1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 台灣華語母音的聲學研究
An acoustic study on Taiwan Mandarin vowels
作者 張恆毅
Zhang, Heng Yi
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan, I Ping
張恆毅
Zhang, Heng Yi
關鍵詞 台灣華語
母音音質
聲學語音學
共振峰頻率
受制約的母音
Taiwan Mandarin
vowel quality
acoustic phonetics
formant frequency
conditioned vowels
日期 2008
上傳時間 19-Sep-2009 13:04:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文為以共振峰頻率資料來研究台灣華語母音音質之聲學研究。
本研究的受試者為六名生長在台灣台北市的男性華語母語使用者。本研究使用的測試字為70個包含所有韻母型態的單音節字。語音資料是利用KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics)來錄製及分析。本研究所採用的資料為獨立發音且無聲母的測試字。
根據共振峰頻率資料本研究得到以下有關台灣華語母音音質的發現。首先研究的部分為音標所隱含的語音對比。在齒槽（alveolar）及後齒槽（post-alveolar）組的舌尖母音（apical vowels）間並沒有發現音質上的顯著差別，但統計及其它證據支持低母音裡的前後對比及中母音裡的半開（open-mid）及半閉（closed-mid）對比的存在。
其次，研究的結果也包括語音環境中的音段對於母音音質的影響。結果發現韻母中的元素，包含母音前介音、母音後介音、及韻尾鼻音，都對母音有不同的語音制約（conditioning）。另外，本研究發現順同化（progressive assimilation）比逆同化（regressive assimilation）對於低母音音質有較大的影響。
第三，本研究藉由與之前聲學研究的結果作比較來討論台灣母音音質的改變。結果發現硬顎及後硬顎組的舌尖母音間的音質差異隨著時間縮小終至於消失。此外，研究發現半閉母音及半開母音在母音高度及母音前後相對位置出現反轉。共振峰頻率的比較顯示這種反轉的原因為半閉母音[e]在音質上的改變。然而，我們需要進一步的研究才能對這些音質的改變有合理的解釋。
最後，本研究以共振峰頻率的形式描述及紀錄了當代台灣華語表層母音的音質。希望這些資料能對台灣華語母音的研究有所貢獻。
This thesis is an acoustic study that investigates the vowel quality of Taiwan Mandarin vowels with formant frequency data.
The subjects of this study included six male native Mandarin speakers born and raised in Taipei city, Taiwan. Testing items used in this study were 70 syllables that involve all combinations of segment in the syllable final. The speech data were recorded and analyzed with KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics). The data discussed in this study were testing items produced in citation form without initial consonant. The vowel qualities of Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel were measured and analyzed.
Several results concerning the vowel quality of Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel phones were reported based on the formant frequency data. Firstly, the distinction between vowel phones implied by their transcription was examined. The difference in vowel quality was not observed in the alveolar and post-alveolar groups of apical vowels, while the front-back distinction in low vowels and the open-mid and closed-mid distinction in mid vowels were found with statistic and other evidence.
Secondly, the conditioning of segments in the neighboring environments on the vowel quality was investigated. It is found that elements in the syllable final, including pre-nuclear, post-nuclear glide and coda nasals, generally have different types of conditioning on the vowel. In addition, the progressive assimilation was found have greater influence on the vowel quality of low vowel phones than the regressive assimilation.
Thirdly, the change in vowel quality was discussed through the comparison with results in previous acoustic studies. The difference in vowel backness between the alveolar and post-alveolar groups of apical vowels were found to be decreasing and eventually disappeared. Besides, the relative vowel height and backness of closed-mid and open-mid vowel were found to be in reverse compared with that in the literature. Comparison in formant frequencies showed that this reverse lay in the change of vowel quality in the close-mid [e]. However, further investigations were needed to offer reasonable explanations for the change.
Finally, the vowel qualities of present Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel phones were described and recorded as the formant frequency data presented in this study. Hopefully, the data could contribute to the study of vowels in Taiwan Mandarin.
參考文獻 Bao, H.-Q. (1984). Putonghua danyuanin fenlei de shengli jieshi [A physical account for the categorization of monophthongs in Putonghua], Zhongguo yuwen [Chinese language and literature], 2, 117-127.
Calliope. (1989). La Parole et son traitement automatique, Collection Technique et Scientifque des Télécommunications. Ed. Masson.
Catford, J. C. (2001). A practical introduction to phonetics. (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chang, S.-P. (2002). Acoustic analysis on Mandarin vowels and tones by severely hearing-impaired and normal hearing students. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Chang, Y.-C. (1998). Taiwan Mandarin vowels: an acoustic investigation. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 28:3, 255-274.
Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chen, P. (1999). Modern Chinese: history and sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cheng, C.-C. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Mouton: The Hague.
Disner, S. F. (1986). On describing vowel quality. In J. Ohala & J. Jaeger (Eds), Experimental phonology. London: Academic Press.
Dow, F. D. M. (1972). An outline of Mandarin phonetics. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Duanmu, S. (2000). The phonology of Standard Mandarin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fon, J. (2004). An old question but a new answer: doing phonetics can be easy. Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi University.
Heid, S., Wesenick M.-B, & Chr. Draxler (1995). Phonetic analysis of vowel segments in the PhonDat database of spoken German. Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
Hoole, P. & Hu, F. (2004). Tone-vowel interaction in Standard Chinese. In International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL-2004), 89-92.
Howie, J. M. (1976). Acoustical studies of Mandarin vowels and tones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hsieh, W.-C. (2006). The Acoustic Study on the Phonetic System of Southern Min. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
the International Phonetic Association. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to use the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katamba, F. (1989). An introduction to phonology. London: Pearson Education.
Kent, R. & C. Read. (1992). The Acoustic analysis of speech. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, INC.
Kubler, C. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taipei: Student Books.
Ladefoged, P. (1962). Elements of acoustic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ladefoged, P. (1971). Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ladefoged, P. (2001). Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P. (2003). Phonetic data analysis: an introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A course in phonetics. (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadswordth.
Ladefoged, P. & I. Maddieson. (1996). The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Li, W.-C. (1999). A diachronically-motivated segmental phonology of Mandarin Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Lin, Y.-H. (1989). Autosegmental treatment of segmental processes in Chinese phonology. Ph D. Dissertation, the University of Texas, Austin.
Lin, Y.-H. (1996). Surface vowels and markedness. Studies in Linguistic Sciences 26: 1/2, 205-216.
Lin, Y.-H. (2002). Mid vowel assimilation across Mandarin dialects. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 11, 303-347.
Lin, Y.-H. (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lin, T. & Wang, L. (1992). Yuinxue jiaocheng (Course in phonetics). Beijing University Press.
Liu, H. M., Tseng, C.-H. & Tsao, F. M. (1999). The speech acoustic characteristic of Mandarin phonetic contrasts. Proceedings of the National Science Council (Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences), 9:4, 726-738.
Norman, J. (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peterson, G. E. & Barney, L. H. (1952). Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 24, pp. 175-184.
Thomas, E. R. (2001). An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in new world English. Duke University Press.
Tsao, J.-F. & Yang, S.-A. (1984). Beijinghua fuheyuanin de shiyan yanjiu [An experimental study on the diphthongs in Beijing speech]. Zhongguo yuwen [Chinese language and literature], 6, 427-433.
Tse, K.-P. (1988). Acoustic properties of the coronal affricates and fricatives in Mandarin Chinese: a spectrographic analysis. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.
Tse, K.-P. (1997). Guoyu kongyun inxiang texing zhi shengpu fenxi [A spectral analysis of the acoustic characteristics of Mandarin empty vowel], In F. Tsao & M. Nishimaki. Taiwan xuezhe hanyu yanjiu wenji [Collection of Taiwanese scholar’s study on Mandarin]. Tianjing Renmin Chubanshe [Tianjing People’s Publishing].
Wan, I. P. (1999). Mandarin Phonology: Evidence from Speech Errors. PhD Dissertation, University of New York at Buffalo.
Wan, I. P. (2004). Testing the psychological status of the phonological categories. Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi University.
Wan, I. P. & Jaeger, J. J. (2003). The phonological representation of Taiwan Mandarin vowels: a psycholinguistic study. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 12, 205-257.
Wiese, R. (1997). Underspecification and the description of Chinese words. In J. Wang & N. Smith (Eds.), Studies in Chinese phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wu, Y. (1994). Mandarin segmental phonology. Ph D. Dissertation, University of Toronto.
Wu, C.-H. (2009). A paradox in Mandarin vowel inventory: acoustic and articulatory discrepancies. Paper presented at the 2009 Graduate Student Workshop on Phonology, National Chengchi University.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
95555009
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wan, I Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張恆毅zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Zhang, Heng Yien_US
dc.creator (作者) 張恆毅zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Zhang, Heng Yien_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 19-Sep-2009 13:04:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 19-Sep-2009 13:04:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 19-Sep-2009 13:04:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095555009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37292-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95555009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文為以共振峰頻率資料來研究台灣華語母音音質之聲學研究。
本研究的受試者為六名生長在台灣台北市的男性華語母語使用者。本研究使用的測試字為70個包含所有韻母型態的單音節字。語音資料是利用KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics)來錄製及分析。本研究所採用的資料為獨立發音且無聲母的測試字。
根據共振峰頻率資料本研究得到以下有關台灣華語母音音質的發現。首先研究的部分為音標所隱含的語音對比。在齒槽（alveolar）及後齒槽（post-alveolar）組的舌尖母音（apical vowels）間並沒有發現音質上的顯著差別，但統計及其它證據支持低母音裡的前後對比及中母音裡的半開（open-mid）及半閉（closed-mid）對比的存在。
其次，研究的結果也包括語音環境中的音段對於母音音質的影響。結果發現韻母中的元素，包含母音前介音、母音後介音、及韻尾鼻音，都對母音有不同的語音制約（conditioning）。另外，本研究發現順同化（progressive assimilation）比逆同化（regressive assimilation）對於低母音音質有較大的影響。
第三，本研究藉由與之前聲學研究的結果作比較來討論台灣母音音質的改變。結果發現硬顎及後硬顎組的舌尖母音間的音質差異隨著時間縮小終至於消失。此外，研究發現半閉母音及半開母音在母音高度及母音前後相對位置出現反轉。共振峰頻率的比較顯示這種反轉的原因為半閉母音[e]在音質上的改變。然而，我們需要進一步的研究才能對這些音質的改變有合理的解釋。
最後，本研究以共振峰頻率的形式描述及紀錄了當代台灣華語表層母音的音質。希望這些資料能對台灣華語母音的研究有所貢獻。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis is an acoustic study that investigates the vowel quality of Taiwan Mandarin vowels with formant frequency data.
The subjects of this study included six male native Mandarin speakers born and raised in Taipei city, Taiwan. Testing items used in this study were 70 syllables that involve all combinations of segment in the syllable final. The speech data were recorded and analyzed with KAY CSL 4100 (KAY Electronics). The data discussed in this study were testing items produced in citation form without initial consonant. The vowel qualities of Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel were measured and analyzed.
Several results concerning the vowel quality of Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel phones were reported based on the formant frequency data. Firstly, the distinction between vowel phones implied by their transcription was examined. The difference in vowel quality was not observed in the alveolar and post-alveolar groups of apical vowels, while the front-back distinction in low vowels and the open-mid and closed-mid distinction in mid vowels were found with statistic and other evidence.
Secondly, the conditioning of segments in the neighboring environments on the vowel quality was investigated. It is found that elements in the syllable final, including pre-nuclear, post-nuclear glide and coda nasals, generally have different types of conditioning on the vowel. In addition, the progressive assimilation was found have greater influence on the vowel quality of low vowel phones than the regressive assimilation.
Thirdly, the change in vowel quality was discussed through the comparison with results in previous acoustic studies. The difference in vowel backness between the alveolar and post-alveolar groups of apical vowels were found to be decreasing and eventually disappeared. Besides, the relative vowel height and backness of closed-mid and open-mid vowel were found to be in reverse compared with that in the literature. Comparison in formant frequencies showed that this reverse lay in the change of vowel quality in the close-mid [e]. However, further investigations were needed to offer reasonable explanations for the change.
Finally, the vowel qualities of present Taiwan Mandarin surface vowel phones were described and recorded as the formant frequency data presented in this study. Hopefully, the data could contribute to the study of vowels in Taiwan Mandarin.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii
List of Figures-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ix
Chinese Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
English Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------xi
Chapter 1 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Chapter 2 Literature review--------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1 Literature on the study of Mandarin vowels----------------------------------------5
2.1.1 Phonological research-----------------------------------------------------------5
2.1.2 Phonetic and psycholinguistic research---------------------------------------8
2.1.3 Research on language change-------------------------------------------------11
2.2 The phonologically-conditioned mid and low vowels in Mandarin------------12
2.2.1 The different transcriptions in Mandarin mid and low vowels-----------12
2.2.2 The distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowel in mid vowels---------14
2.2.3 The front-back distinction in low vowels-----------------------------------15
2.3 The acoustic theory and its application on the study of vowels----------------16
2.3.1 Acoustic theory on vowel quality--------------------------------------------16
2.3.2 Application on the study of vowels------------------------------------------19
2.4 Acoustic studies on Mandarin vowels----------------------------------------------19
2.4.1 Studies on Taiwan Mandarin-------------------------------------------------19
2.4.2 Acoustic studies on Mandarin apical vowels-------------------------------21
2.5 Research questions--------------------------------------------------------------------22
Chapter 3 Methodology------------------------------------------------------------------------25
3.1 Subjects---------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
3.2 Materials-------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
3.2.1 Design of testing words-------------------------------------------------------26
3.2.2 Equipments---------------------------------------------------------------------27
3.2.2.1 Stimuli------------------------------------------------------------------27
3.2.2.2 Recording apparatus--------------------------------------------------27
3.2.2.3 Acoustic analysis apparatus-----------------------------------------28
3.2.2.4 Statistic software and vowel space plotting software------------28
3.3 Procedures-----------------------------------------------------------------------------29
3.3.1 Recording-----------------------------------------------------------------------29
3.3.2 Acoustic analysis---------------------------------------------------------------30
3.3.3 Statistical treatments-----------------------------------------------------------33
Chapter 4 Findings and discussion-----------------------------------------------------------35
4.1 Overview of the data-----------------------------------------------------------------35
4.2 High vowels---------------------------------------------------------------------------41
4.2.1 The single high vowels-------------------------------------------------------42
4.2.1.1 Spectrogram analysis of [i], [y], and [u] --------------------------42
4.2.1.2 Cross-linguistic comparison of [i], [y], and [u] ------------------43
4.2.1.3 Conditioning effect of coda nasals in high vowel phones-------45
4.2.1.4 Summary---------------------------------------------------------------47
4.2.2 Apical vowels-------------------------------------------------------------------47
4.2.2.1 Spectrogram analysis-------------------------------------------------49
4.2.2.2 Formant frequencies of apical vowels-----------------------------50
4.2.2.3 Comparison with previous studies----------------------------------54
4.2.2.4 Summary---------------------------------------------------------------57
4.3 low vowels-----------------------------------------------------------------------------58
4.3.1. The contrasts among the phones of low vowels--------------------------58
4.3.1.1 Contrasts between coda nasals: [-n] and [-ŋ] --------------------61
4.3.1.2 Contrast between post-nuclear glides: [j] and [w] --------------64
4.3.1.3 Contrast between pre-nuclear glides: [j] and [w] ---------------66
4.3.2 Progressive and regressive assimilation on vowel backness-------------68
4.3.3 The front-back contrast in low vowels--------------------------------------71
4.3.4 Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------73
4.4 Mid vowels-----------------------------------------------------------------------------74
4.4.1 Mid front vowels---------------------------------------------------------------78
4.4.1.1 Distinction between [e] and [ɛ] -------------------------------------79
4.4.1.2 Environmental conditioning on the vowel [ɛ] --------------------85
4.4.2 Mid central vowels-------------------------------------------------------------87
4.4.3 Mid back vowels---------------------------------------------------------------90
4.4.4 Comments on the findings in the mid vowel phones----------------------93
Chapter 5 Concluding remarks---------------------------------------------------------------97
5.1 Summary of the findings-------------------------------------------------------------97
5.2 Future research-----------------------------------------------------------------------101
Reference---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102
Appendixes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 117178 bytes-
dc.format.extent 132292 bytes-
dc.format.extent 131194 bytes-
dc.format.extent 154477 bytes-
dc.format.extent 73754 bytes-
dc.format.extent 312715 bytes-
dc.format.extent 410519 bytes-
dc.format.extent 654164 bytes-
dc.format.extent 219222 bytes-
dc.format.extent 75849 bytes-
dc.format.extent 318413 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣華語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母音音質zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲學語音學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共振峰頻率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 受制約的母音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) vowel qualityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) acoustic phoneticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) formant frequencyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) conditioned vowelsen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣華語母音的聲學研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An acoustic study on Taiwan Mandarin vowelsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bao, H.-Q. (1984). Putonghua danyuanin fenlei de shengli jieshi [A physical account for the categorization of monophthongs in Putonghua], Zhongguo yuwen [Chinese language and literature], 2, 117-127.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calliope. (1989). La Parole et son traitement automatique, Collection Technique et Scientifque des Télécommunications. Ed. Masson.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Catford, J. C. (2001). A practical introduction to phonetics. (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, S.-P. (2002). Acoustic analysis on Mandarin vowels and tones by severely hearing-impaired and normal hearing students. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, Y.-C. (1998). Taiwan Mandarin vowels: an acoustic investigation. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 28:3, 255-274.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, P. (1999). Modern Chinese: history and sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, C.-C. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Mouton: The Hague.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Disner, S. F. (1986). On describing vowel quality. In J. Ohala & J. Jaeger (Eds), Experimental phonology. London: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dow, F. D. M. (1972). An outline of Mandarin phonetics. Canberra: Australian National University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duanmu, S. (2000). The phonology of Standard Mandarin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fon, J. (2004). An old question but a new answer: doing phonetics can be easy. Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Heid, S., Wesenick M.-B, & Chr. Draxler (1995). Phonetic analysis of vowel segments in the PhonDat database of spoken German. Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoole, P. & Hu, F. (2004). Tone-vowel interaction in Standard Chinese. In International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL-2004), 89-92.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Howie, J. M. (1976). Acoustical studies of Mandarin vowels and tones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsieh, W.-C. (2006). The Acoustic Study on the Phonetic System of Southern Min. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the International Phonetic Association. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to use the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Katamba, F. (1989). An introduction to phonology. London: Pearson Education.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kent, R. & C. Read. (1992). The Acoustic analysis of speech. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, INC.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubler, C. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taipei: Student Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ladefoged, P. (1962). Elements of acoustic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ladefoged, P. (1971). Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ladefoged, P. (2001). Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages. Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ladefoged, P. (2003). Phonetic data analysis: an introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ladefoged, P. (2006). A course in phonetics. (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadswordth.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ladefoged, P. & I. Maddieson. (1996). The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, W.-C. (1999). A diachronically-motivated segmental phonology of Mandarin Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Y.-H. (1989). Autosegmental treatment of segmental processes in Chinese phonology. Ph D. Dissertation, the University of Texas, Austin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Y.-H. (1996). Surface vowels and markedness. Studies in Linguistic Sciences 26: 1/2, 205-216.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Y.-H. (2002). Mid vowel assimilation across Mandarin dialects. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 11, 303-347.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Y.-H. (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, T. & Wang, L. (1992). Yuinxue jiaocheng (Course in phonetics). Beijing University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, H. M., Tseng, C.-H. & Tsao, F. M. (1999). The speech acoustic characteristic of Mandarin phonetic contrasts. Proceedings of the National Science Council (Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences), 9:4, 726-738.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Norman, J. (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peterson, G. E. & Barney, L. H. (1952). Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 24, pp. 175-184.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thomas, E. R. (2001). An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in new world English. Duke University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsao, J.-F. & Yang, S.-A. (1984). Beijinghua fuheyuanin de shiyan yanjiu [An experimental study on the diphthongs in Beijing speech]. Zhongguo yuwen [Chinese language and literature], 6, 427-433.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tse, K.-P. (1988). Acoustic properties of the coronal affricates and fricatives in Mandarin Chinese: a spectrographic analysis. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tse, K.-P. (1997). Guoyu kongyun inxiang texing zhi shengpu fenxi [A spectral analysis of the acoustic characteristics of Mandarin empty vowel], In F. Tsao & M. Nishimaki. Taiwan xuezhe hanyu yanjiu wenji [Collection of Taiwanese scholar’s study on Mandarin]. Tianjing Renmin Chubanshe [Tianjing People’s Publishing].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wan, I. P. (1999). Mandarin Phonology: Evidence from Speech Errors. PhD Dissertation, University of New York at Buffalo.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wan, I. P. (2004). Testing the psychological status of the phonological categories. Proceedings of the Methodology Workshop on Linguistics, National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wan, I. P. & Jaeger, J. J. (2003). The phonological representation of Taiwan Mandarin vowels: a psycholinguistic study. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 12, 205-257.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wiese, R. (1997). Underspecification and the description of Chinese words. In J. Wang & N. Smith (Eds.), Studies in Chinese phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Y. (1994). Mandarin segmental phonology. Ph D. Dissertation, University of Toronto.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, C.-H. (2009). A paradox in Mandarin vowel inventory: acoustic and articulatory discrepancies. Paper presented at the 2009 Graduate Student Workshop on Phonology, National Chengchi University.zh_TW