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題名 Telecom`s Services Innovation in CHT and Indosat
其他題名 電信公司的服務創新 : 以中華電信和 Indosat 為例
作者 陳柔延
Chandra Tjin, Eriny
貢獻者 溫肇東
Wen , Zhao-Dong
陳柔延
Chandra Tjin, Eriny
關鍵詞 service innovation
telecommunications service
innovation process
日期 2004
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 19:05:40 (UTC+8)
摘要 Abstract
     
     
      The impact of technology has been rapidly changing the economy and environment in these past two decades. Both manufacturing and service companies which intend to maintain the viability of their organizations have to adapt in such an environment.
     For a long time, services have been perceived as being technologically backward and to take little initiative with respect to innovate. In general services were presumed to be laggards in adopting new technology, and to be largely passive adopter of major innovations; however, it was recognized that there are some exceptionally dynamic services – such as telecommunications.
     Service sector firms play important roles in innovation, not the least in the creative use and diffusion of technologies; but also serve as important sources and agents for the transfer of technological and organizational knowledge to all sectors.
     
      In innovation, knowledge plays a big role in gaining competitive advantage. There is a more fundamental need to understand how organizations create new knowledge in order to produce new products or services. Hence, the need – organizational knowledge – is growing in this turbulent economy of accelerated technological change.
     To create knowledge in an organization usually lies in an individual’s knowledge. This is called as tacit knowledge and is a significant point to innovate. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) had pointed out that an individual knowledge gets articulated and amplified into and throughout the organization. Moreover, there is a one way to bring about continuous innovation is to look outside and into the future, anticipating changes in the market, technology, competition, or product.
     
      The service sectors have been innovating gradually in Indonesia and Taiwan, particular in telecommunications after liberalized. In 2002, the Indonesia’s economy grew 3.66 percent from the previous year which the highest growth occurring in the transportation and communication sectors by 7.83 percent. In addition, the telecoms sector in Taiwan will contribute 63.1 billion new Taiwan dollars (1.9 billion US dollars) to Taiwan’s GDP annually over the next five years when the telecommunication market is fully liberalized.
     
      In this study will discuss about the innovation of cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia and Taiwan. By analyzing the service innovation process in MMS and Video Streaming from Indosat and Chunghwa, to figure out:
     1. Where the new innovation concept comes from;
     2. How they define theirs customer interface; and
     3. How they develop theirs employees’ skills to deliver service.
     We also examine the linking between the company background and innovation. This could be their establishment time, objectives, macro economy point of view, and so on. It might be crucial points to encourage them to innovate.
     
     
     Key Words: service innovation, telecommunications service, innovation process
The impact of technology has been rapidly changing the economy and environment in these past two decades. Both manufacturing and service companies which intend to maintain the viability of their organizations have to adapt in such an environment.
     For a long time, services have been perceived as being technologically backward and to take little initiative with respect to innovate. In general services were presumed to be laggards in adopting new technology, and to be largely passive adopter of major innovations; however, it was recognized that there are some exceptionally dynamic services – such as telecommunications.
     Service sector firms play important roles in innovation, not the least in the creative use and diffusion of technologies; but also serve as important sources and agents for the transfer of technological and organizational knowledge to all sectors.
     
      In innovation, knowledge plays a big role in gaining competitive advantage. There is a more fundamental need to understand how organizations create new knowledge in order to produce new products or services. Hence, the need – organizational knowledge – is growing in this turbulent economy of accelerated technological change.
     To create knowledge in an organization usually lies in an individual’s knowledge. This is called as tacit knowledge and is a significant point to innovate. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) had pointed out that an individual knowledge gets articulated and amplified into and throughout the organization. Moreover, there is a one way to bring about continuous innovation is to look outside and into the future, anticipating changes in the market, technology, competition, or product.
     
      The service sectors have been innovating gradually in Indonesia and Taiwan, particular in telecommunications after liberalized. In 2002, the Indonesia’s economy grew 3.66 percent from the previous year which the highest growth occurring in the transportation and communication sectors by 7.83 percent. In addition, the telecoms sector in Taiwan will contribute 63.1 billion new Taiwan dollars (1.9 billion US dollars) to Taiwan’s GDP annually over the next five years when the telecommunication market is fully liberalized.
     
      In this study will discuss about the innovation of cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia and Taiwan. By analyzing the service innovation process in MMS and Video Streaming from Indosat and Chunghwa, to figure out:
     1. Where the new innovation concept comes from;
     2. How they define theirs customer interface; and
     3. How they develop theirs employees’ skills to deliver service.
     We also examine the linking between the company background and innovation. This could be their establishment time, objectives, macro economy point of view, and so on. It might be crucial points to encourage them to innovate.
     
     
     Key Words: service innovation, telecommunications service, innovation process
參考文獻 Books, journals, and thesis
1. Britan, G., Pedrosa, L., (1998), “A Structured Product Development Perspective for Service Operations,” European Management Journal. 16(2), 169-189
2. Boden, M. and Miles, I., (2000), Services and the Knowledge-based Economy, London; New York: Continuum
3. Bowers, M.R., (1989), “Developing New Services: Improving the Process Makes It Better,” The Journal of Services Marketing. 3(1) Winter, 15-20
4. de Brentani, U., (1990), “Success Factor in Developing New Business Services,” European Journal of Marketing. 25(2), 33-59
5. Daal, B.V., Hass, M., & Weggeman, M., (1998), “De the Knowledge Matrix: A Participatory Method for Individual Knowledge Gap Determination,” Knowledge and Process Management. 5(4), 255-263
6. Davenport, T.H., Long, D.W., & Beers, M.C. (1998a), “Successful Knowledge Management Projects,” Sloan Management Review. 39(2), 43-57
7. Davenport, T.H. and L. Prusak, (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston: Harvard Business School Press
8. Demarest, M., (1997), “Understanding Knowledge Management,” Journal of Long Range Planning. 30(3), 374-384
9. Easingwood, C.J., (1986), “New Product Development for Service Companies,” Journal of Product Innovation Management. 4(2), 264-275
10. Green, L., Howells, J. and Miles, I., (2001), Services and Innovation: Dynamics of Service Innovation in the European Union, PREST and CRIC
11. Holzner, B., & Marx, J., (1979), The Knowledge Application: The knowledge System in Society, Boston: Allyn and Bacon
12. Jie, Y., (2001), “The Impact of Knowledge Management on the Performance of New Product Development,” Doctoral Dissertation in HongKong University
13. Kandampully, J., (2002), “Innovation as the Core Competency of a Service Organization: The Role of Technology, Knowledge and Networks,” European Journal of Innovation Management. 5(1), 18-26
14. Licht, G., Ebling, G., Janz, N. and Niggemann, H., (1999), Innovation in the Service Sector – Selected Facts and Some Policy Conclusions, ZEW, Center for European Economic Research
15. Liebowitz, J. (1999), “Key Ingredients to the Success of an Organization’s Knowledge Management Strategy,” Knowledge and Process Management. 6(1), 37-40
16. Liebowitz, J., (2000), Building Organizational Intelligence: A Knowledge Management Primer, London: CRC Press
17. Lievens, A. and R.K. Moenaert, (2000), “Project Team Communication in Financial Service Innovation,” Journal of Management Studies, 37(5), 733-766
18. Lovelock, C.H., Wirtz, J., and Hean, T.K., (2001), Services Marketing in Asia: Managing People, Technology and Strategy, Prentice-Hall, Singapore
19. Nanoka, I. and H. Takeuchi, (1995), The Knowledge Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York
20. Nanoka, I., Toyama, R., and Konno, N., (2000), “SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation,” Long Range Planning. 33, 5-34
21. O"Dell, C. and C.J. Grayson, (1998), If Only We Knew What We Know, New York: The Free Press
22. Pentland, B.T., (1995), “Information Systems and Organizational Learning: The Social Epistemology of Organizational Knowledge Systems,” Accounting Management and Information Technologies. 5(1), 1-21
23. Quinn, J.B., P. Anderson, and S. Finkelstein, (1996), “Managing Professional Intellect” Making the Most of the Best,” Harvard Business Review. 74(1), 71-80
24. Shin, M., Holden, T., and Schmidt, R.A., (2001), “From Knowledge Theory to Management Practice: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Information Processing and Management. 37, 335-355
25. Storey, C. and D. Kelly, (2000), “New Service Development: Initiation Strategies,” International Journal of Service Industry. 11(1), 45-62
26. Sundho, J., (1997), “Management of Innovation in Services,” The Service Industries Journal. 17(3), 432
27. Tether, B., Miles, I., Blind, K., Hipp, C., de Liso, N., and Cainelli, G., (2002), “ Innovation in The Service sector,” CRIC Working Paper No. 11
28. Van Ark, B., Broersma, L., and den Hertog, P., (2003), Services Innovation, Performance and Policy: A Review, DIALOGIC
29. Zack, M.H., (1999), Managing Codified Knowledge, Sloan Management Review. Summer, 45-57
Websites
1. “Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII)”. Internet: www.apjii.or.id
2. “Canada’s Business and Consumer”. Internet: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca
3. “Central bank of Republic of Indonesia”. Internet: www.bi.go.id
4. “Chunghwa Telecom”. Internet: www.cht.com.tw
5. “Focus on Internet News & Data (FIND)”. Internet: www.find.org.tw
6. “Indosat”. Internet: www.indosat.com
7. “Institute for Information Industry (III)”. Internet: www.iii.org.tw
8. “International Telecommunication Union (ITU)”. Internet: www.itu.int
9. “Knowledge Praxis”. Internet: www.media-access.com
10. “People’s Daily Online”. Internet: http://peopledaily.com.cn
11. “The Directorate General of Telecommunications”. Internet: www.dgt.gov.tw
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
科技管理研究所
90359037
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903590371
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 溫肇東zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wen , Zhao-Dongen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳柔延zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chandra Tjin, Erinyen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳柔延zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chandra Tjin, Erinyen_US
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 19:05:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 19:05:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 19:05:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0903590371en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36649-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 科技管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90359037zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
     
     
      The impact of technology has been rapidly changing the economy and environment in these past two decades. Both manufacturing and service companies which intend to maintain the viability of their organizations have to adapt in such an environment.
     For a long time, services have been perceived as being technologically backward and to take little initiative with respect to innovate. In general services were presumed to be laggards in adopting new technology, and to be largely passive adopter of major innovations; however, it was recognized that there are some exceptionally dynamic services – such as telecommunications.
     Service sector firms play important roles in innovation, not the least in the creative use and diffusion of technologies; but also serve as important sources and agents for the transfer of technological and organizational knowledge to all sectors.
     
      In innovation, knowledge plays a big role in gaining competitive advantage. There is a more fundamental need to understand how organizations create new knowledge in order to produce new products or services. Hence, the need – organizational knowledge – is growing in this turbulent economy of accelerated technological change.
     To create knowledge in an organization usually lies in an individual’s knowledge. This is called as tacit knowledge and is a significant point to innovate. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) had pointed out that an individual knowledge gets articulated and amplified into and throughout the organization. Moreover, there is a one way to bring about continuous innovation is to look outside and into the future, anticipating changes in the market, technology, competition, or product.
     
      The service sectors have been innovating gradually in Indonesia and Taiwan, particular in telecommunications after liberalized. In 2002, the Indonesia’s economy grew 3.66 percent from the previous year which the highest growth occurring in the transportation and communication sectors by 7.83 percent. In addition, the telecoms sector in Taiwan will contribute 63.1 billion new Taiwan dollars (1.9 billion US dollars) to Taiwan’s GDP annually over the next five years when the telecommunication market is fully liberalized.
     
      In this study will discuss about the innovation of cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia and Taiwan. By analyzing the service innovation process in MMS and Video Streaming from Indosat and Chunghwa, to figure out:
     1. Where the new innovation concept comes from;
     2. How they define theirs customer interface; and
     3. How they develop theirs employees’ skills to deliver service.
     We also examine the linking between the company background and innovation. This could be their establishment time, objectives, macro economy point of view, and so on. It might be crucial points to encourage them to innovate.
     
     
     Key Words: service innovation, telecommunications service, innovation process		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The impact of technology has been rapidly changing the economy and environment in these past two decades. Both manufacturing and service companies which intend to maintain the viability of their organizations have to adapt in such an environment.
     For a long time, services have been perceived as being technologically backward and to take little initiative with respect to innovate. In general services were presumed to be laggards in adopting new technology, and to be largely passive adopter of major innovations; however, it was recognized that there are some exceptionally dynamic services – such as telecommunications.
     Service sector firms play important roles in innovation, not the least in the creative use and diffusion of technologies; but also serve as important sources and agents for the transfer of technological and organizational knowledge to all sectors.
     
      In innovation, knowledge plays a big role in gaining competitive advantage. There is a more fundamental need to understand how organizations create new knowledge in order to produce new products or services. Hence, the need – organizational knowledge – is growing in this turbulent economy of accelerated technological change.
     To create knowledge in an organization usually lies in an individual’s knowledge. This is called as tacit knowledge and is a significant point to innovate. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) had pointed out that an individual knowledge gets articulated and amplified into and throughout the organization. Moreover, there is a one way to bring about continuous innovation is to look outside and into the future, anticipating changes in the market, technology, competition, or product.
     
      The service sectors have been innovating gradually in Indonesia and Taiwan, particular in telecommunications after liberalized. In 2002, the Indonesia’s economy grew 3.66 percent from the previous year which the highest growth occurring in the transportation and communication sectors by 7.83 percent. In addition, the telecoms sector in Taiwan will contribute 63.1 billion new Taiwan dollars (1.9 billion US dollars) to Taiwan’s GDP annually over the next five years when the telecommunication market is fully liberalized.
     
      In this study will discuss about the innovation of cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia and Taiwan. By analyzing the service innovation process in MMS and Video Streaming from Indosat and Chunghwa, to figure out:
     1. Where the new innovation concept comes from;
     2. How they define theirs customer interface; and
     3. How they develop theirs employees’ skills to deliver service.
     We also examine the linking between the company background and innovation. This could be their establishment time, objectives, macro economy point of view, and so on. It might be crucial points to encourage them to innovate.
     
     
     Key Words: service innovation, telecommunications service, innovation process		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 1
     1.1 Research Motivation . . . . . . . . . 1
     1.2 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . 3
     1.3 Research Flow . . . . . . . . . . 3
     
     Chapter 2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . 4
     2.1 Service Innovation . . . . . . . . . . 4
     2.1.1 Definition of service innovation . . . . . . 4
     2.1.2 New service development process . . . . . 5
     2.1.3 Service characteristics . . . . . . . 8
     2.1.4 Sources of information for innovation . . . . . 10
     2.2 Knowledge Management . . . . . . . . 13
     2.2.1 Definition and types of knowledge . . . . . 13
     2.2.2 What is knowledge management? . . . . . 14
     2.2.3 Components of knowledge management . . . . 15
     2.2.4 Process and value chain of knowledge management . 16
     2.3 Analytic framework for services innovation . . . . . 22
     
     Chapter 3 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . 27
      3.1 Research Framework . . . . . . . . . 27
      3.2 Research Variables . . . . . . . . . . 29
      3.3 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . 30
      3.3.1 Research Method . . . . . . . . . 30
      3.3.2 Research Object . . . . . . . . . 30
      3.4 Interviewed List . . . . . . . . . . 30
      3.5 Research Limitations . . . . . . . . . 31
     
     Chapter 4 Case Studies of New Services in Telecommunications . . 32
     4.1 Telecommunications in Indonesia and Taiwan . . . . 32
     4.2 Company Introduction . . . . . . . . . 41
     4.2.1 PT Indosat Tbk . . . . . . . . . 41
     4.2.2 Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd . . . . . . 45
     4.3 Case Study – MMS and Video Streaming Services . . . 48
     4.3.1 MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) . . . . 48
     4.3.2 Video Streaming . . . . . . . . . 50
     4.4 The service innovation process in MMS and Video Streaming
      by Indosat . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     4.5 The service innovation process MMS and Video Streaming
      by Chunghwa . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     
     Chapter 5 Research Findings and Discussion . . . . . 64
     5.1 The development of cellular telecommunication services. . . 64
     5.2 Where does the new innovation concept come from . . . 67
      How do they develop theirs employees’ skills? , and . . . 67
      How do they define new customer interface . . . . 67
     5.3 Linking the firms’ background and service innovation . . . 70
     5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 72
     
     Chapter 6 Conclusions and Suggestions . . . . . . 73
     6.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . 73
     6.2 Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . 74
     
     References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
     
     Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903590371en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) service innovationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) telecommunications serviceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) innovation processen_US
dc.title (題名) Telecom`s Services Innovation in CHT and Indosatzh_TW
dc.title.alternative (其他題名) 電信公司的服務創新 : 以中華電信和 Indosat 為例-
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Books, journals, and thesiszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Britan, G., Pedrosa, L., (1998), “A Structured Product Development Perspective for Service Operations,” European Management Journal. 16(2), 169-189zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Boden, M. and Miles, I., (2000), Services and the Knowledge-based Economy, London; New York: Continuumzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Bowers, M.R., (1989), “Developing New Services: Improving the Process Makes It Better,” The Journal of Services Marketing. 3(1) Winter, 15-20zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. de Brentani, U., (1990), “Success Factor in Developing New Business Services,” European Journal of Marketing. 25(2), 33-59zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Daal, B.V., Hass, M., & Weggeman, M., (1998), “De the Knowledge Matrix: A Participatory Method for Individual Knowledge Gap Determination,” Knowledge and Process Management. 5(4), 255-263zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. Davenport, T.H., Long, D.W., & Beers, M.C. (1998a), “Successful Knowledge Management Projects,” Sloan Management Review. 39(2), 43-57zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Davenport, T.H. and L. Prusak, (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston: Harvard Business School Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Demarest, M., (1997), “Understanding Knowledge Management,” Journal of Long Range Planning. 30(3), 374-384zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. Easingwood, C.J., (1986), “New Product Development for Service Companies,” Journal of Product Innovation Management. 4(2), 264-275zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. Green, L., Howells, J. and Miles, I., (2001), Services and Innovation: Dynamics of Service Innovation in the European Union, PREST and CRICzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. Holzner, B., & Marx, J., (1979), The Knowledge Application: The knowledge System in Society, Boston: Allyn and Baconzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. Jie, Y., (2001), “The Impact of Knowledge Management on the Performance of New Product Development,” Doctoral Dissertation in HongKong Universityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Kandampully, J., (2002), “Innovation as the Core Competency of a Service Organization: The Role of Technology, Knowledge and Networks,” European Journal of Innovation Management. 5(1), 18-26zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. Licht, G., Ebling, G., Janz, N. and Niggemann, H., (1999), Innovation in the Service Sector – Selected Facts and Some Policy Conclusions, ZEW, Center for European Economic Researchzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Liebowitz, J. (1999), “Key Ingredients to the Success of an Organization’s Knowledge Management Strategy,” Knowledge and Process Management. 6(1), 37-40zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. Liebowitz, J., (2000), Building Organizational Intelligence: A Knowledge Management Primer, London: CRC Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17. Lievens, A. and R.K. Moenaert, (2000), “Project Team Communication in Financial Service Innovation,” Journal of Management Studies, 37(5), 733-766zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18. Lovelock, C.H., Wirtz, J., and Hean, T.K., (2001), Services Marketing in Asia: Managing People, Technology and Strategy, Prentice-Hall, Singaporezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19. Nanoka, I. and H. Takeuchi, (1995), The Knowledge Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New Yorkzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20. Nanoka, I., Toyama, R., and Konno, N., (2000), “SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation,” Long Range Planning. 33, 5-34zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21. O"Dell, C. and C.J. Grayson, (1998), If Only We Knew What We Know, New York: The Free Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22. Pentland, B.T., (1995), “Information Systems and Organizational Learning: The Social Epistemology of Organizational Knowledge Systems,” Accounting Management and Information Technologies. 5(1), 1-21zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23. Quinn, J.B., P. Anderson, and S. Finkelstein, (1996), “Managing Professional Intellect” Making the Most of the Best,” Harvard Business Review. 74(1), 71-80zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. Shin, M., Holden, T., and Schmidt, R.A., (2001), “From Knowledge Theory to Management Practice: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Information Processing and Management. 37, 335-355zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. Storey, C. and D. Kelly, (2000), “New Service Development: Initiation Strategies,” International Journal of Service Industry. 11(1), 45-62zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26. Sundho, J., (1997), “Management of Innovation in Services,” The Service Industries Journal. 17(3), 432zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 27. Tether, B., Miles, I., Blind, K., Hipp, C., de Liso, N., and Cainelli, G., (2002), “ Innovation in The Service sector,” CRIC Working Paper No. 11zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 28. Van Ark, B., Broersma, L., and den Hertog, P., (2003), Services Innovation, Performance and Policy: A Review, DIALOGICzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 29. Zack, M.H., (1999), Managing Codified Knowledge, Sloan Management Review. Summer, 45-57zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Websiteszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. “Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII)”. Internet: www.apjii.or.idzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. “Canada’s Business and Consumer”. Internet: http://strategis.ic.gc.cazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. “Central bank of Republic of Indonesia”. Internet: www.bi.go.idzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. “Chunghwa Telecom”. Internet: www.cht.com.twzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. “Focus on Internet News & Data (FIND)”. Internet: www.find.org.twzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. “Indosat”. Internet: www.indosat.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. “Institute for Information Industry (III)”. Internet: www.iii.org.twzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. “International Telecommunication Union (ITU)”. Internet: www.itu.intzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. “Knowledge Praxis”. Internet: www.media-access.comzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. “People’s Daily Online”. Internet: http://peopledaily.com.cnzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. “The Directorate General of Telecommunications”. Internet: www.dgt.gov.twzh_TW