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題名 以考試焦慮與工作記憶容量來看刻板印象對工作表現、工作選擇與自我能力評估的影響
作者 洪嘉欣
Hong, Jia Sin
貢獻者 陳皎眉
Chen, Jeaw Mei
洪嘉欣
Hong, Jia Sin
關鍵詞 刻板印象威脅
刻板印象提升
工作記憶容量
考試焦慮
作業選擇
stereotype threat
stereotype boost
working memory capacity
anxiety
task selection
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 13:15:04 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究以理學院大學數學學科能力測驗成績在7級分以上的女大學生49名作為研究對象,操弄兩種刻板印象:『女性的數學較差』與『理學院的學生數學能力較好』,結合『刻板印象威脅』與『刻板印象提升』的概念,探討一個同時具有正負向刻板印象的當事人,當被激發不同所屬團體認同(性別/科目),對於受試者工作表現、工作選擇與自我能力評估的影響,並驗證考試焦慮與工作記憶容量作為刻板印象效果的中介變項之可能性。
本研究為單因子設計,獨變項『不同認同團體激發』有三組:性別認同組、理學院認同組、控制組。依變項則有8項指標:工作記憶容量測驗分數、數學測驗分數、考試焦慮量表分數、考試焦慮生理測量、數學測驗選擇難度、數學測驗難度評估、自我評估數學能力、刻板印象相信程度。
研究結果發現,當受試者被激發理學院認同時,他們的確會受到刻板印象提升效果的影響,造成工作記憶容量上升,但當受試者被激發性別認同時,他們在工作記憶容量測驗上的表現和控制組的受試者並沒有差異,亦即,刻板印象威脅效果沒有顯現。而接受到不同認同團體激發的受試者,儘管在自陳式考試焦慮量表上並沒有顯現出差異,然而在脈搏測量上則顯現出組間差異。
另外,在『測驗難度選擇』方面,本研究發現理學院認同組的受試者較其他組受試者會選擇較困難的作業。然而,在『數學能力測驗難度評估』、『對自己能力的評估』、『刻板印象的相信程度』這三方面,不同組的受試者則沒有顯現出差異。而本研究所提出的刻板印象效果之中介機制,並未在本實驗中得到支持。最後,研究者除了對上述結果進行討論之外,亦提出本研究的限制以及對未來研究的建議。
參考文獻 中文
林莉萱(2003)。探討術前音樂對體外震波碎石術病患的影響。未出版之碩士論文,台北醫學大學醫學研究所,台北市。
陳皎眉、王叢桂、孫蒨如(2003)。社會心理學(Rev. ed),台北:空大。
陳皎眉、孫旻暐(2006)。從刻板印象威脅談學業表現上的性別差異。教育研究月刊,174,19-30。
邱蜀娟(2005)。性別刻板印象威脅與自我設限。未出版之碩士論文,國立政治大學心理學所,台北市。
鄭昭明(2004)。認知心理學:理論與實踐,台北:桂冠。
鍾思嘉、龍長風(1984)。修訂情境與特質焦慮量表之研究.中國測驗學會測驗年刊,21(1),27-36。
英文
Baddeley, A.(1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
Baddeley, A.(1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559.
Baddeley, A.(1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental psychology, 49A, 5-28.
Baddeley, A.(2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forwardd. Nature Reviews, 4, 829-839.
Baddeley, A. & Hitch, G.(1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower(Ed), The psychology of learning and motivation, 8, 47-89. NY: Academic Press.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W.(2004). Individual difference in working memory capaity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 553-573.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265.
Cheryan, S., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance. Psychology science. 11 (5): 399-402.
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W.(2005).Working memory span task: Amethodological review and user’s guide. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(5), 769-786.
Croizet, J. C. , Despres, G., Gauzins, M. E., Huguet, P., Leyens, J. P., Meot, A.,(2004). Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 721-731.
Eccles, J. S.(1994). Understanding women’s educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choice. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(4), 585-609.
Engle, R. W.(2001). What is working memory capacity? In H. L. Roediger III & J. S. Nairne(Eds.), Thenature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Cowder (pp. 297-314). Washington, DC: American Psychological Associateion.
Gatton, D. S., DuBois, C. L., & Faley, R. H. (1999). The effects of organizational context on occupational gender-stereotyping. Sex Role, 40(7-8), 567-582.
Hull, J. G. (2002). Modeling the structure of self-knowledge and the dynamics of self-regulation. In A. Tesser, D. Stapel, & J. Woods(Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives. American Psychological Association.
Keller, J. (2002). Blatant stereotype threat and women’s math performance: Self-handicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 193-198.
La Pointe, L. B. & Engle, R. W.(1990). Simple and complex word spans as measures of working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and cognition, 16, 1118-1133.
Marx, D. M. & Stapel, D. A.(2006). Distinguishing stereotype threat from priming effects: On the role of the social self and threat-based concerns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(2), 243-254.
Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774–789.
Oberauer, K.(2005). The measurement of working memory capasity. In O. Wilhelm & R. W. Engle(Eds.), Handbook of Understanding and Measureing Intelligence. (pp. 393-407). California: Sage.
Rosen, V. M. & Engle, R. W.(1998). Working memory capacity and suppression. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 418-436.
Schmader, T. & Johns, M.(2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 440-452.
Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 33-46.
Shih M., Ambady N., Richeson J.A., Fujita K., & Gray, H. M. (2002). Stereotype performance boosts: The impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation. Journal of personality and social psychology. 83(3), 638-647.
Shih, M., Pittinsky, T.L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83.
Smith, J. L.(2004). Understanding the process of stereotype threat: A review of mediational variables and new performance goal directions. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 3, 177-206.
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M.(1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(Self-Evaluation Questionnaire).Palo Aoto, Cal.: Consulting Psychologists Press
Steele, C.M.(1997).A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J.(1995).Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811.
Suen, M. (2006). Stereotype-moderated mathematical performance in multiple category contexts. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham, UK.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
94752009
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094752009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳皎眉zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Jeaw Meien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 洪嘉欣zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hong, Jia Sinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 洪嘉欣zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hong, Jia Sinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 13:15:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 13:15:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 13:15:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094752009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32494-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94752009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以理學院大學數學學科能力測驗成績在7級分以上的女大學生49名作為研究對象,操弄兩種刻板印象:『女性的數學較差』與『理學院的學生數學能力較好』,結合『刻板印象威脅』與『刻板印象提升』的概念,探討一個同時具有正負向刻板印象的當事人,當被激發不同所屬團體認同(性別/科目),對於受試者工作表現、工作選擇與自我能力評估的影響,並驗證考試焦慮與工作記憶容量作為刻板印象效果的中介變項之可能性。
本研究為單因子設計,獨變項『不同認同團體激發』有三組:性別認同組、理學院認同組、控制組。依變項則有8項指標:工作記憶容量測驗分數、數學測驗分數、考試焦慮量表分數、考試焦慮生理測量、數學測驗選擇難度、數學測驗難度評估、自我評估數學能力、刻板印象相信程度。
研究結果發現,當受試者被激發理學院認同時,他們的確會受到刻板印象提升效果的影響,造成工作記憶容量上升,但當受試者被激發性別認同時,他們在工作記憶容量測驗上的表現和控制組的受試者並沒有差異,亦即,刻板印象威脅效果沒有顯現。而接受到不同認同團體激發的受試者,儘管在自陳式考試焦慮量表上並沒有顯現出差異,然而在脈搏測量上則顯現出組間差異。
另外,在『測驗難度選擇』方面,本研究發現理學院認同組的受試者較其他組受試者會選擇較困難的作業。然而,在『數學能力測驗難度評估』、『對自己能力的評估』、『刻板印象的相信程度』這三方面,不同組的受試者則沒有顯現出差異。而本研究所提出的刻板印象效果之中介機制,並未在本實驗中得到支持。最後,研究者除了對上述結果進行討論之外,亦提出本研究的限制以及對未來研究的建議。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 前言 1
第二節 文獻探討 6
一、刻板印象對個人表現的影響 6
二、考試焦慮與作業表現的關係 8
三、工作記憶容量 10
四、刻板印象效果與工作記憶容量的關係 11
第三節 研究問題 15
第四節 研究假設 17
第貳章 研究方法 19
研究對象 19
實驗設計 19
實驗程序 20
實驗材料 21
1.工作記憶容量測驗 21
2.數學能力測驗 22
3.考試焦慮量表 22
4.考試焦慮生理測量 23
5.自我評估數學能力量表 23
6.刻板印象相信程度量表 24
7.個人資料 25
8.與研究相關問題 25
第參章 研究結果 26
第一節 依變項的檢驗 26
1.考試焦慮量表 26
2.考試焦慮生理測量 26
3.工作記憶容量測驗 28
4.數學難度選擇 29
5.數學能力測驗 30
6.數學能力測驗難度評估 31
7.自我評估數學能力 31
8.刻板印象相信程度量表 33
第二節 控制變項的檢驗 34
第三節 不同認同團體激發、考試焦慮生理測量、工作記憶容量測驗與數學能力測驗間的關係 35
第肆章 討論與建議 37
第一節 研究結果說明 37
第二節 研究結果討論 40
第三節 研究限制與對未來研究的建議 45
第伍章 參考文獻 47
附錄一 認同團體操弄問卷 52
附錄二 研究目的指導語 55
附錄三 工作記憶容量測驗(知覺處理工作)指導語 56
附錄四 數學測驗難度選擇指導語 57
附錄五 數學能力測驗指導語與練習題 58
附錄六 數學能力測驗題目 61

圖表目錄

圖一 研究架構圖 5
圖二 Yerkes-Dodson法則 9
圖三 工作記憶的運作 10


表2-1 獨變項與依變項 19
表2-2 考試焦慮量表 23
表2-3 自我評估數學能力量表 24
表2-4 刻板印象相信程度量表 24
表2-5 個人資料 25
表2-6 盡力程度量表 25
表3-1 各組考試焦慮量表總分之平均數與標準差 26
表3-2 各組調整後考試焦慮生理測量之平均數與標準差 27
表3-3 各組工作記憶容量測驗總分之平均數與標準差 28
表3-4 各組數學難度選擇之平均數與標準差 29
表3-5 各組數學能力測驗答對題數與正確率之平均數與標準差30
表3-6 各組數學能力測驗難度評估之平均數與標準差 31
表3-7 各組自我評估數學能力之平均數與標準差 32
表3-8 各組刻板印象相信程度量表得分之平均數與標準差 33
表3-9 各組盡力程度之平均數與標準差 34
zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094752009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 刻板印象威脅zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 刻板印象提升zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作記憶容量zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 考試焦慮zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 作業選擇zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stereotype threaten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stereotype boosten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) working memory capacityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) anxietyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) task selectionen_US
dc.title (題名) 以考試焦慮與工作記憶容量來看刻板印象對工作表現、工作選擇與自我能力評估的影響zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林莉萱(2003)。探討術前音樂對體外震波碎石術病患的影響。未出版之碩士論文,台北醫學大學醫學研究所,台北市。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳皎眉、王叢桂、孫蒨如(2003)。社會心理學(Rev. ed),台北:空大。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳皎眉、孫旻暐(2006)。從刻板印象威脅談學業表現上的性別差異。教育研究月刊,174,19-30。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱蜀娟(2005)。性別刻板印象威脅與自我設限。未出版之碩士論文,國立政治大學心理學所,台北市。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄭昭明(2004)。認知心理學:理論與實踐,台北:桂冠。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鍾思嘉、龍長風(1984)。修訂情境與特質焦慮量表之研究.中國測驗學會測驗年刊,21(1),27-36。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baddeley, A.(1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baddeley, A.(1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baddeley, A.(1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental psychology, 49A, 5-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baddeley, A.(2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forwardd. Nature Reviews, 4, 829-839.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baddeley, A. & Hitch, G.(1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower(Ed), The psychology of learning and motivation, 8, 47-89. NY: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W.(2004). Individual difference in working memory capaity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 553-573.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheryan, S., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance. Psychology science. 11 (5): 399-402.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W.(2005).Working memory span task: Amethodological review and user’s guide. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(5), 769-786.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Croizet, J. C. , Despres, G., Gauzins, M. E., Huguet, P., Leyens, J. P., Meot, A.,(2004). Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 721-731.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eccles, J. S.(1994). Understanding women’s educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choice. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(4), 585-609.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gatton, D. S., DuBois, C. L., & Faley, R. H. (1999). The effects of organizational context on occupational gender-stereotyping. Sex Role, 40(7-8), 567-582.zh_TW
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