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題名 中文使動式之連續性
Mandarin Chinese Causative Continuum
作者 張碧純
Chang, Pi Chun
貢獻者 何萬順
Her, One Soon
張碧純
Chang, Pi Chun
關鍵詞 使動性
連續性
直接性
動力學
及物性
causativity
continuum
directness
force-dynamics
transitivity
lexicalist approach
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:25:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨在審視中文使動性是否具有連續性。使動性的來源主要有兩種觀點：衍生語法認為使動性是由句法位移得到，而詞彙語法則認為使動性是詞彙本身所賦予的。本文根據「直接性」、「動力學」和「及物性」三個面向研究中文使動詞和使動結構的使動性，結果可分為高、中、低三個層次。高使動性傾向由中文使動詞表現而低使動性則傾向由使動結構表現。使動性的差異不僅支持詞彙語法對使動性來源的解釋，對衍生語法認為使動性源自於句法結構的說法提出反駁，也符合自然語言的象似性原則。
Derivational grammarians propose that causativity comes from the syntactic structures whereas lexicalists suggest it is incorporated within the formation of the lexicon. This thesis aims to investigate Mandarin lexical and periphrastic causatives to see if their causativity varies depending on the category of causative to which they are assigned. Three frameworks are adopted here to examine causatives from diverse perspective, directness, force-dynamics and transitivity. This combined framework is utilized to examine Mandarin lexical causatives and typical periphrastic causatives including 使shi, 令ling, 讓rang, 叫jiao1, and 教 jiao2 constructions. The results indicate that causativity forms a continuum in which the degree of the causativity of lexical causatives ranges from high to intermediate but that for periphrastic causatives ranges from intermediate to low. The variation in the degree of causativity proves that the derivational account is incorrect. Moreover, this study supports the lexicalist viewpoints that the causativity has variations because it is integrated in the lexical formation. In addition, more evidence, such as adverb placement and resultative compound formation, is provided to demonstrate that lexicalist accounts take the advantage of explaining the causativity. Finally, the variation of causativity has demonstrated that the shorter the forms are, the greater the degree of causativity is. This observation conforms to the principle of iconicity, and is encoded in humans’ cognition and the natural language.
參考文獻 Alsina, Alex. 1992. On the argument structure of causatives. Linguistic Inquiry 23.4 517-555.
Chang Li-li. 2006. The semantic development from causatives to passives in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 7.1. 139-174.
Chen, C.-Y. Doris. 1996. A nonmovement analysis of the rang construction in Chinese. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University 42: 297-316.
Cheng, L.-S. Lisa and C. T. James Huang. 1994. On the argument structure of resultative compounds. In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary studies on language and language change. eds. by Matthew Chen and Ovid Tzeng. 187-221. Taipei: Pyramid Press.
Chiang, Shu-mei. 2003. Force-dynamic manifestation of verbs of hitting, refraining, and urging in Hakka. Taipei: National Chengchi University MA Thesis.
Chung, Karen Steffen. 2006. Mandarin compound verbs. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics Monograph. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Comrie, Bernard. 1981. Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. The syntax of causative constructions: Cross-language similarities and divergences. Syntax and semantics vol.6, ed. by M. Shibatani, 261-312. New York: Academic Press.
Dowty, David R. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67. 574-619.
Givón, T. 1985. Ergative morphology and transitivity gradients in Newari. Relational typology, ed. by F. Plank, 89-107. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Haiman, Joh n. 1983. Iconic and economic Motivation. Language 59.4. 781-819.
Haiman, John. 1985. Natural syntax: Iconicity and erosion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Her, One-Soon. 2004. Argument-function linking in resultatives. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 30.2. 1-34.
Her, One-Soon. 2007. Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua 117. 221-246.
Hopper, Paul J., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56. 251-299.
Huang, James C.-T. 1988. Wo pao de kuai and Chinese Phrase Structure. Language 64.274-311.
Huang, Shuan-Fan. 1982. Mandarin Causatives. Papers in Chinese Syntax. 123-144. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Jiang, Shao-yu 2003. Gei jiju, jiao jiju biao beidong de leiyuan—jiantan yufahua, leitui han gongneng kuozhan. (The origin of passive gei constructions and jiao constructions with grammaticalizaiton, analogy, and functional expansion.) Yufahua yu yufayianjio. ed. by Wu Fu-xiang and Hong Bo. 202-223. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Kalinina, Elena, Dmitriy Kolomatsky, and Alexandra Sudobina. 2006. Transitivity increase markers interacting with verb semantics. Case, valency and transitivity, eds. by Leonid Kulikov, Andrej Malchukov and Peter de Swart, 441-463. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Havov. 1994. A preliminary analysis of Causative verbs in English. Lingua 92. 35-77.
Li N. Charles and Sandra A. Thompson. 1976 Development of the causative in Mandarin Chinese: Interaction of diachronic processes in syntax. Syntax and Semantics vol.6. ed. by M. Shibatani, 477-492. New York: Academic Press.
Li, Yafei. 1995. The thematic hierarchy and causativity. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13. 255-282.
Liang, Xiao-bo and Sun Ya. 2003. A cognitive perspective on the study of causatives. Journal of Foreign Languages 140. 38-45.
Lien, Chin-fa. 1999. A typological study of causatives in Taiwanese Southern Min. The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 29. 395-422.
Lien, Chin-fa. 2003. Coding causatives and putatives in a diachronic perspective. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 1.1 1-28.
Malchukov, Andrej. 2006. Transitivity parameters and transitivity alternations: Constraining co-variation. Case, valency and transitivity, eds. by Leonid Kulikov, Andrej Malchukov and Peter de Swart, 329-357. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1976. The grammar of causative constructions: A conspectus. Syntax and Semantics vol.6, ed. by M. Shibatani, 1-40. New York: Academic Press.
Shibatani, Masayoshi, and Prashant Pardeshi. 2001. The causative continuum. The grammar of causation and interpersonal manipulation, ed. by M. Shibatani, 85-126. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Song, Jae Jung. 1996. Causatives and causation: A universal-typological perspective. New York: Longman.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1981. A semantic study of transitivity relations in Chinese. Taipei: Student Book.
Tai, James H-Y. 1993. Iconicity: motivations in Chinese grammar. Principles and Prediction: The Analysis of Natural Language, eds. by Mushira Eid and Gregory Iverson, 153-173. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a Cognitive Semantics Vol. 1. Mass: MIT Press.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1989. The semantics of causatives in Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association. Monograph vol.1.227-244
Xu, Dan. 2003. Shi jiju de yianbian—jiantan shi jiju de yufahua. (The development of the Shi construction with the grammaticalization of shi.) Yufahua yu yufayianjio. ed. by Wu Fu-xiang and Hong bo. 224-238. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Wang, Ling-ling and He Yuan-jian. 2002. Hanyu dongjie jiegao. ‘VR constructions in Mandarin’ Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Publishing.
Wolff, Phillip. 2003.Direct causation in the linguistic coding and individuation of causal events. Cognition 88. 1-48.
Zhang, Mei-lan. 2006. Causative verb, related syntactical and semantic structure in modern Chinese. Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences) 21.2. 96-105.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
93555016
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093555016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Her, One Soonen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張碧純zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Pi Chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張碧純zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Pi Chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:25:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:25:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:25:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093555016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33379-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93555016zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在審視中文使動性是否具有連續性。使動性的來源主要有兩種觀點：衍生語法認為使動性是由句法位移得到，而詞彙語法則認為使動性是詞彙本身所賦予的。本文根據「直接性」、「動力學」和「及物性」三個面向研究中文使動詞和使動結構的使動性，結果可分為高、中、低三個層次。高使動性傾向由中文使動詞表現而低使動性則傾向由使動結構表現。使動性的差異不僅支持詞彙語法對使動性來源的解釋，對衍生語法認為使動性源自於句法結構的說法提出反駁，也符合自然語言的象似性原則。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Derivational grammarians propose that causativity comes from the syntactic structures whereas lexicalists suggest it is incorporated within the formation of the lexicon. This thesis aims to investigate Mandarin lexical and periphrastic causatives to see if their causativity varies depending on the category of causative to which they are assigned. Three frameworks are adopted here to examine causatives from diverse perspective, directness, force-dynamics and transitivity. This combined framework is utilized to examine Mandarin lexical causatives and typical periphrastic causatives including 使shi, 令ling, 讓rang, 叫jiao1, and 教 jiao2 constructions. The results indicate that causativity forms a continuum in which the degree of the causativity of lexical causatives ranges from high to intermediate but that for periphrastic causatives ranges from intermediate to low. The variation in the degree of causativity proves that the derivational account is incorrect. Moreover, this study supports the lexicalist viewpoints that the causativity has variations because it is integrated in the lexical formation. In addition, more evidence, such as adverb placement and resultative compound formation, is provided to demonstrate that lexicalist accounts take the advantage of explaining the causativity. Finally, the variation of causativity has demonstrated that the shorter the forms are, the greater the degree of causativity is. This observation conforms to the principle of iconicity, and is encoded in humans’ cognition and the natural language.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...……………………………………..……………iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..……...vi
CHINESE ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………….viii
ENGLISH ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………...ix

CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………....…………...…..…….….1
1.1 Motivation and Purpose …………………………………..……….…..1
1.2 Definition of causation …………………………………..……………3
1.3 Organization of the thesis …………………………………..…………4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW….……………………………………..…..…...7
2.1 The derivational account …………………………………………..….7
2.1.1 Huang (1988) ……………………………………………………7
2.1.2 Wang & He (2002) ……………………………………………...9
2.2 The lexicalist account ……………………………………………..…11
2.2.1 Cheng & Huang (1994) ………………………………………..11
2.2.2 Li (1995) ………………………………………….………...… 13
2.2.3 Her (2007) ……………………………………………..…..…..14
2.3 Remarks …………………………………………………………..….16

3. THERORETICAL FOUNDATIONS……………………………….…..19
3.1 Directness ………………………………………………………..…..19
3.1.1 Shibatani & Pardeshi (2001) …………………………………..19
3.1.2 Wolff (2003) …………………………………..…………..…...21
3.2 Force dynamics …………………………………………………..….25
3.3 Transitivity ……………………………………………………..……27
3.4 Remarks ………………………………………………………….….29
4. ANALYSIS …………………………………………..…………..…….....31
4.1 High causativity …………………………………………………..…33
4.2 Intermediate causativity …………………………………………..…36
4.2.1 Lexical causatives in Mandarin …………………………….….36
4.2.2 Periphrastic causatives in Mandarin ……………………….…..46
4.2.2.1 Causative constructions involving mental states …….…46
4.2.2.2 Causative constructions involving human agents and patients……………………………………………...….51
4.2.2.3 Other causative constructions ……………………..……58
4.3 Low causativity ………………………………………………..…….60
4.4 Remarks …………………………………………………………...…63

5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………................…...67
5.1 Inspection of derivational view and lexicalist view toward the causativity ………………………………………………….…..….....67
5.2 Universality: Iconicity …………………………………………….....78
5.3 The feedback from the three frameworks ………………………..…..79
5.4 Remarks …………………………………….…………………..……81

6. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………..…..83
6.1 Summary of the thesis …………………………….……………..…..83
6.2 Further study ……………..……………………………………..…...85

REFERENCE …………………………………………………….………..…...87		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093555016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 使動性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 連續性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 直接性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動力學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 及物性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) causativityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) continuumen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) directnessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) force-dynamicsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) transitivityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) lexicalist approachen_US
dc.title (題名) 中文使動式之連續性zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Mandarin Chinese Causative Continuumen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alsina, Alex. 1992. On the argument structure of causatives. Linguistic Inquiry 23.4 517-555.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang Li-li. 2006. The semantic development from causatives to passives in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 7.1. 139-174.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, C.-Y. Doris. 1996. A nonmovement analysis of the rang construction in Chinese. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University 42: 297-316.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, L.-S. Lisa and C. T. James Huang. 1994. On the argument structure of resultative compounds. In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary studies on language and language change. eds. by Matthew Chen and Ovid Tzeng. 187-221. Taipei: Pyramid Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chiang, Shu-mei. 2003. Force-dynamic manifestation of verbs of hitting, refraining, and urging in Hakka. Taipei: National Chengchi University MA Thesis.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chung, Karen Steffen. 2006. Mandarin compound verbs. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics Monograph. Taipei: Crane Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comrie, Bernard. 1981. Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. Chicago: University of Chicago.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Comrie, Bernard. 1976. The syntax of causative constructions: Cross-language similarities and divergences. Syntax and semantics vol.6, ed. by M. Shibatani, 261-312. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dowty, David R. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67. 574-619.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Givón, T. 1985. Ergative morphology and transitivity gradients in Newari. Relational typology, ed. by F. Plank, 89-107. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haiman, Joh n. 1983. Iconic and economic Motivation. Language 59.4. 781-819.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haiman, John. 1985. Natural syntax: Iconicity and erosion. New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, One-Soon. 2004. Argument-function linking in resultatives. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 30.2. 1-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, One-Soon. 2007. Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua 117. 221-246.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hopper, Paul J., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56. 251-299.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, James C.-T. 1988. Wo pao de kuai and Chinese Phrase Structure. Language 64.274-311.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Shuan-Fan. 1982. Mandarin Causatives. Papers in Chinese Syntax. 123-144. Taipei: Crane Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jiang, Shao-yu 2003. Gei jiju, jiao jiju biao beidong de leiyuan—jiantan yufahua, leitui han gongneng kuozhan. (The origin of passive gei constructions and jiao constructions with grammaticalizaiton, analogy, and functional expansion.) Yufahua yu yufayianjio. ed. by Wu Fu-xiang and Hong Bo. 202-223. Beijing: The Commercial Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalinina, Elena, Dmitriy Kolomatsky, and Alexandra Sudobina. 2006. Transitivity increase markers interacting with verb semantics. Case, valency and transitivity, eds. by Leonid Kulikov, Andrej Malchukov and Peter de Swart, 441-463. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Havov. 1994. A preliminary analysis of Causative verbs in English. Lingua 92. 35-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li N. Charles and Sandra A. Thompson. 1976 Development of the causative in Mandarin Chinese: Interaction of diachronic processes in syntax. Syntax and Semantics vol.6. ed. by M. Shibatani, 477-492. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Yafei. 1995. The thematic hierarchy and causativity. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13. 255-282.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liang, Xiao-bo and Sun Ya. 2003. A cognitive perspective on the study of causatives. Journal of Foreign Languages 140. 38-45.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lien, Chin-fa. 1999. A typological study of causatives in Taiwanese Southern Min. The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 29. 395-422.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lien, Chin-fa. 2003. Coding causatives and putatives in a diachronic perspective. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 1.1 1-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Malchukov, Andrej. 2006. Transitivity parameters and transitivity alternations: Constraining co-variation. Case, valency and transitivity, eds. by Leonid Kulikov, Andrej Malchukov and Peter de Swart, 329-357. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1976. The grammar of causative constructions: A conspectus. Syntax and Semantics vol.6, ed. by M. Shibatani, 1-40. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shibatani, Masayoshi, and Prashant Pardeshi. 2001. The causative continuum. The grammar of causation and interpersonal manipulation, ed. by M. Shibatani, 85-126. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Song, Jae Jung. 1996. Causatives and causation: A universal-typological perspective. New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teng, Shou-hsin. 1981. A semantic study of transitivity relations in Chinese. Taipei: Student Book.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tai, James H-Y. 1993. Iconicity: motivations in Chinese grammar. Principles and Prediction: The Analysis of Natural Language, eds. by Mushira Eid and Gregory Iverson, 153-173. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a Cognitive Semantics Vol. 1. Mass: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teng, Shou-hsin. 1989. The semantics of causatives in Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association. Monograph vol.1.227-244zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Xu, Dan. 2003. Shi jiju de yianbian—jiantan shi jiju de yufahua. (The development of the Shi construction with the grammaticalization of shi.) Yufahua yu yufayianjio. ed. by Wu Fu-xiang and Hong bo. 224-238. Beijing: The Commercial Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, Ling-ling and He Yuan-jian. 2002. Hanyu dongjie jiegao. ‘VR constructions in Mandarin’ Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wolff, Phillip. 2003.Direct causation in the linguistic coding and individuation of causal events. Cognition 88. 1-48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zhang, Mei-lan. 2006. Causative verb, related syntactical and semantic structure in modern Chinese. Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences) 21.2. 96-105.zh_TW