jersey. Engleword Cliffs.
Mehrabin, A. (1981). Silent message : Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes (2ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Messick, S. (1976). Personality consistencies in cognition and creativity. In S. Messick & Associates (Eds.), Individuality in learning (pp. 4-22). San Francisco:
Messick, S. (1984). The nature of cognitive styles: problems and promise in educational practice, Educational Psychologist, 19, 59-74.
Mintzberge, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York：Harper & Row.
Mobley, W, H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysisi of employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493-522.
Moore, C. (1973). Styles of teacher behavior under stimulated teaching conditions. Doctorial dissertation, Stanford University, Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 3149A-3150A.
Murphy, H. J., Kelleher, W. E., Doucette, Pa A., & Young, J. D. (1998). Test-rest reliability and construct validity of the Cognitive Style Index for business studies undergraduates. Psychological reports, 82, 595-600.
Myers, S. A. (1998). Instructor Socio-communicative Style, Argumentativeness, and Verbal Aggressiveness in the College Classroom. Communication Research Reports, 15(2), 141-150.
Nasca, D. (1994). The Impact of Cognitive Style on Communication. NASSP Bulletin, 78, 99-108.
Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey-Crofts.
Norton, R., & Brenders, D. (1996). Communication and consequence. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Norton, R. W. (1977). Teacher effectiveness as a function of communicator style. In B. Ruben (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 1. New Brunswick , NJ: Transaction Books.
Norton, R. W. (1983). Communicator style: Theory, application, and measure. Beverly Hills: Sage
Norton, R. W., & Pettegrew L. S. (1977). Communication Style as an effect determinant of attraction. Communication Research, 4(3), 257-282.
Norton, R.. W. (1978). Foundation of a communication style construct. Human Communications Research, 2, 99-112.
Nussbaum., J. F., & Scott, M. D. (1979). Instructor communication behaviors and their relationship to learning . In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3, 561-583. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Oltman, P. K. (1968). A portable rod-and-frame apparatus. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 26, 503-6.
Packer, J., & Bain, J. D. (1978). Cognitive style and teacher-student compatibility. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 864-871.
Pascual-Leone, J. (1989). An organismic process model of Witkins Field dependence-independence. In T. Globerson & T.
Phillips, A. S., & Bedeian, A. G. (1994). Leader-follower exchange quality: The role of personal and interpersonal attributes. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 990-1001.
Plax, T. G., Kearney, P., McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1986). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Education, 35, 43-55.
Porterfield, D. R. (1993). Relationships between cognitive style and leadership style of
agribusiness teacher in Alabama (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University) University Microfilms International , No. 9402098.
Potter, J. W., & Emanuel, R. (1990). Students’ preferences for communication styles and their relationship it achievement. Communication Education, 39,234-249.
Price, J. H. (1972). Handbook of Organization Measurement, Lexington, D. C.: Health & Company, 156-157.
Rice, R. E., & Bair, J. H. (1984). “New Organizational Media and Productivity,” The new media: Communication, research and technology, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 185-215.
Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1982). Individual Difference among Employees, Management Communication Styles, and Employee Satisfaction：Replication and Extension. Human Communication Research, 8, 170-188.
Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1979). Management communication style, tolerance for disagreement, and innovativeness as predictors of employee satisfaction: A comparison of single-factor, two-factor, and multiple-factor approach. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3, 359-373. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Richmond, V. P., Gorham, J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1987). The relationship between selected immediacy behavior and cognitive learning. Communication Yearbook 10, 574-590.
Rickards, T., & Moger, S. (1994). Felix and Oscar revisited: An exploration of dynamics of a real-life odd couple work relationship. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 30, 108-131.
Riding, R. J., & Cheema, I. (1991). Cognitive Styles- an overview and integration, Educational Psychology, 11, 193-215.
Riding, R. J. (1991). Cognitive Styles Analysis. Birmingham: Learning and Training Technology.
Rogers, D. P. (1977). The Content of Organizational Communication. Buffalo, New York : State University of New York .
Rogers, D. P. (1987). The development of a measure of perceived communication openness. Journal of Business Communication, 24 , 53-61.
Roloff, M. E. (1981). Interpersonal communication: The Social exchange approach. Beverly Hills, CA: sage.
Sadler-Simth, E., Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (2000). Learning preference and cognitive style: Some implications for continuing professional development. Management Learning , 31, 239-256.
Sadler-Simth, E., Spicer, D. P., & Tsang, F. (2000). Validity of Cognitive Style Index. Replication and extension. British Journal of Management, 11, 175-181.
Simon, H. A. (1976). Administration Behavior. New York: Macmillam.
Sperry, R. W. (1964). The great cerebral commissure. Scientific American, 4252 (offprint No. 174).
Streufert, S., & Nogami, G. Y. (1989). Cognitive Style and Complexity： Implications for I/O Psychology. In: C. L. Cooper and I. Robertson (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Wiley, Chichester.
Tennant, M. (1988). Psychology and adult learning. London: Routledge.
Thayer, L.(1968). Communication and Communication System. Homewood, I11., R. D. Irwin.
Triandis, H. C. (1960). Cognitive similarity and communication in dyad. Human Relations, 13, 175-183.
Tullett, A. D. (1995). The adaptive-innovative (A-I) cognitive styles of male and female project managers: Some implications for the management of change. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 359-365.
Turban, D. B., & Jones, A. P. (1988). Supervisor-subordinate similarity: Types, effect and mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73,234-238.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol1,Problem of General Psychology. (R. W. Riber & A. S. Carton, Eds., N. Minick, Trans.). New York: Plenum Press.
Waston, K. M. (1982). An analysis of communication patterns: A method for discriminating leader and subordinates roles. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 107-120.
Wilson, D. K. (1988). Management learning: a grounded study of the written reflections of managers on their approach real time work problem. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Lancaster, England.
Wineman, J. H. (1974). Projected utilization of interpersonal distance as a function of psychological differentiation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 5698B.
Witkin H. A., Dyk, R. B., Faterson, H. F., & Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation. New York: Wiley.
Witkin, H. A., Moore, C. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Cox, P. W. (1977). Field dependent and Field independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 1-64.
Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1977). Field dependence and interpersonal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 661-689.
Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Ruskin, E., & Karp, S.A. (1971). A Manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Palo Alto, Cal.: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Wooten. A. G., & McCroskey, J. C. (1996). Student Trust of Teacher as a F unction of Socio-communicative Style of Teacher and Socio-Communicative Orientation of Student. Communication Research Reports,13(1), 94-100.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
89752016
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張裕隆zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李佳倫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee chia-lunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李佳倫zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee chia-lunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 13:12:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 13:12:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 13:12:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089752016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32476-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89752016zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究的目的在於探討：(1)主管與員工之「認知風格」與「溝通風格」的關係，(2)主管之認知或溝通風格，對員工態度與工作表現的影響，以及(3)主管與員工認知、溝通風格之相似性，對員工態度與工作表現的影響，以期增進主管與員工的溝通，進而增進組織效能。研究採「主管-員工」配對問卷調查的方式，共計有效樣本214對，其中包括主管74位，員工214位。研究結果顯示：
(一)「分析型」員工確實較「直覺型」員工，在「支配性」和「好辯性」上的表現較多，至於其他向度則無顯著差異。
(二)員工工作滿足會受到不同認知風格主管的影響；主管的「注意性」和「生動性」與員工溝通、工作滿足有顯著正相關，其「開放性」與員工工作滿足有顯著正相關；主管的「支配性」和「精確性」與員工工作績效有顯著負相關；以及主管的「友善性」與員工離職傾向有顯著負相關，至於其他變項之間則無顯著相關。
(三)主管與員工認知風格一致性，與員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、
工作績效和離職傾向均未達顯著關係；主管與員工「友善性」
和「輕鬆性」溝通風格一致性，與員工工作績效具有顯著正
相關。
最後本研究進一步指出本研究之限制，與後續相關研究建議。

關鍵詞:認知風格、溝通風格、相似性、員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、工作績效、離職傾向、員工態度、工作表現		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 圖目次 -------------------------------------------------------------- III
表目次 ------------------------------------------------------------- IV

第一章 緒論 -------------------------------------------- 1
第一節 研究動機與目的-------------------------------- 1
第二節 名詞釋義------------------------------------------ 3

第二章 文獻探討 --------------------------------------- 4
第一節 認知風格------------------------------------------- 4
第二節 溝通------------------------------------------------- 9
第三節 認知、溝通風格之相似性與溝通滿足、工
作滿足、工作績效與離職傾向---------------
24
第四節 研究假設與研究架構---------------------------- 28

第三章 研究方法 -------------------------------------------- 33
第一節 研究樣本-------------------------------------- 33
第二節 研究工具-------------------------------------- 38
第三節 研究程序-------------------------------------- 41

第四章 研究結果 -------------------------------------------- 47
第一節 信度分析-------------------------------------- 47
第二節 研究假設的驗證---------------------------- 49



第五章 結論、討論、研究限制與建議 ------------- 60
第一節 結論-------------------------------------------- 60
第二節 討論-------------------------------------------- 66
第三節 研究限制與後續建議----------------------- 73

參考文獻 -------------------------------------------------------- 77

附錄
附錄一 -------------------------------------------------------- 89

圖 目 次

圖2-1 研究架構圖------------------------------------------------------ 32

表 目 次

表2-1 溝通的定義 ---------------------------------------------- 11
表3-1 研究樣本之基本資料分配情形摘要表-------------- 34
表3-2 研究假設考驗列表 ------------------------------------- 43
表4-1 工作現況量之信度分析 ------------------------------- 48
表4-2 不同認知風格的主管對員工溝通滿足、工作滿足
工作績效與離職傾向之t考驗------------------------
50
表4-3 主管之認知風格與溝通風格的關係----------------- 52
表4-4 員工之認知風格與溝通風格的關係----------------- 54
表4-5 主管溝通風格與員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、工作績效與離職傾向的關係--------------------------------
56
表4-6認知風格一致性程度與員工溝通滿足、工作滿足
、工作績效與離職傾向的關係-----------------------
57
表4-7溝通風格一致性程度與員工溝通滿足、工作滿足
、工作績效與離職傾向的關係-----------------------
59
表5-1 研究假設結果綜合表----------------------------------- 60		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 41785 bytes-
dc.format.extent 47242 bytes-
dc.format.extent 42387 bytes-
dc.format.extent 48798 bytes-
dc.format.extent 106330 bytes-
dc.format.extent 73870 bytes-
dc.format.extent 72402 bytes-
dc.format.extent 80174 bytes-
dc.format.extent 80669 bytes-
dc.format.extent 85846 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089752016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知風格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 溝通風格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 相似性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 員工溝通滿足zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作滿足zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作績效zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 離職傾向zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 員工態度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作表現zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 主管與員工認知、溝通風格之相似性對員工溝通滿足、工作滿足、工作績效、與離職傾向的影響zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王彥程（2000）。「台灣企業員工人際溝通能力之衡量及其量表發展之研究」。私立長榮管理學院經營管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王榮春（2001）。「部屬對主管領導行為知覺、相關情境因素二者與部屬對主管反應及工作行為的關係」。國立政治心理學系博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王嘉源（1993），Peter F. Drucker 原著。「管理未來」。台北：時報文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王壽麟（1992）。「組織溝通、領導型態與工作態度之關係」。政治作戰學校新聞研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李秀珠（2001）。上行順服取得策略：檢視部署對上司之溝通策略及其影響。「新聞學研究」，第六十七期，113-140。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林欽榮（1991）。「管理心理學」。台北: 五南圖書出版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林欽榮（2001）。「人際關係與溝通」。台北：揚智文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 俞成業（1982）。「組織員工溝通滿意度之個案實證研究」。國立交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 周玉霜（2000）。「國中教師與學生思考風格及其教學互動之關係」。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 洪英正（1987）。「工作團隊中工作者的A型人格、主管領導型態與工作壓力、工作滿足及工作投入的關係研究」。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 侯正琪（1998）。「雙向全動視訊會議使用之溝通風格，溝通恐懼與電視呈現之研」究。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 徐佳士（1987）。「大眾傳播理論」。台北：正中書局。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 高筱綺（1999）。「個人溝通風格、對網路空間的認知及其個人網頁自我呈現之研究」。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 莊立民（1995）。「溝通滿足、工作績效離職傾向之相關研究-燁隆集團實證」。私立高雄工學院管理科學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳光榮（1996）。管理溝通。「經濟情勢暨評論」，第二卷第三期，頁149-156。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳淑玲（1998）。提高企業競爭力的人力資源管理策略。「就業與訓練」，16卷，5期，頁62-67。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳彰儀（1995）。「組織心理學」。台北：心理出版社有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張春興（1997）。「教育心理學」。台北: 東華書局。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張裕隆（1998） 。我國「管理才能評鑑工具」發展及信效度分析研究（Ι）。「國科會專題研究報告」。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 費孝通（1978）。「鄉土中國與鄉土重建」。上海：觀察社zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃光國（1985）。「現代化與中國化論集」。台北：桂冠出版。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊坤原（1996）。「科學教育學刊」，第四卷第二期，頁135-159。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡文淵（1996）。「企業員工溝通滿足量表發展之研究」。國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡淑敏（2001）。「企業內溝通媒介、員工溝通滿足及組織承諾關係之研究－以台灣電子資訊產業為例」。私立長榮管理學院經營管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉美慧（1992）。「高職學生認知型態與職業道德判斷之研究」。國立台灣師範大學公民訓育研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 嚴竹華（1999）。「溝通能力與溝通態度對溝通效能影響之研究」。私立中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abruzzese, A. A. (1979). Effective communication through educational cognitive style. Paper presented at the Annual Fall Conference of the new England Association of Teachers of English , Portsnouth, NH.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agor, W. H. (1986). The Logic of Intuitive Decision Making: A Research Approach for Top Management . New York: Quorum Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, M. W, Gotcher, J. M., & Seibert, J. H. (1992). A decade of organization communication research: New views of organizational research. In S. Deetz (Ed). Communication yearbook 15, 252-330.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allen, M. W. (1995). How employees see the boss: Communication concepts related to perceived organizational support. Western Journal of Communication, 59, 326-346.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1996). The Cognitive Style Index: A measure of intuition-analysis for organizational research. Journal of management Studies, 33(1), 119-136.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1994). Matching the cognitive styles of management students and teachers: a preliminary study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3), 1256-1258.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allinson, C. W., Armstrong, S. J., & Hayes, J. (2001). The effect of cognitive style on leader -member exchange: A study of manager-subordinate dyads. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,74(2).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality：A Psychological Interpretation. New York：Holt & Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andersen, J. F. (1979). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. Communication Yearbook 3, 543-559.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Andersen, J. F., Andersen, P. A., & Jensen A. D. (1979). The measurement of Nonverbal immediacy. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 7, 153-180.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Armstrong, S. J. (1999). Cognitive style and dyadic interaction: a study of supervisors and subordinates engaged in working relationships, Unpublished Ph. D.thesis, University of Leeds, UK.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Armstrong, S. J. (2000). The influence of individual cognitive style on performance in management education. Educational Psychology, 20(3), 323-340.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C.W., & Hayes, J. (1997). The implica- tions of Cognitive Style for the Management of student-supervisor Relationship, Educational Psychology, 17, 209-218.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C.W., & Hayes, J. (2000). Formal mentoring system: An examination of the effects of mentor/protege cognitive styles on the mentoring process. Manuscript submitted for publication.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Armstrong, S. J., & Priola, V. (2001). Individual difference in cognitive style and their effects on task and social orientations of self-managed work teams. Small Group Research, 32(3), 283-299.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ashkanasy, N. M., & O’Connor, C. (1997). Value congruence in leader-member exchange. The journal of Social Psychology, 137, 647-662.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538-1567.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bieri, J. (1955). Cognitive complexity-simplicity and predictive behavior. Journal of Abcdrmal and social psychology, 51, 263-268.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bieri. J., Atkins, A., Briar, S., Leaman. R., Miller, H., & Tripodi, T. (1966). Clinical and Social Judgment. Wiely, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bogen, J. E. (1969). The other side of the brain II: an appositional mind, Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Societies, 34, 313-320.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Breth, R. D. (1952). Human Relations and Communications are Twins, Personal Journal, p259.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Butler, K. A. (1984). A learning and teaching style in theory and practice. Maynard, MS: Gabriel Systems, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carrell, L. J. (1992). The relationship between cognitive style and Communication Style in the Secondary School Context. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cardello, L. L., & Ray, E. B. (1995). The relationship of perceived physician communicator style to patient satisfaction. Communication Reports, 8(1).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Christophel, D. M. (1990). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning. Communication Education, 39, 323-340.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comstock, J., Rowell E., & Bowers, J. W. (1995). Food for though: Teacher nonverbal immediacy, student learning and curvilinearity. Communication Education, 44, 251-266.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cronbach, L. J., & Gleset, G , C. (1953). Assessing similarity between profiles. Psychology Bulletin, 50, 456-473.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dance , F. E. X., & Larson, C. E. (1976). The function of human communication: A theoretical approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dance, F. E. X. (1978). Human communication theory: A high selective review and two commentaries. Communication Yearbook 2, 7-27. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daniels, T. D., & Spiker, B. K. (1991). Perspectives on organizational communication (2nd ed). DuBuqu, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Darwin, C. (1976). The expression of emotions in man and animals. London: Murray.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) David A. B., & Maryanne B. (1984). Relationships Between Communicator Style and Perceived Teaching Effectiveness in Management Classes. Academy of Management Proceedings, 111-116.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davis, K. (1962). Human Relations at Work. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,p344.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dion, J. A., & Notarantonio, E. M. (1991). Salesperson communication style: The neglected dimension in sales performance. Journal of Business Communication, 29(1), 63-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Doob, L. W. (1958). Behavior and grammatical style. Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, 56, 398-400.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Driver, M. J. & Mock , T. J. (1974). Human Information Processing, Decision Style Theory and Accounting Information Systems. Working Paper No39, Graduate School of Business, University of Southern California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunn, R. (1982). Teaching students through their individual learning styles: A research report. In student learning styles and brain behavior: Programs, instrumentation and research, 142-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 151. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Driscoll , A., & Reynolds, R. (1984). Teachers’ self-perceptions and descriptions of students for whom they hold positive attitudes. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 19(2), 2-8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duran, R. L., & Zakahi, W. R. (1987). Communication performance and communication satisfaction: What so we teach our students? Communication Education, 36, 13-22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ekstrom, R. B. (1974). Teacher aptitude and cognitive style: Their relation to pupil performance. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology Association, New Orleans. LA. Communication system. IBM System Journal, 18, 402-431.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engel, G. H., Groppuso, J., Lowenstein, R. A., & Traub, W.G., (1979). An office communication system. IBM System Journal, 18, 402-431.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Entwhistle, N. (1981). Styles of Learning and Teaching. (Chichester, Wiley).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (1999). The impact of relational demography on the quality of leader-member exchanges and employees’ work attitude and well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 237-240.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fairhurst. G. T., Rogers, L. E., & Sarr, R. A. (1987). Manager-subordinate control patterns and judgments about the relationship. In M. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 10, 395-415. Beverly Hills: Sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Falcione, R. L., McCroskey, J. C., & Daly, J. A. (1977). Job satisfaction as a function of employees’ communication apprehension, self–esteem, and perceptions of their immediate supervisors. Communication Yearbook 1, 363-375.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foa, U. G., & Foa, E.B. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frank, B. M., & Davis, J. K. (1982). Effect of field –independence match or mismatch on a communication task. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 23-31.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freedman, N., O’Hanlon, J., Oltman, P., & Witkin, H. A. (1972). The imprint of psychological differentiation on kinetic behavior in varying communicative contexts. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 79, 239-258.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R., Holzman, P., Klein, G., Linton, H., & Spence, D. (1959). Cognitive control: a study of individual difference in cognitive behavior. Psychological Issues,1, Monograph 4.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garlinger, D. K., & Frank, B. M. (1986). Teacher-student cognitive styles and academic achievement: A review and min meta-analysis, Journal of Classroom Interaction, 21-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gazzaniga, M. S. (1971). Changing hemisphere dominance by changing reward probability in splitbrain monkey, Experimental Neurology, 33,412-419.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodenough, D. R., Witkin, H. A., Lewis, H. b., Koulak, D., & Cohen, H. (1974). Repression, interference and field -dependence as factors in dream forgetting. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 85, 33-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gorden, W. I., Infante, D. A., & Graham, E. E. (1988). Corporate conditions conducive to emp-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) loyee voice: A subordinate perspective. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1, 101-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gorham, J. (1988). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behavior and student learning. Communication Education, 37, 40-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Graen, G. B. (1989). Unwritten rules for your career. 15 secrets for fast track success. New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, C. N., & Schriesheim, C. A. (1980). Leader-group interaction：A longitudinal field investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 50-59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, L. R. (1973). Effects of field independence , physical Proximity and evaluative feedback on affective reactions and compliance in a dyatic interaction. Ph.D. dissertation. Yale University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gruenfeld, L. W., & Lin, T. R. (1984). Social Behavior of Field Independents and Dependents in an Organic Group. Human Relations, 37(9), 721-742.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guild, P. (1982). Learning styles：Understanding before action. Context and conflict：Journal of the Washington State Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 10, 4-6.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harfield, J. D., & Huseman, R. C. (1982). Perceptual Congruence About Communication as Related to satisfaction: Moderating Effect of Individual Characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 25(2), 349-358.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harvey, O. J., Hunt, D. E. & Schroder, H. M. (1961). Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. Wiley, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayes, J., & Allinson, C. W. (1998). Cognitive style and the theory and practice of individual and collective learning in organizations. Human Relations, 51(7), 847-872.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Herrmann, N. (1996). The Whole-Brain Business Book. NY：McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holley, M . (1972). Field-dependence-independence sophstication of body concept, and social distance selection. Ph. D. dissertation. New York University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huseman, R. C., Hatfield, J. D., Boulton, W. R., & Gatewood, R. D. (1980). Development of a Conceptual Framework for Analyzing the Communication Performance Relationship. Academy of management Prceedings.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1982). Similarities and differences in communicator styles of superiors and subordinates: Relations to subordinate satisfaction. Communication Quarterly, 30, 67-71.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1985). Superiors argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness as predictors of subordinates’ satisfaction. Human Communication Research, 12, 117-125.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1991). How employees see the boss: Test of an argumentative and affirming model of supervisors’ communicative behavior. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55, 294-304.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Infante, D. A., & Rancer, A. S. (1995). Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness：A review of recent theory and research. In B.R. Burleson (Ed.).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jablin, F. M. (1980). Superior’s upward influence, satisfaction, and openness in uperior-subordinate communication: A reexamination of the “Pelz effect.” Human Communication Research , 6, 210-220.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jain, H. C. (1973). Supervisory Communication and Performance in Urban Hospitals. Journal of Communication, 23.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jenkins, K. M. (1977). A study of the Relationship Between Organization Communication and Worker Performance, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Arizona State University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jerry, S. W. (1979). A Psychological Taxonomy of Trait-Descriptive Term: The Interpersonal Domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 395-412.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jones, J. (1989). Students’ rating of teacher personality and teaching competence. Higher Education, 18(5), 551-558.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kagan, J., Rosman, B. L., Day, D., Albert, J., & Philips, W. (1964). Information processing in the child: significance of analytic and reflective attitudes. Psychological Monographs, 78 (1), whole issue.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kagan, J. (1965). Reflection-Implusivity and Reading Ability in Primary Grade Children. Child Development, 36, 609-628.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Katz, D. & Kahn, R. (1966). The social psychology of organization, New York： Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kay, B. K. (1993). Manager interpersonal communication behavior and subordinate motivation. Unpublished dissertation. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kay, B., & Christophel, D. (1995). The relationship among manager communication openness, nonverbal immediacy, and subordinate motivation. Communication Research Report, 12, 200-205.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keefe, J. W. (1982). Foreword. In student learning styles and brain behavior: Programs, instrumentation, research. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kelly, G. A. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York.：Norton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kim. K. L., & Organ, D. W. (1982). Determinants of leader-subordinate exchange relationships. Group and Organization Studies, 7, 77-89.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) King, W., Lahiff, J., & Hatfield, J. (1988). A discrepancy theory of the relationship between communication and job satisfaction. Communication Research Reports, 5, 36-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kirton, M. (1976). Adaptor and innovators: A description and measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622-629.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Klein, G. (1970). Perception, Motives and Personality. Knopf, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kraus, G., & Gemmill, G. (1990). Idiosyncratic effects of implicit theories of leadership. Psychological reports, 66, 247-257.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krone, K. J. (1994). Structuring constraints on perceptions of upward influence and supervisory relationship. The Southern Communication Journal, 59(3), 215-226.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubes, M. (1992). Cognitive style and interpersonal behavior. The Kirton Adaptation -Innovation and Schutz’s FIRO-B Inventories. Psychology: Journal of Human Behavior,29,33-38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kusler, G. E. (1982). Getting to you. In student learning styles and brain behavior: Programs, instrumentation and research, 11-14. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Langer, S. K. (1972). Mind: An essay in human feeling . Baltimore , MD: John Hopkins University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lawrence, G. (1993). People types and tiger stripes: A practical guide to learning styles. Gainsville, FL: Centre for Applications of Psychological Type.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Level, D. A. (1959). A case study of Human Communications in an Urban Bank. DA 20：2957A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lewis, M. L., Long , L. W., & Cummings, H. W. (1981). Communication Activity as a Predictor of the Fir Between Worker Motivation and Worker Productivity. Communication Yearbook 5.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lindsay, P. (1985). Counselling to resolve a clash of cognitive styles. Technovation, 3, 57-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. (New York, Basic Books).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lynch, D. (1986). Is the brain stuff still the right (or left) stuff ? Training and Development Journal, 23-26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marcus, E. S. (1970). The relationship of psychological differentiation to the congruence of temporal patterns of speech. Doctoral dissertation, New York University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 31,2288B.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P., & Stewart, R. A. (1986). One-on-one： The foundations of interpersonal communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McHale, J., & Flegg, D. (1985). How Calamity Jane was put in her place. Transition, November, 14-16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCormick, E. T., & Ilgen, D. (1980). Industrial Psychology. New Jersey. Engleword Cliffs.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mehrabin, A. (1981). Silent message : Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes (2ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Messick, S. (1976). Personality consistencies in cognition and creativity. In S. Messick & Associates (Eds.), Individuality in learning (pp. 4-22). San Francisco:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Messick, S. (1984). The nature of cognitive styles: problems and promise in educational practice, Educational Psychologist, 19, 59-74.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mintzberge, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York：Harper & Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mobley, W, H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysisi of employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493-522.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moore, C. (1973). Styles of teacher behavior under stimulated teaching conditions. Doctorial dissertation, Stanford University, Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 3149A-3150A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murphy, H. J., Kelleher, W. E., Doucette, Pa A., & Young, J. D. (1998). Test-rest reliability and construct validity of the Cognitive Style Index for business studies undergraduates. Psychological reports, 82, 595-600.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Myers, S. A. (1998). Instructor Socio-communicative Style, Argumentativeness, and Verbal Aggressiveness in the College Classroom. Communication Research Reports, 15(2), 141-150.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nasca, D. (1994). The Impact of Cognitive Style on Communication. NASSP Bulletin, 78, 99-108.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey-Crofts.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norton, R., & Brenders, D. (1996). Communication and consequence. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norton, R. W. (1977). Teacher effectiveness as a function of communicator style. In B. Ruben (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 1. New Brunswick , NJ: Transaction Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norton, R. W. (1983). Communicator style: Theory, application, and measure. Beverly Hills: Sagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norton, R. W., & Pettegrew L. S. (1977). Communication Style as an effect determinant of attraction. Communication Research, 4(3), 257-282.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norton, R.. W. (1978). Foundation of a communication style construct. Human Communications Research, 2, 99-112.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nussbaum., J. F., & Scott, M. D. (1979). Instructor communication behaviors and their relationship to learning . In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3, 561-583. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oltman, P. K. (1968). A portable rod-and-frame apparatus. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 26, 503-6.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Packer, J., & Bain, J. D. (1978). Cognitive style and teacher-student compatibility. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 864-871.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pascual-Leone, J. (1989). An organismic process model of Witkins Field dependence-independence. In T. Globerson & T.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Phillips, A. S., & Bedeian, A. G. (1994). Leader-follower exchange quality: The role of personal and interpersonal attributes. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 990-1001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Plax, T. G., Kearney, P., McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1986). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Education, 35, 43-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Porterfield, D. R. (1993). Relationships between cognitive style and leadership style ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) agribusiness teacher in Alabama (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University) University Microfilms International , No. 9402098.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Potter, J. W., & Emanuel, R. (1990). Students’ preferences for communication styles and their relationship it achievement. Communication Education, 39,234-249.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Price, J. H. (1972). Handbook of Organization Measurement, Lexington, D. C.: Health & Company, 156-157.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rice, R. E., & Bair, J. H. (1984). “New Organizational Media and Productivity,” The new media: Communication, research and technology, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 185-215.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1982). Individual Difference among Employees, Management Communication Styles, and Employee Satisfaction：Replication and Extension. Human Communication Research, 8, 170-188.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1979). Management communication style, tolerance for disagreement, and innovativeness as predictors of employee satisfaction: A comparison of single-factor, two-factor, and multiple-factor approach. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3, 359-373. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richmond, V. P., Gorham, J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1987). The relationship between selected immediacy behavior and cognitive learning. Communication Yearbook 10, 574-590.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rickards, T., & Moger, S. (1994). Felix and Oscar revisited: An exploration of dynamics of a real-life odd couple work relationship. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 30, 108-131.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Riding, R. J., & Cheema, I. (1991). Cognitive Styles- an overview and integration, Educational Psychology, 11, 193-215.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Riding, R. J. (1991). Cognitive Styles Analysis. Birmingham: Learning and Training Technology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rogers, D. P. (1977). The Content of Organizational Communication. Buffalo, New York : State University of New York .zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rogers, D. P. (1987). The development of a measure of perceived communication openness. Journal of Business Communication, 24 , 53-61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roloff, M. E. (1981). Interpersonal communication: The Social exchange approach. Beverly Hills, CA: sage.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sadler-Simth, E., Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (2000). Learning preference and cognitive style: Some implications for continuing professional development. Management Learning , 31, 239-256.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sadler-Simth, E., Spicer, D. P., & Tsang, F. (2000). Validity of Cognitive Style Index. Replication and extension. British Journal of Management, 11, 175-181.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Simon, H. A. (1976). Administration Behavior. New York: Macmillam.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sperry, R. W. (1964). The great cerebral commissure. Scientific American, 4252 (offprint No. 174).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Streufert, S., & Nogami, G. Y. (1989). Cognitive Style and Complexity： Implications for I/O Psychology. In: C. L. Cooper and I. Robertson (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Wiley, Chichester.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tennant, M. (1988). Psychology and adult learning. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thayer, L.(1968). Communication and Communication System. Homewood, I11., R. D. Irwin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Triandis, H. C. (1960). Cognitive similarity and communication in dyad. Human Relations, 13, 175-183.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tullett, A. D. (1995). The adaptive-innovative (A-I) cognitive styles of male and female project managers: Some implications for the management of change. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 359-365.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Turban, D. B., & Jones, A. P. (1988). Supervisor-subordinate similarity: Types, effect and mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73,234-238.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol1,Problem of General Psychology. (R. W. Riber & A. S. Carton, Eds., N. Minick, Trans.). New York: Plenum Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Waston, K. M. (1982). An analysis of communication patterns: A method for discriminating leader and subordinates roles. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 107-120.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilson, D. K. (1988). Management learning: a grounded study of the written reflections of managers on their approach real time work problem. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Lancaster, England.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wineman, J. H. (1974). Projected utilization of interpersonal distance as a function of psychological differentiation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 5698B.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Witkin H. A., Dyk, R. B., Faterson, H. F., & Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation. New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Witkin, H. A., Moore, C. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Cox, P. W. (1977). Field dependent and Field independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 1-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1977). Field dependence and interpersonal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 661-689.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Ruskin, E., & Karp, S.A. (1971). A Manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Palo Alto, Cal.: Consulting Psychologists Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wooten. A. G., & McCroskey, J. C. (1996). Student Trust of Teacher as a F unction of Socio-communicative Style of Teacher and Socio-Communicative Orientation of Student. Communication Research Reports,13(1), 94-100.zh_TW