| dc.contributor.advisor | 藍亭 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Lane,Tim | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 李俊儒 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | 李俊儒 | zh_TW |
| dc.date (日期) | 2006 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 17-Sep-2009 16:50:33 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 17-Sep-2009 16:50:33 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-Sep-2009 16:50:33 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0911540061 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33480 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 哲學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 91154006 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 95 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 「圖靈測驗」是一個訴諸外部行為來檢驗「機器能否思考」的一個測驗方法。這個方法由A. M. Turing於1950年提出，並在此後的五十餘年在科學界與哲學界引發無數的爭論。本文並不試圖解決「機器能否思考」的問題，而將著眼於「圖靈測驗作為機器思考標準」一事的適切性；從哲學的面向出發，旁及一些相關的科學成果來進行文獻探討。就像任何一種哲學嘗試一樣，圖靈測驗是歷史環境的產物。當我們對眾說紛云的主觀意見失去了信心，就希望能夠找到一個客觀的標準。而在此同時，事實上我們對於所要檢測的對象：「思考」的瞭解還不夠豐富，且我們也不知道所謂「機器」的極限在哪裡，因此，即使圖靈測驗以名為「測驗」的形式產生，卻是動態地作為一個標準，並且面臨著許多的質疑。本文將主要的問題分為五點，並加以回應：1. 關於圖靈測驗的形式：圖靈測驗以模仿遊戲為內容，但在模仿遊戲中獲得勝利這件事，本身的確有其詮釋上的侷限，但是第一，這不能否定模仿遊戲的確提供了某種程度的客觀性，第二，藉由模仿遊戲的持續進行，我們也能知道模仿遊戲有哪些不足之處，相關內容與規則的修訂是可能的。2. 關於測驗的難度：「機器有無可能通過圖靈測驗？」這點將就技術面與原則面來討論。技術上，目前的確存在著一些模擬人類智慧的瓶頸，然而就哲學的討論來說，目前技術的不可能並不代表未來技術的不可能。原則上，許多人批評圖靈機器所進行的運作無論多麼複雜，都不會與自然界中被稱為「思考」的行為等同；然而，若要證明機器思考與人類思考的確不同，我們就會需要一套能夠作出區分的客觀測驗方式，而那就是圖靈測驗所嘗試去做的。3. 關於測驗的目的：「通過圖靈測驗代表了什麼？」許多人認為圖靈測驗作為一個機器思考的操作定義，忽略了一些思考的本質，這使得即使機器通過圖靈測驗也不代表它能夠思考。我認為這種說法似乎預設了思考有一個固定的定義，但實際上我們將許多彼此之間沒有明顯關係的行為都稱為思考，而且隨著風俗、環境的改變，原本被當作是思考行為的或許不必再以「思考」來說明，而與思考行為無關的或許在未來會被當作有關，因此所謂「思考的本質」不見得有固定的內容；而我們用內容與規則不斷修正的測驗設計來掌握該內容，可能反而是更適當的。4. 關於測驗主題：「我們能夠單純以行為來檢測心靈狀態嗎？」圖靈測驗欲透過語言行為的測驗來取代「機器能否思考」，此行為進路受到不少的批評。然而，圖靈測驗並不是分析的行為主義，它並不要求行為與心靈概念有形上學的等同；它只是方法論的行為主義，不必反對心靈內容的真實存在，僅將「通過圖靈測驗」作為一個可錯的認定方法。5. 關於測驗的價值：當我們對「何謂思考」還未有深刻瞭解時，就樹立一個思考的標準來談通不通過，是否對於未來的發展有所妨礙？我同意一些批評者所說：就像許多高科技的發展過程一樣，在思考本質的研究尚未成熟之前，與其追求表面上的擬似，不如將精力與經費投注於相關的基礎科學。然而，就議題本身而言，圖靈測驗可以和上述基礎科學的研究相容，它也不會妨礙我們去尋找一個比圖靈測驗更適當的思考檢測機制。如果有一天，科學家真能做出像人一樣思考的機器，我們依然會在某程度上要求此機器通過圖靈測驗，來證明科學家沒有說謊。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 第一章 前言………………………………………………………………………5第二章 圖靈測驗…………………………………………………………………11第一節 源流…………………………………………………………………11第二節 「語言行為不可區分性」作為圖靈測驗的思想基礎……………12第三節 何謂圖靈測驗………………………………………………………14第四節 圖靈測驗的對象……………………………………………………16第五節 圖靈測驗的版本……………………………………………………18第六節 圖靈測驗的詮釋……………………………………………………20第七節 人工智能進行圖靈測驗的成果……………………………………26小結……………………………………………………………………………35第三章 思考的標準………………………………………………………………39第一節 思考與智能…………………………………………………………40第二節 心物問題……………………………………………………………43第三節 行為主義……………………………………………………………47第四節 以語言測驗作為思考能力測驗……………………………………51小結……………………………………………………………………………55第四章 中文房論證………………………………………………………………59第一節 思考實驗……………………………………………………………61第二節 技術問題……………………………………………………………63第三節 系統反駁……………………………………………………………65小結……………………………………………………………………………71第五章 對圖靈測驗的其他批評與回應…………………………………………75第一節 踩腳房論證…………………………………………………………75第二節 行為非決定性論證…………………………………………………76第三節 人類中心沙文主義…………………………………………………78第四節 不完備定理…………………………………………………………80第五節 次認知論證…………………………………………………………81第六節 Block Machine……………………………………………………82小結……………………………………………………………………………84第六章 圖靈測驗辯護……………………………………………………………87第一節 模仿遊戲的形式是否恰當…………………………………………87第二節 圖靈測驗的難度問題………………………………………………89第三節 通過圖靈測驗是否為人類思考的充要條件………………………90第四節 圖靈測驗的行為主義是否錯誤……………………………………91第五節 圖靈測驗是否誤導人工智慧的發展………………………………92小結……………………………………………………………………………94第七章 小木偶的願望……………………………………………………………97第一節 皮諾丘的故事………………………………………………………97第二節 「我們如何知道機器不能思考？」………………………………99第三節 「意識探測儀」的局限……………………………………………101第四節 回到行為檢測………………………………………………………103小結……………………………………………………………………………105第八章 結論……………………………………………………………………107參考書目…………………………………………………………………………113西文資料………………………………………………………………………113中文資料………………………………………………………………………118網路資料………………………………………………………………………119 | zh_TW |
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| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0911540061 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 圖靈測驗 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 行為主義 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 操作定義 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | 圖靈測驗辯護 | zh_TW |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
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