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題名 Gambits in Mandarin-speaking Children`s Spoken Discourse
作者 張君慈
貢獻者 黃瓊之
張君慈
關鍵詞 Gambits
Mandarin-speaking Children
Spoken Discourse
日期 2003
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 16:41:25 (UTC+8)
摘要 在兒童習得談話溝通的發展過程中,兒童需要習得多種談話技巧才能全然地參與談話,而其中一項重要的談話技巧即為引語的使用。引語在言談分析中是指一種半固定的語句用以加速言談的流暢。然而至今沒有研究探討過兒童使用引語的情形,因此本研究旨在探討中文言談中學齡兒童使用引語的發展情形。本研究將十二名學齡兒童依年齡分為兩組,並將其自然談話內容錄音且加以轉錄,以資進一步之分析與研究。此研究結果發現隨著年紀的增長兒童愈常使用引語,且愈能行使不同的種類形式來表達。這些發展性的成長與兒童的心智、語言及社會發展有關;此外,本研究結果亦發現學齡兒童最常使用的引語種類。本研究期待能增加人們對於兒童引語的認識,更能提供國小教師指導或幫助學齡兒童在言談中使用引語,進而增進兒童言談順暢無誤。
參考文獻 Atkinson, M. 1977. Prerequisites for reference. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.
Bloom, L., Lahey, M., Hood, L., Lifter, K. & Fiess, K. (1980). Complex sentences: acquisition of syntactic connectives and the semantic relations they encode. Journal of Child Language 7: 235-61.
Carter, A. 1978. From sensori-motor vocalizations to words: a case study of the evolution of attention-directing communication in the second year. In A. Lock (ed.) Action, Gesture and Symbol: the Emergence of Language. New York: Academic Press.
Cai, Y. C. 1996. Gambits in Mandarin spoken discourse. Taipei: Master thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Clark, E. V.1978. Awareness of language: Some evidence from what children say and do. In A. Sinclair, R. J. Jarvella and W. J. M. Levelt (eds.) The Child’s Conception of Language. New York: Springer.
Clark, E. V. and Andersen, E. S. 1979. Spontaneous repair: Awareness in the process of acquiring language. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 16, Department of Linguistics: Stanford University.
Craig, Holly K. and Julie A. Washington. 1986. “Children’s Turn-taking Behaviors: Social-linguistic Interaction.” Journal of Pragmatics 10: 173-97.
Dore, J. 1977a. Children’s illocutionary acts. In R. Freedle (ed.) Discourse: Comprehension and Production Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dore, J. 1977b. Oh them sheriff: a pragmatic analysis of children’s responses to questions. In S. Ervin-Tripp and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds) Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.
Duncan, S. and Fish, K. 1977. Face-to-face interaction: research, methods and theory. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Dunn, J. and Shatz, M. 1989. Becoming a conversationalist despite (or because of ) have an older sibling, Child Development 60: 399-410.
Edmondson, W. 1981. Spoken Discourse: a model for analysis. London: Longman.
Elkind, D. 1970. Children and Adolescents: Interpretive Essays on Jean Piaget. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ervin-Tripp, S. 1977. Wait for me, roller-skate. In S. Ervin-Tripp and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds.) Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.
----------------. 1979. “Children’s Verbal Turn-taking”. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics. London: Academic Press.
Evans, Mary Ann. 1985. Self-initiated speech repairs: A reflection of communicative monitoring in young children. Developmental Psychology 21: 365-371.
Faerch, C. and Kasper, G. 1984. “Ja und?—og hna’ sa?- a Contrastive Discourse Analysis of Gambits in German and Danish.” In Fisiak-Kacek (ed.) Contrastive Linguistics: Prospects and Problems, 69-105. Berlin: Mouton.
Foster, S. 1979. From Non-verbal to Verbal Communication: A Study of the Development of Topic Initiation Strategies During the First Two-and-a-half Years. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lancaster.
Gallagher, T. M. 1977. Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children developing language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 20: 303-318.
Gallagher, T. M. 1981. Contingent query sequences within adult-child discourse. Journal of Child Language 8: 51-62.
Gardner, H., Kircher, M., Winner, E., and Perkins, D. 1975. Children`s metaphoric productions and preferences. Journal of Child Language 2(1): 125-141.
Garvey, C. 1977b The contingent query: a dependent act in conversation. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (eds.) The origins of behavior. Volume V: Interaction, conversation, and the development of language. New York: Wiley.
Garvey, C. 1984. Children’s talk. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Garvey, C. and Hogan, R. 1981. Timing and turn taking in children’s conversations Discourse Processes 4: 27-57.
Garvey, C. and Berninger, G. 1981. Timing and Turn Taking in Children’s Conversations. Discourse Processes 4: 27-57.
Gearhart, M. and Newman, D. 1977. Turn-taking in Conversation: Implications for Developmental Research. Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute for Comparative Human Development 1(3).
Halliday, M. A. K. 1979. The development of texture in child language. In T. Myers (ed.) The Development of Conversation and Discourse. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Iwamura, S. G. 1980. The verbal games of pre-school children. London: Croom Helm.
Jamison, K. 1981. An analysis of overlapping in children’s speech. Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 5: 122-43.
Johnson, C. 1979. Contingent queries: the first chapter. Paper presented at Language and Social Psychology Conference, Bristol.
Keenan, E. O. 1974. Conversational competence in children. Journal of Child Language 1(2): 163-83.
Keenan, E. O. and Schieffelin, B. 1976. Topic as a discourse notion: a study of topic in the conversations of children and adults. In C, Li (ed) Subject and topic. New York: Academic Press.
Keller, E. 1981. “Gambits: Conversational Strategy Signal.” In Coulmas. F. (ed.). Conversational Routine: Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, 93-113. Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Keller, E. and Taba-Warner, S. 1976-1979. Gambits, 1-3: conversational tools. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.
Lieberman, A. F. and Garvey, C. 1977. Interpersonal Pauses in Preschoolers’ Verbal Exchanges. Paper presented at Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. New Orleans.
Martlew, M. 1980. Mothers’ control strategies in dyadic mother/child conversations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 9: 327-347.
McTear, M. 1979. Hey! I’ve got something to tell you: the initiation of conversational exchanges by preschool children Journal of Pragmatics 3(3): 321-36.
McTear, Michael. 1985. Children’s conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mueller, E. 1972. The maintenance of verbal exchanges between young children Child Development 43: 930-8.
Mueller, E., Bleier, M., Krakow, J., Hagedus, K. and Cournoyer, P. 1977. The development of peer verbal interaction among two-year-old boys. Child Development 48: 284-7.
Ochs, E. 1979. Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds) Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.
Owens, R. 1984. Program for the Acquisition of Language with the Severely Impaired (PALS). Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill.
Owens, Robert. 1996. Language Development: An Introduction. Fourth edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Rogers, S. 1978. Self-initiated corrections in the speech of infant-school children. Journal of Child Languages 5: 365-371.
Sacks, H. 1968. Lecture notes. Department of Sociology, U. C. Irvine MS.
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. 1974. “A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-taking for conversation”. Language 50(4): 696-735.
Savic, S. 1980. How twins learn to talk: a study of the speech development of twins from 1 to 3. New York: Academic Press.
Schegloff, E. A. 1968. Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist 70: 1075-95.
----------------. 1973. Recycled turn beginnings: a precise repair mechanism in conversations turn-taking organizations. Mimeo, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Sociology.
Scollon, R. 1979. A real early stage: an unzippered condensation of a dissertation on child language. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic press.
Shultz, T. 1974. Development of the appreciation of riddles. Child Development 45: 100-105.
Slobin, D. 1978. A case study of early language awareness. In A. Sinclair, R. J. Javella and W. J. M. Levelt (eds) The child’s conception of language. New York: Springer.
Umiker-Sebeok, D. J. 1976. The conversational skills of preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
Wellman, H. M. and Lempers, J.D. 1977. The naturalistic communicative abilities of two-year-olds. Child Development 48: 1052-7.
White, B. 1975. Critical influences in the origins of competence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2: 243-266.
Wootton, A. 1981. Children’s use of address terms. In P. French and M. MacLure (eds) Adults-Child Conversation. London: Croom Helm.
Zakharova, A. V. 1973. Acquisition of forms of grammatical case by preschool children. In Ferguson, C. A. and Slobin, D. (eds) Studies of Child Language Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
g90555010
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0905550101
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃瓊之zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張君慈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 張君慈zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 16:41:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 16:41:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 16:41:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0905550101en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35983-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) g90555010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在兒童習得談話溝通的發展過程中,兒童需要習得多種談話技巧才能全然地參與談話,而其中一項重要的談話技巧即為引語的使用。引語在言談分析中是指一種半固定的語句用以加速言談的流暢。然而至今沒有研究探討過兒童使用引語的情形,因此本研究旨在探討中文言談中學齡兒童使用引語的發展情形。本研究將十二名學齡兒童依年齡分為兩組,並將其自然談話內容錄音且加以轉錄,以資進一步之分析與研究。此研究結果發現隨著年紀的增長兒童愈常使用引語,且愈能行使不同的種類形式來表達。這些發展性的成長與兒童的心智、語言及社會發展有關;此外,本研究結果亦發現學齡兒童最常使用的引語種類。本研究期待能增加人們對於兒童引語的認識,更能提供國小教師指導或幫助學齡兒童在言談中使用引語,進而增進兒童言談順暢無誤。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..iv
     Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………..x
     English Abstract……………………………………………………………………..xi
     Chapter
     1. Introduction…………………………….………………………………….1
     1.1 Motivation and Purpose……………………………………………….1
     1.2 Layout of the Thesis……………...……………………………………4
     2. Literature Review………………………………………………………….5
     2.1 Studies of Gambits…………………………………………………….5
     2.1.1 Keller and Taba-Warner (1976-9)……………………………..5
     2.1.2 Keller (1981)…………………………………………………14
     2.1.3 Faerch and Kasper (1984)……………………………………20
     2.1.4 Cai (1996)…………………………………………………….24
     2.2 Studies of Children’s Conversational Development…………………31
     2.2.1 Studies of Children’s Initiations……………………………...31
     2.2.2 Studies of Children’s Turn-taking……………………………34
     2.2.3 Studies of Children’s Repairs………………………………...37
     2.2.4 Studies of Children’s Socio-pragmatic Development………..42
     3. Methodology……………………………………………………………..45
     3.1 Subjects and Data Collection………………………………………...45
     3.2 Data Classification…………………………………………………...47
      3.2 Data Transcription and Analysis……………………………………..65
     4. Results……………………………………………………………………66
     4.1 The Token of Gambits Used by School-age Children………………..66
     4.2 The Function of Gambits Used by School-age Children…….………71
     4.3 Each Gambit Type in Each Subcategory……………………………..85
     5. Discussion………………………………………………………………..95
     6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………102
     6.1 Summary of Results………………………………………………...102
     6.2 Implication and Further Research Issues……………………………104
     Appendix………….………………………………………………………………..106
     Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….107
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0905550101en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gambitsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarin-speaking Childrenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Spoken Discourseen_US
dc.title (題名) Gambits in Mandarin-speaking Children`s Spoken Discoursezh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atkinson, M. 1977. Prerequisites for reference. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bloom, L., Lahey, M., Hood, L., Lifter, K. & Fiess, K. (1980). Complex sentences: acquisition of syntactic connectives and the semantic relations they encode. Journal of Child Language 7: 235-61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carter, A. 1978. From sensori-motor vocalizations to words: a case study of the evolution of attention-directing communication in the second year. In A. Lock (ed.) Action, Gesture and Symbol: the Emergence of Language. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cai, Y. C. 1996. Gambits in Mandarin spoken discourse. Taipei: Master thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, E. V.1978. Awareness of language: Some evidence from what children say and do. In A. Sinclair, R. J. Jarvella and W. J. M. Levelt (eds.) The Child’s Conception of Language. New York: Springer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, E. V. and Andersen, E. S. 1979. Spontaneous repair: Awareness in the process of acquiring language. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 16, Department of Linguistics: Stanford University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Craig, Holly K. and Julie A. Washington. 1986. “Children’s Turn-taking Behaviors: Social-linguistic Interaction.” Journal of Pragmatics 10: 173-97.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dore, J. 1977a. Children’s illocutionary acts. In R. Freedle (ed.) Discourse: Comprehension and Production Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dore, J. 1977b. Oh them sheriff: a pragmatic analysis of children’s responses to questions. In S. Ervin-Tripp and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds) Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duncan, S. and Fish, K. 1977. Face-to-face interaction: research, methods and theory. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunn, J. and Shatz, M. 1989. Becoming a conversationalist despite (or because of ) have an older sibling, Child Development 60: 399-410.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edmondson, W. 1981. Spoken Discourse: a model for analysis. London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elkind, D. 1970. Children and Adolescents: Interpretive Essays on Jean Piaget. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ervin-Tripp, S. 1977. Wait for me, roller-skate. In S. Ervin-Tripp and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds.) Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ----------------. 1979. “Children’s Verbal Turn-taking”. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics. London: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Evans, Mary Ann. 1985. Self-initiated speech repairs: A reflection of communicative monitoring in young children. Developmental Psychology 21: 365-371.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Faerch, C. and Kasper, G. 1984. “Ja und?—og hna’ sa?- a Contrastive Discourse Analysis of Gambits in German and Danish.” In Fisiak-Kacek (ed.) Contrastive Linguistics: Prospects and Problems, 69-105. Berlin: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foster, S. 1979. From Non-verbal to Verbal Communication: A Study of the Development of Topic Initiation Strategies During the First Two-and-a-half Years. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lancaster.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gallagher, T. M. 1977. Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children developing language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 20: 303-318.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gallagher, T. M. 1981. Contingent query sequences within adult-child discourse. Journal of Child Language 8: 51-62.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, H., Kircher, M., Winner, E., and Perkins, D. 1975. Children`s metaphoric productions and preferences. Journal of Child Language 2(1): 125-141.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garvey, C. 1977b The contingent query: a dependent act in conversation. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (eds.) The origins of behavior. Volume V: Interaction, conversation, and the development of language. New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garvey, C. 1984. Children’s talk. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garvey, C. and Hogan, R. 1981. Timing and turn taking in children’s conversations Discourse Processes 4: 27-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garvey, C. and Berninger, G. 1981. Timing and Turn Taking in Children’s Conversations. Discourse Processes 4: 27-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gearhart, M. and Newman, D. 1977. Turn-taking in Conversation: Implications for Developmental Research. Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute for Comparative Human Development 1(3).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Halliday, M. A. K. 1979. The development of texture in child language. In T. Myers (ed.) The Development of Conversation and Discourse. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Iwamura, S. G. 1980. The verbal games of pre-school children. London: Croom Helm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jamison, K. 1981. An analysis of overlapping in children’s speech. Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics 5: 122-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnson, C. 1979. Contingent queries: the first chapter. Paper presented at Language and Social Psychology Conference, Bristol.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keenan, E. O. 1974. Conversational competence in children. Journal of Child Language 1(2): 163-83.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keenan, E. O. and Schieffelin, B. 1976. Topic as a discourse notion: a study of topic in the conversations of children and adults. In C, Li (ed) Subject and topic. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keller, E. 1981. “Gambits: Conversational Strategy Signal.” In Coulmas. F. (ed.). Conversational Routine: Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, 93-113. Hague: Mouton Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keller, E. and Taba-Warner, S. 1976-1979. Gambits, 1-3: conversational tools. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lieberman, A. F. and Garvey, C. 1977. Interpersonal Pauses in Preschoolers’ Verbal Exchanges. Paper presented at Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. New Orleans.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Martlew, M. 1980. Mothers’ control strategies in dyadic mother/child conversations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 9: 327-347.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McTear, M. 1979. Hey! I’ve got something to tell you: the initiation of conversational exchanges by preschool children Journal of Pragmatics 3(3): 321-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McTear, Michael. 1985. Children’s conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mueller, E. 1972. The maintenance of verbal exchanges between young children Child Development 43: 930-8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mueller, E., Bleier, M., Krakow, J., Hagedus, K. and Cournoyer, P. 1977. The development of peer verbal interaction among two-year-old boys. Child Development 48: 284-7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ochs, E. 1979. Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds) Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Owens, R. 1984. Program for the Acquisition of Language with the Severely Impaired (PALS). Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Owens, Robert. 1996. Language Development: An Introduction. Fourth edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rogers, S. 1978. Self-initiated corrections in the speech of infant-school children. Journal of Child Languages 5: 365-371.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sacks, H. 1968. Lecture notes. Department of Sociology, U. C. Irvine MS.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. 1974. “A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-taking for conversation”. Language 50(4): 696-735.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Savic, S. 1980. How twins learn to talk: a study of the speech development of twins from 1 to 3. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schegloff, E. A. 1968. Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist 70: 1075-95.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ----------------. 1973. Recycled turn beginnings: a precise repair mechanism in conversations turn-taking organizations. Mimeo, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Sociology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scollon, R. 1979. A real early stage: an unzippered condensation of a dissertation on child language. In E. Ochs and B. Schieffelin (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shultz, T. 1974. Development of the appreciation of riddles. Child Development 45: 100-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Slobin, D. 1978. A case study of early language awareness. In A. Sinclair, R. J. Javella and W. J. M. Levelt (eds) The child’s conception of language. New York: Springer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Umiker-Sebeok, D. J. 1976. The conversational skills of preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wellman, H. M. and Lempers, J.D. 1977. The naturalistic communicative abilities of two-year-olds. Child Development 48: 1052-7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) White, B. 1975. Critical influences in the origins of competence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2: 243-266.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wootton, A. 1981. Children’s use of address terms. In P. French and M. MacLure (eds) Adults-Child Conversation. London: Croom Helm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zakharova, A. V. 1973. Acquisition of forms of grammatical case by preschool children. In Ferguson, C. A. and Slobin, D. (eds) Studies of Child Language Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.zh_TW