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題名 皮羅懷疑主義與禪宗的哲學對話
Towards a Philosophy of TranquilIty: Pyrrhonian Skepticism and Zen Buddhism in dialogue
作者 莊子義
Harris, Carlo-JaMelle
貢獻者 林鎭國
莊子義
Harris, Carlo-JaMelle
關鍵詞 慧能
禪宗
懷疑主義
六祖壇經
賽克斯都斯‧恩比利克斯
皮羅
Huineng
Zen (Chan)
Skepticism
Platform Sutra
Sextus Empiricus
Pyrrho
日期 2008
上傳時間 9-Apr-2010 15:27:56 (UTC+8)
摘要 None
This thesis is a comparative study of the Pyrrhonian Skepticism and Zen Buddhist approaches to “tranquility.” I will argue that state of ataraxia (“unperturbedness”) as interpreted by the Skeptics is essentially identical to the Zen state of “non-dwelling” as articulated by the Sixth Patriarch Huineng. In doing so, I will attempt to show how the philosophical methodologies of both Sextus and Huineng succeed in bringing the individual to a state of tranquility through the skillful use of opposition pairs, be they in the form of opposed arguments (for the Skeptics) or traditional dichotomies (for the Zennists). I will argue also that simple non-dogmatic reliance on non-rational guides to life (e.g. culture, custom, etc.) as advocated by the Skeptics is equivalent to the Zen idea of returning to life in the ordinary world absent attachment to either the ordinary or the transcendent.
參考文獻 Chinese Primary Sources
Generally speaking the Platform Sūtra is the only Zen (or Chinese) text that has attained canonical status. It will thus serve as the source text for Zen teachings for this study. The manuscript of the Platform Sūtra used here is Yang Zengwen’s (楊曾文) “New Dunhuang Version” (Dun huang xin ben 敦煌新本) of the Platform Sūtra, an annotated edition based on the second of the Mogao Caves texts (No. 077). Its full title is Nan zong dun jiao zui shang da shang mo he bo re bo luo tan jing yi juan 南宗頓教最上大乘摩訶般若波羅蜜經 六祖惠能大師於韶州大梵寺施法壇經一卷, (“The Southern School of Sudden Enlightenment, The Supreme Mahāyāna Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra: The Platform Sūtra Preached by the Sixth Patriarch Huineng at Dafan Temple in Shaozhou—One Scroll”) and as believed to be one of the earliest and most reliable versions of the sūtra available (usually dated around 780 CE).
I follow D.T. Suzuki’s traditional chapter divisions when citing the text. Quotes from the Zongbao (宗寶) edition (1271 CE) (full title: Liu zu da shi fa bao tanjing 六祖大師法寶壇經; “Dharma Jewel Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch”) are cited in accordance with the Taishō Canon standard. And though I have consulted the English translations listed below, the translations from the Chinese texts quoted in this thesis will are my own unless otherwise noted.
卍 Xuzangjing Vol. 24, No. 460 (Jingangjing kou jie 《金剛經口訣》)
Chan, Wing-tsit. A Sourcebook in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Ge zhaoguang 葛兆光, shiyi 釋譯. Zutang ji. 祖堂集. Gaoxiong (高雄): Foguang chu ban she佛光出版社, 1997.

Katsuki, Sekida and A.V. Grimstone, ed., trans. Two Zen Classics. The Gateless Gate and Blue Cliff Records. Boston: Shambhala, 2005.
Price, A.F., and Wong Mou-Lam, trans. The Diamond Sutra and the Sutra of Huineng. Boulder: Shambhala, 1969.
Suzuki, D.T., trans. Lankavatara Sutra. Boulder, CO: Prajña Press, 1978.
Taishō Tripitaka Vol. 8, No. 223 (Mohe bore boluomi jing 《摩訶般若波羅蜜經》)
Taishō Tripitaka Vol. 48, No. 2008 (Liuzu dashi fabao tanjing 《六祖大師法寶壇經》)
Thurman, Robert A. F., trans. Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra. Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.
Yampolsky, Philip B., trans. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.
---. ed., trans. The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
Yang Zengwen楊曾文. Xinban Dunhuang xinben: Lizu tanjing新版敦煌新本: 六祖壇經. Beijing: Zong jiao wen hua chu ban she宗教文化出版社, 2001.
Greek and Roman Primary Sources
The primary sources for Skepticism in this study will be Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism. I rely mostly on this text as it alone provides a very thorough overview of the Skeptic school and is for good reason Sextus’ most well-known text. Sextus’ other extant texts focus on specific arguments as opposed to the doctrines of the Skeptic school itself. Secondly, in comparison to Sextus other works, I feel that the Outlines contain Sextus’ most mature thinking on the subject as it consistently keeps to a non-dogmatic tone. Sextus scholar Richard Bett offers in my opinion a very compelling case for this view that the Outlines is more consistent to Skepticism than the other two major texts just mentioned. Quotes from the Outlines of Pyrrhonism are mainly adapted from Mate’s translation. The translations of Annas and Barnes and Bury have also been consulted.
Annas, Julias, and Jonathan Barnes, eds., trans. Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Bett, Robert, trans. Sextus Empiricus: Against the Logicians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Cicero, Academica. Translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1961.
Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. Translated by C.D Yonge. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853.
Eusebius of Caesarea, Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel). Translated by E.H. Gifford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1903.
Mates, B. The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus`s Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Plato, The Apology. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. New York: Random House, 2001.
Sextus Empiricus. Against the Physicists, Against the Ethicists. Translated by R.G. Bury. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936.
---. Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Translated by R.G. Bury. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1933.
Secondary Sources
Abe, Masao. Zen and Western Thought. Edited by William R. LaFleur. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985.
Albert, Hans. Treatise on Critical Reasoning. Translated by Mary Varney Rorty. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.
Annas, Julias, and Jonathan Barnes. “Doing Without Objective Values: Ancient and Modern Strategies.” In Norms of Nature. Edited by M. Schofield, et. al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
---. The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Barnes, Jonathan. The Toils of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Barrett, Timothy H. “Arthur Waley, D. T. Suzuki and Hu Shih: New Light on the ‘Zen and History’ Controversy.” Buddhist Studies Review 6, no. 2 (1989): 116-121.
Benesch, Walter. An Introduction to Comparative Philosophy. Palgrave: New York, 2001.
Bett, Robert. Pyrrho, His Antecedents, and His Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Bielefeldt, Carl, and Lewis R. Lancaster. “T’an Ching (Platform Scripture).” Philosophy East and West 25, no. 2 (1975): 197-212.
Brennan, Tad. Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus. New York: Garland, 1999.
Brunschwig, Jacques. “Pyrrhonism.” In A Companion to Ancient Philosophy. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy. Edited by Mary L. Gill and Pierre Pellegrin. West Sussex: Blackwell, 2006.
Burnyeat, Myles. “Can the Sceptic Live His Scepticism?” in Doubt and Dogmatism. Edited by M. Schofield, M. Burnyeat, and J. Barnes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
DeLacy, Philip. “Ou Mallon and the Antecedents of Ancient Scepticism.” Phronesis 3, 1958.
Dumoulin, Heinrich, S.J. The Development of Chinese Zen after the Sixth Patriarch in the Light of the Mumonkan. Translated by Ruth Fuller Sasaki. New York: The First Zen Institute of America, 1953.
---. Zen Buddhism: A History Vol.1, India and China. Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1994.
Faure, Bernard. Chan Insights and Oversights: An Epistemological Critique of the Chan Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
---. “The Theory of One-Practice Samâdhi (i-hsing san-mei) in Ch`an Buddhism.” In Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism. Edited by Peter N. Gregory, 99-128. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986.
Flintoff, E. “Pyrrho and India.” Phronesis 25 (1980): 88-108.
Floridi, Luciano. Sextus Empiricus, The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Fogelin, Robert J. Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Forman, Robert K.C. Mysticism, Mind, and Consciousness. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Frede, Michael. Essays in Ancient Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Fung Yu-lan. A History of Chinese Philosophy. 2 Vols. Translated by Derk Bodde. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952-53.
---. A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1948.
Garfield, Jay. “Epoche and "Suunyataa: Skepticism East and West.” Philosophy East and West 40, no. 3 (1990): 285-307.
Garfield, Jay, and Graham Priest. “Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought.” Philosophy East and West 53, no. 1 (2003): 285-307.
Garner, Dick. “Skepticism, ordinary language and Zen Buddhism.” Philosophy East and West 27, no. 2 (1978): 165-181.
Garner, Richard. Beyond Morality. Temple: Philadelphia, 1994.
Graham, A.C. Disputers of the Tao. Illinois: Open Court, 1989.
Gregory, Peter N., ed. Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988.
---. Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Guo Peng 郭朋. Tan jing xiao shi. 壇經校釋. Taibei (台北): Wen jin chu ban she文津出版社, 1995.
Hadot, Pierre. What is Ancient Philosophy. Harvard: Cambridge, 2004.
Hankinson, R.J. The Sceptics. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Hong Xiuping 洪修平. Zhongguo chan xue si xiang shi. 中國禪學思想史. Nanjing: Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she 中國人民大學出版社, 2007.
Hookway, Christopher. Scepticism. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.
Hu Shih. The Development of the Logical Method in Ancient China. 2nd edition. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1963.
---. “Ch`an (Zen) Buddhism in China: Its History and Method.” Philosophy East and West 3, no. 1 (1953): 3-24.
---. “The Development of Zen Buddhism in China.” The Chinese and Political Science Review 15, no. 4 (1932): 475-505.
Huppert, Felicia A. “Positive emotions and cognition: developmental neuroscience and health perspectives.” In Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior. Edited by Joseph P. Forgas. New York: Psychology Press, 2006.
Jiang Lansheng, ed. 100 Excerpts from Zen Buddhist Texts.. Taipei: Taiwan, 2001.
Jin Ronghua 金榮華. Liuzu tan jing zhong Huineng ci mu qing jie shi bian 六祖壇經中「慧能辭母」情節試辨. Dunhuang xue di er shi wu ji 敦煌學第二十五輯 (2004.7): 227-231.
Kjellberg, Paul. Phillip J. Ivanhoe. Essays on Skepticism, Relativism, and Ethics in the Zhuangzi. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Kraft, Kenneth, ed. Zen: Tradition and Transition: A Sourcebook by Contemporary Zen Masters and Scholars. New York: Grove Press, 1988.
Kuzminski, Adrian. Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2008.
Lai, Whalen and Lewis R. Lancaster, eds. Early Ch`an in China and Tibet. Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1983.
Long, A.A., and D. N. Sedley. The Hellenistic Philosophers. 2 Vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
McEvilley, Thomas. The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Allworth Press: New York, 2002.
McGreal, Ian P. ed. Great Thinkers of the Eastern World. New York: Harper-Collins, 1995.
McRae, John R. “The Ox-head School of Chinese Ch`an Buddhism: From Early Ch`an to the Golden Age.” In Studies in Ch`an and Hua-yen, Edited by Robert M. Gimello and Peter N. Gregory, 169-253. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.
---. Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003.
---. “Shen-hui and the Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch`an Buddhism.” Sudden and Gradual, Edited by Peter N. Gregory, 227-278. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988.2
---. “The Story of Early Ch`an.” In Zen: Tradition and Transition. Edited by Kenneth Kraft, 125-139. New York: Grove Press, 1988.
Popkin, Richard H. The High Road to Pyrrhonism. Edited by Richard A. Watson and James E. Force. San Diego: Austin Hill Press, 1980.
---. The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Priest, Graham. Beyond the Limits of Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1995.
Qui Minjie 邱敏捷. Tan jing de zuo zhe yu ban ben—yin shun yu hu shi ji Riben xue zhe xian guan yan jiu zhi bi jiao. 壇經的作者與版本—印順與胡適及日本學者相關研究觀點之比較. Di liu jie “Yinshun dao shi si xiang zhi li luan yu shi jian” xue shu hui yi: Yinshun dao shi yu ren pusa xing,” 第六屆『印順導師思想之理論與實踐』學術會議:印順導師與人菩薩行 (2006.5): 1-38.
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Red Pine. The Platform Sutra: The Zen Teaching of Huineng. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard, 2006.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學研究所
94154017
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094154017
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林鎭國zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 莊子義zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Harris, Carlo-JaMelleen_US
dc.creator (作者) 莊子義zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Harris, Carlo-JaMelleen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-Apr-2010 15:27:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Apr-2010 15:27:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Apr-2010 15:27:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094154017en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38734-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 哲學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94154017zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Nonezh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis is a comparative study of the Pyrrhonian Skepticism and Zen Buddhist approaches to “tranquility.” I will argue that state of ataraxia (“unperturbedness”) as interpreted by the Skeptics is essentially identical to the Zen state of “non-dwelling” as articulated by the Sixth Patriarch Huineng. In doing so, I will attempt to show how the philosophical methodologies of both Sextus and Huineng succeed in bringing the individual to a state of tranquility through the skillful use of opposition pairs, be they in the form of opposed arguments (for the Skeptics) or traditional dichotomies (for the Zennists). I will argue also that simple non-dogmatic reliance on non-rational guides to life (e.g. culture, custom, etc.) as advocated by the Skeptics is equivalent to the Zen idea of returning to life in the ordinary world absent attachment to either the ordinary or the transcendent.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1
CHAPTER 1 PYRRHONIAN SKEPTICISM………………………………… 13
1.1 The Philosophical Milieu of Sextus Empiricus………………… 13
1.2 The Way of Pyrrhonian Skepticism……………………20
1.3 The Text of the Outlines of Pyrrhonism…………29
CHAPTER 2 ZEN BUDDHISM…………………………………31
2.1 Huineng and His Zen Inheritance……………………31
2.2 The Fundamentals of Huineng’s Southern School of Zen.....36
2.3 The Text of the Platform Sūtra………………………45
CHAPTER 3 SKEPTIC AND ZENNIST TERMINOLOGY…………48
3.1 A Comparison of Key Terms 48
3.2 Ataraxia and Wuzhu (無住)……………………………57
CHAPTER 4 THE USE OF OPPOSITIONS…68
4.1 The Skeptical Modes of Argument………………………68
4.2 The Zen Use of Opposition Pairs………………………73
CHAPTER 5 MORALITY AND METAPHYSICS..………………………79
5.1 On Good and Evil………………………………………………79
5.2 On the Positing of Metaphysical Objects………………91
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION……..……………………………………94
APPENDIX: A SKEPTIC AND A ZENNST IN DIALOGUE…………100
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………107
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 661650 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094154017en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 慧能zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禪宗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 懷疑主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 六祖壇經zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 賽克斯都斯‧恩比利克斯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 皮羅zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Huinengen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Zen (Chan)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Skepticismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Platform Sutraen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sextus Empiricusen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pyrrhoen_US
dc.title (題名) 皮羅懷疑主義與禪宗的哲學對話zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Towards a Philosophy of TranquilIty: Pyrrhonian Skepticism and Zen Buddhism in dialogueen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chinese Primary Sourceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Generally speaking the Platform Sūtra is the only Zen (or Chinese) text that has attained canonical status. It will thus serve as the source text for Zen teachings for this study. The manuscript of the Platform Sūtra used here is Yang Zengwen’s (楊曾文) “New Dunhuang Version” (Dun huang xin ben 敦煌新本) of the Platform Sūtra, an annotated edition based on the second of the Mogao Caves texts (No. 077). Its full title is Nan zong dun jiao zui shang da shang mo he bo re bo luo tan jing yi juan 南宗頓教最上大乘摩訶般若波羅蜜經 六祖惠能大師於韶州大梵寺施法壇經一卷, (“The Southern School of Sudden Enlightenment, The Supreme Mahāyāna Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra: The Platform Sūtra Preached by the Sixth Patriarch Huineng at Dafan Temple in Shaozhou—One Scroll”) and as believed to be one of the earliest and most reliable versions of the sūtra available (usually dated around 780 CE).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) I follow D.T. Suzuki’s traditional chapter divisions when citing the text. Quotes from the Zongbao (宗寶) edition (1271 CE) (full title: Liu zu da shi fa bao tanjing 六祖大師法寶壇經; “Dharma Jewel Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch”) are cited in accordance with the Taishō Canon standard. And though I have consulted the English translations listed below, the translations from the Chinese texts quoted in this thesis will are my own unless otherwise noted.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 卍 Xuzangjing Vol. 24, No. 460 (Jingangjing kou jie 《金剛經口訣》)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chan, Wing-tsit. A Sourcebook in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ge zhaoguang 葛兆光, shiyi 釋譯. Zutang ji. 祖堂集. Gaoxiong (高雄): Foguang chu ban she佛光出版社, 1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Katsuki, Sekida and A.V. Grimstone, ed., trans. Two Zen Classics. The Gateless Gate and Blue Cliff Records. Boston: Shambhala, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Price, A.F., and Wong Mou-Lam, trans. The Diamond Sutra and the Sutra of Huineng. Boulder: Shambhala, 1969.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Suzuki, D.T., trans. Lankavatara Sutra. Boulder, CO: Prajña Press, 1978.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taishō Tripitaka Vol. 8, No. 223 (Mohe bore boluomi jing 《摩訶般若波羅蜜經》)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taishō Tripitaka Vol. 48, No. 2008 (Liuzu dashi fabao tanjing 《六祖大師法寶壇經》)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thurman, Robert A. F., trans. Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra. Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yampolsky, Philip B., trans. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. ed., trans. The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang Zengwen楊曾文. Xinban Dunhuang xinben: Lizu tanjing新版敦煌新本: 六祖壇經. Beijing: Zong jiao wen hua chu ban she宗教文化出版社, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greek and Roman Primary Sourceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The primary sources for Skepticism in this study will be Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism. I rely mostly on this text as it alone provides a very thorough overview of the Skeptic school and is for good reason Sextus’ most well-known text. Sextus’ other extant texts focus on specific arguments as opposed to the doctrines of the Skeptic school itself. Secondly, in comparison to Sextus other works, I feel that the Outlines contain Sextus’ most mature thinking on the subject as it consistently keeps to a non-dogmatic tone. Sextus scholar Richard Bett offers in my opinion a very compelling case for this view that the Outlines is more consistent to Skepticism than the other two major texts just mentioned. Quotes from the Outlines of Pyrrhonism are mainly adapted from Mate’s translation. The translations of Annas and Barnes and Bury have also been consulted.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annas, Julias, and Jonathan Barnes, eds., trans. Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bett, Robert, trans. Sextus Empiricus: Against the Logicians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.zh_TW
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