學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 Measuring Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan: a Stochastic Frontier Approach
作者 侯毓湘
Yu-Hsiang Hou
貢獻者 王國樑
Wang, Kuo-Liang
侯毓湘
Yu-Hsiang Hou
關鍵詞 stochastic frontier approach
efficiency
tourist hotel
日期 2003
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 17:22:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 Based on the survey of Taiwan’s international tourist hotels during 1997 to 2001, this study applies stochastic frontier approach incorporating inefficiency effects to estimate cost inefficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Two hypotheses of no inefficiency and no inefficiency effects are rejected by using likelihood-ratio test. These outcomes indicate that the model and assumptions set up in this study are statistically more appropriate. The empirical evidence shows that the average cost inefficiency score during 1997 to 2001 is 1.1468 which suggests that actual cost expenditure is approximately 1.1468 times of minimum cost with fixed outputs. In empirical findings between inefficiency effects and cost inefficiencies, the factors such as diversification of services, competitive circumstances, various types of travelers, belonging to a international hotel chain, and located in the scenic area would improve cost efficiencies of international tourist hotels. However, it would worsen cost efficiencies for international tourist hotels to setting up a branch or branches.
參考文獻 中文部分
Chang, C.-M. (1996), “Experiments and Analyzes the Questions of Economics Scale and Economics Scope of National Sightseeing Hotel in Taiwan Area,” Thesis of Master, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.
Chen, M.-Y. (1998), “The Effect of Area Factory for Non-international Hotel Run Result in by Taichyng City,” Thesis of Master, Tunghai University.
Chen, T.-S. and J.-F. Shih (2000), “The Research of the Forecasting on Domestic Tourist’s Occupancy Rate in the International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan,” 朝陽學報, 6, 429-452.
Cheng, M.-Y. (2000), “The Study on Service Quality and Operation Efficiency for International Tourist Hotels in Taipei,” Thesis of Master, Ming Chuan University.
He, T.-S. (2003), “台灣國際觀光旅館技術效率之探討,” Thesis of Master, National Chengchi University.
Huang, C.-F. (1998), “The Relationship among Ownership Structure, Leadership, Performance in Hospitality Hotel of Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Chinese Culture University.
Lee, C.-J. (2002), “台灣國際觀光旅館規模與多樣化經濟之探討, ” Thesis of Master, National Chengchi University.
Lee, L.-F. (1983), “A Test for Distributional Assumptions for the Stochastic Frontier Functions,” Journal of Econometrics, 22, 245-267.
Liu, W.-C. (2002), “The Impacts of Information Technology on Operation Performance of International Tourist Hotel in Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Chaoyang University Technology.
Pien, Y.-H. (2001), “The Study on Operational Style and Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Chaoyang University Technology.
Ruan, C.-Z. (1994), “國際觀光旅館管理型態與績效之研究:以中、美、日系在臺觀光旅館為例,” Thesis of Master, Chinese Culture University.
Tsai, H.-H. (1998), “The Research on the Relationships among Corporate Culture, Leadership Style and Corporate Performance: an Empirical Study of the International Hotels in Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Feng Chia University.
Tsai, Y.-C. (2000), “國際觀光旅館之高階經營團隊、組織結構、經營策略、關鍵成功因素與績效之關聯-以台灣國際觀光旅館為實證”, Thesis of Master, National Cheng-Kung University.
Wang, T.-Y. (2003), “Measuring the Efficiency and the Change in Productivity of International Tourist Hotels Sector,” Thesis of Master, Nanhua University.
Yan, C.-H. (1997), “台灣地區國際觀光旅館業經營效率評估之研究,” Thesis of Master, Chinese Culture University.
Yang, H.-H. (2002), “企業文化、企業願景、經營策略與經營績效之關係研究-以台灣國際觀光旅館為實證,” Thesis of Master, National Cheng-Kung University.
英文部分
Aigner, D. J., C. A. K. Lovell, and P. Schmidt (1977), “Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model,” Journal of Econometrics, 6, 21-37.
Anderson, R. I., M. Fish, Y. Xia, and F. Michello (1999), “Measuring Efficiency in the Hotel Industry: a Stochastic Frontier Approach,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18, 45-57.
Anderson, R. I., R. Fok, and J. Scott (2000), “Hotel Industry Efficiency: an Advanced Linear Programming Examination,” American Business Review, 18(1), 40-48.
Battese, G. E. and G. S. Corra (1997), “Estimation of a Production Frontier Model: with Application to the Pastoral Zone of Eastern Australia,” Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21, 169-179.
Battese, G. E. and T. J. Coelli (1995), “A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data,” Empirical Economics, 20, 325-332.
Bauer, P.W. (1990), “Recent Developments in Econometric Estimation of Frontiers,” Journal of Econometrics, 46, 39-56.
Baum, T. and R. Mudambi (1995), “An Empirical Analysis of Oligopolistic Hotel Pricing,” Annals of Tourism Research, 22(3), 501-516
Baumol, W. J, J. C. Panzar, and R. D. Willig (1982), Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Blum, S. C. (1997), “Current Concerns: a Thematic Analysis of Recent Hospitality Industry Issues,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(7), 350-.
Brander, B. J. and B. McDonnell (1995), “The Balanced Scorecard: Short-term Guest or Long-term Resident?” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7, 7-11.
Chon, K. S. and A. Singh (1993), “Current Economic Issues Facing the US Lodging Industry,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 5(3), 3-9.
Coelli, T. (1992), “A Computer Program for Frontier Production Function Estimation: FRONTIER, Version 2.0,” Economics Letters, 39, 29-32.
Coelli, T. (1996a), “A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: a Computer Program for Frontier Production Function Estimation,” CEPA Working Paper 96/07, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale.
Coelli T., D. S. Prasada Rao, and G. E. Battese (1998), An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Coelli, T., S. Perelman, and E. Romano (1999), “Accounting for Environmental Influences in Stochastic Frontier Models: With Application to International Airlines,” Journal of Productivity Analysis, 11, 251-273.
Cornwell, C. and P. Schmidt (1996), “Production Frontiers and Efficiency Measurement,” The Econometrics of Panel Data: A Handbook of the Theory with Applications, edited by L. Mátyás and P. Stevestre, Second Revised Edition, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Farrell, M. J. (1957), “The Measurement of Productive Efficiency,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, General, 120, Part 3, 253-281.
Fried, H. O., C. A.K. Lovell, and P. Schmidt (1993), Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, New York: Oxford University Press.
Gamble, P. R. (1991), “An Information Technology Strategy for the Hospitality Industry of the 1990s,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 3(1), 10-16.
Greene, W. H. (1980a), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Econometric Frontier Functions,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 27-56.
Greene, W. H. (1980b), “On the Estimation of a Flexible Frontier Production Model,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 101-115.
Greene, W. H. (1992), LIMDEP Version 6.0: User’s Manual and Reference Guide, New York: Econometric Software Inc..
Griffin, R.K. and M. D. Olsen (1996), “Electronic Database Support Systems for Strategic Planning Activities in the Hospitality Industry,” FIU Hospitality Review, 14(1), 59-78.
Hing, N. (1997), “A Review of Hospitality Research in the Asia Pacific Region 1989-1996: a Thematic Perspective,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(7), 241-.
Johnson, K. and S. Ball (1989), “Productivity Measurement in Hotels,” Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook, New York: Prentice-Hall.
Jondrow, J. C., C. A. K. Lovell, S. I. Materov, and P. Schmidt (1982), “On the Estimation of Technical Inefficiency in the Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model,” Journal of Econometrics, 19, 233-238.
Kalirajan, K. (1981), “An Econometric Analysis of Yield Variability in Paddy Production,” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 29, 283-294.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (1993), “A Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work,” Harvard Business Review, September-October, 134-147.
Kodde, D. A. and F. C. Palm (1986), “Wald Criteria for Jointly Testing Equality and Inequality Restrictions,” Econometirca, 54(4), 1243-1248.
Kumbhakar, S. C. and C. A. K. Lovell (2000), Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Kumbhakar, S. C., S. C. Ghosh, and J. T. McGuckin (1991), “A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U.S. Dairy Farms,” Journal of Business and Economics Statistics, 9, 279-286.
Lee, C., W.-R. Lee, and H.-W. Hsu (2000), “An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Strategic Groups and Performance in Taiwan’s International Tourist Hotel Industry,” Journal of Business Administration, 48, 89-120.
Leibenstein, H. (1966), “Allocative Efficiency vs. X-efficiency,” American Economic Reviews, 56, 329-414.
Litteljohn, D and S. Watson (1990), “Management Development Approaches for the 1990’s,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 2(2), 36-42.
Lovell, C. A. K. (1993), “Production Frontiers and Productive Efficiency,” in The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, edited by H. O. Fried, C. A. K. Lovell, and S. S. Schmidt, New York: Oxford University Press, 271-287.
Meeusen, W. and J. Van der Brock (1977), “Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error,” International Economic Reviews, 18(2), 435-444.
Morey, R. C. and D. A. Dittman (1995), “Evaluating a GM’s Performance: a Case Study in Benchmarking,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 36(5), 30-35.
Murphy, J., E. J. Forrest, C. E. Wotring, and R. Brymer (1996b), “Hotel Management and Marketing on the Internet: an Analysis of Sites and Features,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37(3), 70-82.
Olsen, M. D. (1989), “Issues Facing Multi-unit Hospitality Organizations in a Maturing Market,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1(2), 3-6.
Olsen, M. D., B. Muthy, and R. Teare (1994), “CEO Perspectives on Scanning the Global Hotel Business Environment,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 6(4), 3-9.
Olsen, M. D., J. A., P. Schmidt, and D. Waldman (1980), “A Monte Carlo Study of Estimators of the Stochastic Frontier Production Function,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 67-82.
Pitt, M. M. and M.-F. Lee (1981), “The Measurement and Sources of Technical Inefficiency in the Indonesian Weaving Industry,” Journal of Development Economics, 9, 43-64.
Phillips, P. A. (1999), “Performance Measurement Systems and Hotels: a New Conceptual Framework,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18, 171-182.
Powers, T. (1992), Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Richmond, J. (1974), “Estimating the Efficiency of Production,” International Economic Review, 15, 515-521.
Schmidt, P. (1985-1986), “Frontier Production Functions,” Econometric Reviews, 4(2), 289-328.
Schmidt, P. and R. C. Sickles (1984), “Production Frontier and Panel Data,” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 2(4), 367-374.
Shepherd, R. W. (1953), Cost and Production Functions, New Jersey: Princeton University press.
Smith, R. A. and L. D. Lesure (1996), “Don’t Shoot the Messenger: Forecasting Lodging Performance,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37(1), 80-88.
Stevenson, R. E. (1980), “Likelihood Functions for Generalized Stochastic Frontier Estimation,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 57-66.
Stevenson, R. E. (1982) “X-inefficiency and Interfirm Rivalry: Evidence from the Electric Utility Industry,” Land Economics, 58, 52-66.
Teare, R. (1995), “The International Hospitality Business: a Thematic Perspective,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 7(7), 55-73.
Thomas, R. (1992), “1992 and the Hospitality Industry: a Review of Information Provision,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 4(2), 3-7.
Tong, C. S, P. and H. L. Chan (2003), “Disparity in Production Efficiency of China’s TVEs across Regions: a Stochastic Frontier Production Function Approach,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 20, 113-131.
Tourism Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (2002), Annual Report on Tourism 2002, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Tsaur, S.-H. (2001), “The Operational Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 6, 73-81.
Tse, E. and M. D. Olsen (1990), “Business Strategy and Organizational Structure: a Case of US Restaurant Firms,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2(3), vii-viii.
Webster, M. M. (1994), “Strategic Management in Context at Swallow Hotels,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 6(5), 3-8.
Yeh, E. Y.-I. and T.-Y. Wang (2001), “A Correlational Study of Relationship Quality and Customers’ Repurchase Intentions for International Hotels in Kaohsiung,” Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 14(4), 77-101.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟研究所
90258013
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902580132
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王國樑zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Kuo-Liangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 侯毓湘zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yu-Hsiang Houen_US
dc.creator (作者) 侯毓湘zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yu-Hsiang Houen_US
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 17:22:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 17:22:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 17:22:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0902580132en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36166-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 經濟研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90258013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Based on the survey of Taiwan’s international tourist hotels during 1997 to 2001, this study applies stochastic frontier approach incorporating inefficiency effects to estimate cost inefficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Two hypotheses of no inefficiency and no inefficiency effects are rejected by using likelihood-ratio test. These outcomes indicate that the model and assumptions set up in this study are statistically more appropriate. The empirical evidence shows that the average cost inefficiency score during 1997 to 2001 is 1.1468 which suggests that actual cost expenditure is approximately 1.1468 times of minimum cost with fixed outputs. In empirical findings between inefficiency effects and cost inefficiencies, the factors such as diversification of services, competitive circumstances, various types of travelers, belonging to a international hotel chain, and located in the scenic area would improve cost efficiencies of international tourist hotels. However, it would worsen cost efficiencies for international tourist hotels to setting up a branch or branches.zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents CONTENTS ………………………………………………………i
     LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ……………………………ii
     ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………iii
     CHAPTER
     1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………1
     1.1 Motivation and Purpose ……………………………1
     1.2 Method …………………………………………………2
     1.3 Framework ……………………………………………3
     
     2. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TOURIST HOTELS IN TAIWAN ………4
     
     3. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE …………………………………………10
     3.1 Relative Researches in the Hotel Industry…………………………10
     3.2 Efficiency Estimation Methods in the Hotel Industry ……………………12
     3.2.1 Data envelopment analysis ……………………………………13
     3.2.2 Stochastic frontier analysis ………………………………………14
     
     4. METHODOLOGY AND DATA ……………………………………………17
     4.1 Stochastic Frontier Approach ………………………………17
     4.2 Data ………………………………………………………………21
     
     5. ESTIMATION AND RESULTS ………………………………………22
     5.1 Model Specification and Variables ………………………22
     5.2 Tests of Hypotheses……………………………………….…25
     5.3 Inefficiency Effects and Estimated Cost Inefficiencies …………28
     
     6. CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………32
     
     APPENDIX I …………………………………………………………34
     APPENDIX II ………………………………………………………35
     REFERENCE …………………………………………………………37
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902580132en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stochastic frontier approachen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) efficiencyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) tourist hotelen_US
dc.title (題名) Measuring Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan: a Stochastic Frontier Approachzh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, C.-M. (1996), “Experiments and Analyzes the Questions of Economics Scale and Economics Scope of National Sightseeing Hotel in Taiwan Area,” Thesis of Master, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, M.-Y. (1998), “The Effect of Area Factory for Non-international Hotel Run Result in by Taichyng City,” Thesis of Master, Tunghai University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, T.-S. and J.-F. Shih (2000), “The Research of the Forecasting on Domestic Tourist’s Occupancy Rate in the International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan,” 朝陽學報, 6, 429-452.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, M.-Y. (2000), “The Study on Service Quality and Operation Efficiency for International Tourist Hotels in Taipei,” Thesis of Master, Ming Chuan University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) He, T.-S. (2003), “台灣國際觀光旅館技術效率之探討,” Thesis of Master, National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-F. (1998), “The Relationship among Ownership Structure, Leadership, Performance in Hospitality Hotel of Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Chinese Culture University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, C.-J. (2002), “台灣國際觀光旅館規模與多樣化經濟之探討, ” Thesis of Master, National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, L.-F. (1983), “A Test for Distributional Assumptions for the Stochastic Frontier Functions,” Journal of Econometrics, 22, 245-267.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, W.-C. (2002), “The Impacts of Information Technology on Operation Performance of International Tourist Hotel in Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Chaoyang University Technology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pien, Y.-H. (2001), “The Study on Operational Style and Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Chaoyang University Technology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ruan, C.-Z. (1994), “國際觀光旅館管理型態與績效之研究:以中、美、日系在臺觀光旅館為例,” Thesis of Master, Chinese Culture University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsai, H.-H. (1998), “The Research on the Relationships among Corporate Culture, Leadership Style and Corporate Performance: an Empirical Study of the International Hotels in Taiwan,” Thesis of Master, Feng Chia University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsai, Y.-C. (2000), “國際觀光旅館之高階經營團隊、組織結構、經營策略、關鍵成功因素與績效之關聯-以台灣國際觀光旅館為實證”, Thesis of Master, National Cheng-Kung University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, T.-Y. (2003), “Measuring the Efficiency and the Change in Productivity of International Tourist Hotels Sector,” Thesis of Master, Nanhua University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yan, C.-H. (1997), “台灣地區國際觀光旅館業經營效率評估之研究,” Thesis of Master, Chinese Culture University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, H.-H. (2002), “企業文化、企業願景、經營策略與經營績效之關係研究-以台灣國際觀光旅館為實證,” Thesis of Master, National Cheng-Kung University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 英文部分zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aigner, D. J., C. A. K. Lovell, and P. Schmidt (1977), “Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model,” Journal of Econometrics, 6, 21-37.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, R. I., M. Fish, Y. Xia, and F. Michello (1999), “Measuring Efficiency in the Hotel Industry: a Stochastic Frontier Approach,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18, 45-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, R. I., R. Fok, and J. Scott (2000), “Hotel Industry Efficiency: an Advanced Linear Programming Examination,” American Business Review, 18(1), 40-48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Battese, G. E. and G. S. Corra (1997), “Estimation of a Production Frontier Model: with Application to the Pastoral Zone of Eastern Australia,” Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21, 169-179.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Battese, G. E. and T. J. Coelli (1995), “A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data,” Empirical Economics, 20, 325-332.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauer, P.W. (1990), “Recent Developments in Econometric Estimation of Frontiers,” Journal of Econometrics, 46, 39-56.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baum, T. and R. Mudambi (1995), “An Empirical Analysis of Oligopolistic Hotel Pricing,” Annals of Tourism Research, 22(3), 501-516zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baumol, W. J, J. C. Panzar, and R. D. Willig (1982), Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blum, S. C. (1997), “Current Concerns: a Thematic Analysis of Recent Hospitality Industry Issues,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(7), 350-.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brander, B. J. and B. McDonnell (1995), “The Balanced Scorecard: Short-term Guest or Long-term Resident?” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7, 7-11.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chon, K. S. and A. Singh (1993), “Current Economic Issues Facing the US Lodging Industry,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 5(3), 3-9.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coelli, T. (1992), “A Computer Program for Frontier Production Function Estimation: FRONTIER, Version 2.0,” Economics Letters, 39, 29-32.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coelli, T. (1996a), “A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: a Computer Program for Frontier Production Function Estimation,” CEPA Working Paper 96/07, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coelli T., D. S. Prasada Rao, and G. E. Battese (1998), An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coelli, T., S. Perelman, and E. Romano (1999), “Accounting for Environmental Influences in Stochastic Frontier Models: With Application to International Airlines,” Journal of Productivity Analysis, 11, 251-273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cornwell, C. and P. Schmidt (1996), “Production Frontiers and Efficiency Measurement,” The Econometrics of Panel Data: A Handbook of the Theory with Applications, edited by L. Mátyás and P. Stevestre, Second Revised Edition, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Farrell, M. J. (1957), “The Measurement of Productive Efficiency,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, General, 120, Part 3, 253-281.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fried, H. O., C. A.K. Lovell, and P. Schmidt (1993), Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gamble, P. R. (1991), “An Information Technology Strategy for the Hospitality Industry of the 1990s,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 3(1), 10-16.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, W. H. (1980a), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Econometric Frontier Functions,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 27-56.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, W. H. (1980b), “On the Estimation of a Flexible Frontier Production Model,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 101-115.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greene, W. H. (1992), LIMDEP Version 6.0: User’s Manual and Reference Guide, New York: Econometric Software Inc..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griffin, R.K. and M. D. Olsen (1996), “Electronic Database Support Systems for Strategic Planning Activities in the Hospitality Industry,” FIU Hospitality Review, 14(1), 59-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hing, N. (1997), “A Review of Hospitality Research in the Asia Pacific Region 1989-1996: a Thematic Perspective,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(7), 241-.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johnson, K. and S. Ball (1989), “Productivity Measurement in Hotels,” Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook, New York: Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jondrow, J. C., C. A. K. Lovell, S. I. Materov, and P. Schmidt (1982), “On the Estimation of Technical Inefficiency in the Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model,” Journal of Econometrics, 19, 233-238.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalirajan, K. (1981), “An Econometric Analysis of Yield Variability in Paddy Production,” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 29, 283-294.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (1993), “A Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work,” Harvard Business Review, September-October, 134-147.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kodde, D. A. and F. C. Palm (1986), “Wald Criteria for Jointly Testing Equality and Inequality Restrictions,” Econometirca, 54(4), 1243-1248.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kumbhakar, S. C. and C. A. K. Lovell (2000), Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kumbhakar, S. C., S. C. Ghosh, and J. T. McGuckin (1991), “A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U.S. Dairy Farms,” Journal of Business and Economics Statistics, 9, 279-286.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, C., W.-R. Lee, and H.-W. Hsu (2000), “An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Strategic Groups and Performance in Taiwan’s International Tourist Hotel Industry,” Journal of Business Administration, 48, 89-120.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leibenstein, H. (1966), “Allocative Efficiency vs. X-efficiency,” American Economic Reviews, 56, 329-414.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Litteljohn, D and S. Watson (1990), “Management Development Approaches for the 1990’s,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 2(2), 36-42.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lovell, C. A. K. (1993), “Production Frontiers and Productive Efficiency,” in The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, edited by H. O. Fried, C. A. K. Lovell, and S. S. Schmidt, New York: Oxford University Press, 271-287.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meeusen, W. and J. Van der Brock (1977), “Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error,” International Economic Reviews, 18(2), 435-444.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morey, R. C. and D. A. Dittman (1995), “Evaluating a GM’s Performance: a Case Study in Benchmarking,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 36(5), 30-35.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murphy, J., E. J. Forrest, C. E. Wotring, and R. Brymer (1996b), “Hotel Management and Marketing on the Internet: an Analysis of Sites and Features,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37(3), 70-82.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olsen, M. D. (1989), “Issues Facing Multi-unit Hospitality Organizations in a Maturing Market,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1(2), 3-6.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olsen, M. D., B. Muthy, and R. Teare (1994), “CEO Perspectives on Scanning the Global Hotel Business Environment,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 6(4), 3-9.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olsen, M. D., J. A., P. Schmidt, and D. Waldman (1980), “A Monte Carlo Study of Estimators of the Stochastic Frontier Production Function,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 67-82.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pitt, M. M. and M.-F. Lee (1981), “The Measurement and Sources of Technical Inefficiency in the Indonesian Weaving Industry,” Journal of Development Economics, 9, 43-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Phillips, P. A. (1999), “Performance Measurement Systems and Hotels: a New Conceptual Framework,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18, 171-182.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Powers, T. (1992), Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richmond, J. (1974), “Estimating the Efficiency of Production,” International Economic Review, 15, 515-521.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schmidt, P. (1985-1986), “Frontier Production Functions,” Econometric Reviews, 4(2), 289-328.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schmidt, P. and R. C. Sickles (1984), “Production Frontier and Panel Data,” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 2(4), 367-374.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shepherd, R. W. (1953), Cost and Production Functions, New Jersey: Princeton University press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, R. A. and L. D. Lesure (1996), “Don’t Shoot the Messenger: Forecasting Lodging Performance,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37(1), 80-88.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stevenson, R. E. (1980), “Likelihood Functions for Generalized Stochastic Frontier Estimation,” Journal of Econometrics, 13, 57-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stevenson, R. E. (1982) “X-inefficiency and Interfirm Rivalry: Evidence from the Electric Utility Industry,” Land Economics, 58, 52-66.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teare, R. (1995), “The International Hospitality Business: a Thematic Perspective,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 7(7), 55-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thomas, R. (1992), “1992 and the Hospitality Industry: a Review of Information Provision,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 4(2), 3-7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tong, C. S, P. and H. L. Chan (2003), “Disparity in Production Efficiency of China’s TVEs across Regions: a Stochastic Frontier Production Function Approach,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 20, 113-131.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tourism Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (2002), Annual Report on Tourism 2002, Taiwan, Republic of China.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsaur, S.-H. (2001), “The Operational Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 6, 73-81.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tse, E. and M. D. Olsen (1990), “Business Strategy and Organizational Structure: a Case of US Restaurant Firms,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2(3), vii-viii.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Webster, M. M. (1994), “Strategic Management in Context at Swallow Hotels,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 6(5), 3-8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yeh, E. Y.-I. and T.-Y. Wang (2001), “A Correlational Study of Relationship Quality and Customers’ Repurchase Intentions for International Hotels in Kaohsiung,” Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 14(4), 77-101.zh_TW