學術產出-Theses

題名 中國上市公司有效稅率之實證研究
作者 林怡伶
貢獻者 陳明進
林怡伶
關鍵詞 有效稅率
企業所得稅
資產減值準備
股權結構
Effective Tax Rate
Corporate Income Tax
Provisions for Asset Impairments
Ownership Structure
日期 2006
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 20:03:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究以1999年至2005年中國上市公司財務資料,探討影響中國上市公司有效稅率之決定因素。本文的實證結果發現中國全體上市公司樣本的平均有效稅率僅達14.14%,遠低於中國稅法規定33%的名目稅率,顯示上市公司普遍享有區域及行業優渥的租稅優惠,實際所得稅負並不高。其中以海南市、上海市的有效稅率最低,而西部偏遠地區的有效稅率為最高,顯示區域間租稅負擔不均之現象。採掘業公司平均有效稅率高達25%,農林牧漁業及信息技術業的平均有效稅率在10%以下,也反映產業間的稅負分配受到政府產業發展的租稅獎勵政策之影響。此外,近年中國會計制度積極與國際會計準則趨同,企業依財會準則所計提之資產減損準備在稅務上不能列報扣除,使公司須繳納較高之有效稅率。

本研究也發現中國上市公司的股權結構與其有效稅率間具有顯著的相關性,國家持股比率較高者,租稅規劃意願低,有效稅率較高;而外資持股比率較高者及有發行B股或H股的公司,享有較多的租稅優惠及有較積極的租稅規劃傾向,有效稅率則較低。最後,本文也發現一些重要的中國企業特性、財稅差異項目與公司有效稅率關聯性之實證證據,中國上市公司的企業規模與有效稅率間,呈現正向關係,符合政治成本假說。獲利愈高的公司,其有效稅率也亦高。公司資本資產密度與財務槓桿的稅盾效果並不顯著,研究支出之投入與有效稅率呈負相關。營業費用比率較高之企業,受到稅法對於多項費用列報限額標準之影響,如罰款支出、贊助費、非公益、救濟性捐贈支出、廣告費、宣傳費、業務招待費以及職工薪金等,也有較高之有效稅率。企業獲配股利所得及依權益法認列的投資收益較多者,在稅法上毋須列入課稅所得之金額較高,故其有效稅率較低。上述中國上市公司的企業特性與有效稅率之關聯性,提供了中國企業經營的租稅成本深受中國會計、租稅制度、公司特性以及商業環境影響之實證證據。
This study investigates the effects of Chinese accounting standards and tax system on the corporate effective tax rates (ETRs) of china listed companies. Despite that the statutory tax rate of China income tax law is 33%, we found the average ETR of China listed companies is only about 14.14% during our sample period spanning from 1999 to 2005, suggesting that most listed companies across various areas and industries may enjoy substantial tax incentives. The empirical results show that the companies in Shanghai and Hainan have lower average ETRs then those in other areas. Especially, the agriculture, forestry, herding, fishery industries and the information technology industries have the lowest average ETRs of below 10%, possibly due to that Chinese government provides substantial tax incentives for both industries. Further, to converge with the international accounting standards, China gradually phased-in the accounting for asset impairments in 1998 and 2001, requiring listed companies to recognize the impairment losses when the fair values of assets are below their book values. However, the unrealized asset impairment losses are not deductible in filing income tax returns, resulting in that firms reporting greater asset impairment losses in financial statements are more likely to bear higher ETRs, ceteris paribus.

In addition, we also found there is a significant relationship between China companies’ ownership structure and corporate ETRs. Ceteris paribus, companies having greater state-shares are more likely to have greater ETRs while companies having greater foreign institute-shares and companies issuing B-shares or H-shares are more likely to have lower ETRs.

Finally, we also documented evidence on the relationship between Chinese firms’ characteristics and corporate ETRs. Chinese large firms are more likely to have greater ETRs, supporing the political cost hypothesis.

Due to several limitations on claiming operating expenses to be tax-deductible items, firms with greater operating expenses are more likely to have greater non-tax-deductible expenditures and hence tend to have higher ETRs. Finally, to alleviate double taxation on dividend income, dividend income received by the investment companies is tax-exempt to the extent that the invested companies have paid corporate income tax on the dividends distributed to the investment companies, and unrealized investment income accrued by the equity method is not taxable income to the investment companies until distributed to them. Consequently, firms having greater dividend income and investment income accrued by the equity method are more likely to have lower ETRs. Moreover we also find that the tax reform in 2002 make average ETRs increasing. The companies listing in Shenzhen Stock Exchange have lower average ETRs then those in Shanghai Stock Exchange. The results of this study provide empirical evidence on that the Chinese accounting standards and tax systems have a significant impact on the tax costs and distribution of tax burdens of Chinese listed companies.
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李賢鑾,2005,股權分置改革對我國上市公司治理的影響,上海企業,第10期:42-43、46。
李陽敏,2002,中國上市公司股權結構與公司績效實證研究,江西財經大學金融學系碩士論文。
車菲,2005,企業會計制度改革中的所得稅會計問題研究,天津財經大學會計系碩士論文。
馬劍平,2004,促進我國內外資企業稅負公平的對策,暨南大學經濟學系碩士論文。
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張曉琦、劉芳與戈春霞,2005,我國上市公司資產減值會計制度執行情況研究,廣東財經職業學院學報,第4卷,第3期:26-30。
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三、英文部分
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Wilkie, P. 1988. Coporate average effective tax rates and inferences about relative tax preferences. The Journal of the American Taxation Association 10(1): 75-88.
Zimmerman, J. 1983. Taxes and firm size. Journal of Accounting and Economics 5(2): 119-149.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
會計研究所
93353007
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093353007
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳明進zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林怡伶zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林怡伶zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 20:03:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 20:03:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 20:03:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093353007en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36888-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 會計研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93353007zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以1999年至2005年中國上市公司財務資料,探討影響中國上市公司有效稅率之決定因素。本文的實證結果發現中國全體上市公司樣本的平均有效稅率僅達14.14%,遠低於中國稅法規定33%的名目稅率,顯示上市公司普遍享有區域及行業優渥的租稅優惠,實際所得稅負並不高。其中以海南市、上海市的有效稅率最低,而西部偏遠地區的有效稅率為最高,顯示區域間租稅負擔不均之現象。採掘業公司平均有效稅率高達25%,農林牧漁業及信息技術業的平均有效稅率在10%以下,也反映產業間的稅負分配受到政府產業發展的租稅獎勵政策之影響。此外,近年中國會計制度積極與國際會計準則趨同,企業依財會準則所計提之資產減損準備在稅務上不能列報扣除,使公司須繳納較高之有效稅率。

本研究也發現中國上市公司的股權結構與其有效稅率間具有顯著的相關性,國家持股比率較高者,租稅規劃意願低,有效稅率較高;而外資持股比率較高者及有發行B股或H股的公司,享有較多的租稅優惠及有較積極的租稅規劃傾向,有效稅率則較低。最後,本文也發現一些重要的中國企業特性、財稅差異項目與公司有效稅率關聯性之實證證據,中國上市公司的企業規模與有效稅率間,呈現正向關係,符合政治成本假說。獲利愈高的公司,其有效稅率也亦高。公司資本資產密度與財務槓桿的稅盾效果並不顯著,研究支出之投入與有效稅率呈負相關。營業費用比率較高之企業,受到稅法對於多項費用列報限額標準之影響,如罰款支出、贊助費、非公益、救濟性捐贈支出、廣告費、宣傳費、業務招待費以及職工薪金等,也有較高之有效稅率。企業獲配股利所得及依權益法認列的投資收益較多者,在稅法上毋須列入課稅所得之金額較高,故其有效稅率較低。上述中國上市公司的企業特性與有效稅率之關聯性,提供了中國企業經營的租稅成本深受中國會計、租稅制度、公司特性以及商業環境影響之實證證據。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study investigates the effects of Chinese accounting standards and tax system on the corporate effective tax rates (ETRs) of china listed companies. Despite that the statutory tax rate of China income tax law is 33%, we found the average ETR of China listed companies is only about 14.14% during our sample period spanning from 1999 to 2005, suggesting that most listed companies across various areas and industries may enjoy substantial tax incentives. The empirical results show that the companies in Shanghai and Hainan have lower average ETRs then those in other areas. Especially, the agriculture, forestry, herding, fishery industries and the information technology industries have the lowest average ETRs of below 10%, possibly due to that Chinese government provides substantial tax incentives for both industries. Further, to converge with the international accounting standards, China gradually phased-in the accounting for asset impairments in 1998 and 2001, requiring listed companies to recognize the impairment losses when the fair values of assets are below their book values. However, the unrealized asset impairment losses are not deductible in filing income tax returns, resulting in that firms reporting greater asset impairment losses in financial statements are more likely to bear higher ETRs, ceteris paribus.

In addition, we also found there is a significant relationship between China companies’ ownership structure and corporate ETRs. Ceteris paribus, companies having greater state-shares are more likely to have greater ETRs while companies having greater foreign institute-shares and companies issuing B-shares or H-shares are more likely to have lower ETRs.

Finally, we also documented evidence on the relationship between Chinese firms’ characteristics and corporate ETRs. Chinese large firms are more likely to have greater ETRs, supporing the political cost hypothesis.

Due to several limitations on claiming operating expenses to be tax-deductible items, firms with greater operating expenses are more likely to have greater non-tax-deductible expenditures and hence tend to have higher ETRs. Finally, to alleviate double taxation on dividend income, dividend income received by the investment companies is tax-exempt to the extent that the invested companies have paid corporate income tax on the dividends distributed to the investment companies, and unrealized investment income accrued by the equity method is not taxable income to the investment companies until distributed to them. Consequently, firms having greater dividend income and investment income accrued by the equity method are more likely to have lower ETRs. Moreover we also find that the tax reform in 2002 make average ETRs increasing. The companies listing in Shenzhen Stock Exchange have lower average ETRs then those in Shanghai Stock Exchange. The results of this study provide empirical evidence on that the Chinese accounting standards and tax systems have a significant impact on the tax costs and distribution of tax burdens of Chinese listed companies.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒 論...................................................................................................... 1
第一節 研究動機與目的.............................................................................. 1
第二節 研究問題.......................................................................................... 5
第三節 研究架構.......................................................................................... 6
第二章 中國大陸相關體制介紹.......................................................................... 8
第一節 中國稅法體制.................................................................................. 8
第二節 中國大陸會計制度體系................................................................ 19
第三節 中國大陸上市公司股權結構........................................................ 27
第四節 中國上市公司的稅收制度............................................................ 33
第三章 文獻回顧................................................................................................ 38
第一節 有效稅率之定義與衡量................................................................ 38
第二節 有效稅率的決定因素.................................................................... 42
第四章 研究方法................................................................................................ 55
第一節 研究假說........................................................................................ 55
第二節 實證模式........................................................................................ 60
第三節 變數之定義及衡量........................................................................ 63
第四節 資料來源與樣本篩選.................................................................... 70
第五章 實證結果與分析.................................................................................... 72
第一節 敍述統計分析................................................................................ 72
第二節 相關係數分析................................................................................ 78
第三節 實證結果分析................................................................................ 80
第六章 結論與建議............................................................................................ 92
第一節 研究結果........................................................................................ 92
第二節 研究貢獻........................................................................................ 95
第三節 研究限制........................................................................................ 96
第四節 研究建議........................................................................................ 97
參考文獻........................................................................................................................ 99

圖表目錄
圖 1-1 研究架構........................................................................................................... 7
圖 2-1 中國企業會計制度框架(舊會計準則體系)............................................. 21
圖 2-2 新企業會計準則體系框架............................................................................. 22
表 2-1 中國企業所得稅法令彙總............................................................................... 9
表 2-2 特定地區直接投資之適用稅率......................................................................11
表 2-3 投資能源、交通等建設項目的外商投資企業優惠..................................... 12
表 2-4 內外資企業所得稅稅前扣除之差異項目..................................................... 13
表 2-5 新舊會計準則體系之差異............................................................................. 22
表 2-6 中國企業現行會計體系................................................................................. 24
表 2-7 財務會計利潤與課稅所得差異項目............................................................. 25
表 2-8 非流通股與流通股股票類型介紹................................................................. 27
表 2-9 1998 年至2006 年中國上市公司總家數...................................................... 29
表 2-10 2005 年末上海證交所之上市公司股權結構分布...................................... 29
表 2-11 1992 年至2004 年中國上市公司股權結構................................................ 31
表 2-12 2004 年至2006 年中國上市公司行業分布情形........................................ 36
表 2-13 2004 年至2006 年中國上市公司地區分布情形........................................ 37
表 3-1 國內外文獻對有效稅率之衡量..................................................................... 38
表 3-2 影響公司有效稅率之決定因素..................................................................... 52
表 4-1 資產減值準備之會計制度變革..................................................................... 56
表 4-2 各區域的省市分布......................................................................................... 61
表 4-3 變數定義......................................................................................................... 63
表 4-4 樣本篩選過程................................................................................................. 70
表 4-5 篩選後各年度樣本家數................................................................................. 71
表 5-1 上市企業樣本各變數之敘述性統計值......................................................... 73
表 5-2 依提列資產減值準備情形分類計算之平均有效稅率................................. 74
表 5-3 依年度別及區域別分類計算之平均有效稅率............................................. 75
表 5-4 依年度別及行業別分類計算之平均有效稅率............................................. 76
表 5-5 依股權結構別計算之平均有效稅率............................................................. 77
表 5-6 各變數之皮爾森相關係數............................................................................. 79
表 5-7 有效稅率迴歸模式實證結果—全部樣本期間............................................. 84
表 5-8 有效稅率迴歸模式實證結果—全部樣本期間............................................. 85
表 5-9 有效稅率迴歸模式實證結果—部分樣本期間............................................. 87
表 5-10 有效稅率迴歸模式實證結果—部分樣本期間........................................... 88
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093353007en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 有效稅率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 企業所得稅zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資產減值準備zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 股權結構zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Effective Tax Rateen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corporate Income Taxen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Provisions for Asset Impairmentsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ownership Structureen_US
dc.title (題名) 中國上市公司有效稅率之實證研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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