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題名 民意與外交政策-以越戰期間(1954-1973年)『世界報』反映之大眾意見與美法雙邊外交關係為例
Public opinion and foreign policy—study of the french public opinion reflected by le monde and France-United States bilateral relations
作者 曾雅玲
Tseng, Yaling
貢獻者 鄧中堅
Teng, Chung Chian
曾雅玲
Tseng, Yaling
關鍵詞 法美雙邊關係
越南戰爭
民意
外交政策
媒體
認知
France-United States
Vietnam War
Public Opinion
Foreign Policy
Media
Perception
日期 2009
上傳時間 8-Dec-2010 02:04:22 (UTC+8)
摘要 過往對民意對外交政策的研究多聚焦於美國案例,而以「美國國內政治民意制衡機制」如國會為重要機制。本研究即試以世界報所反映的法國媒體民意與越戰期間法國與美國雙邊關係之互動為例,探討法國民意與外交政策關係之特徵。

以文獻分析法與內容分析法研究越南戰爭六個時期( 「法越奠邊府戰役」、「甘迺迪總統軍事介入越戰」、「東京灣決議案」、「春節攻勢」、「尼克森宣言」及「巴黎協議後至美國撤兵越南」)的相關文獻與法國世界報(Le Monde)文本,最後發展出法國的民意與外交決策過程簡圖如下。並由奠邊府戰役時期世界報輿論與法國外交政策、美國其中外交政策態度轉折過程,取得此時期世界報輿論意見獨立於法國對美國外交路線之例證。

圖中線條粗細代表影響力大小:行政部門對媒體、精英與大眾意見有強大影響力,而媒體的新聞框架與評論擁有第二大影響政府外交決策之作用,甚至可能還大於其他精英如國會議員對法國行政當局的影響。

另外,透過比較上述六時期世界報新聞評論與特稿內容分析,得出法國媒體民意對美國越戰作為之認知變化,此對美國行為認知與歸因的歷時性研究發現奠邊府戰役時期對美國正面認知以「求助」為主動機,而戰況慘烈如1968年春節攻勢之際,對美國越戰認知出現大量「同理心(25%)」成分。負面認知包含大量「不理性」與「好戰」,與「霸權自利」相關的負面認知則相對較小。同時,單一政策與個別領導人如詹森與尼克森任期分野也與法國民意對美國越戰作為之「不理性」認知比例差異相呼應。

關鍵字:法美雙邊關係、越南戰爭、民意、外交政策、媒體、世界報、認知
參考文獻 中文書目
1. 翁秀琪,《大眾傳播理論與實證》,(台北:三民書局,民國81年3月)。

2. 王玉民,《社會科學研究方法理論》,(台北:洪業文化,1999年)。
3. Earl Babbie著,李美華、孔祥明、李明寰、林嘉娟、王婷玉、李承宇譯,《社會科學研究方法理論》,(台北:時英出版,2005)。
4. 《大眾媒體研究》李天任、藍莘等譯,(台北:亞太出版,1995)。
5. 王石番,傳播內容分析法—理論與實證(台北,幼獅文化:1992年第二版)。
6.《越戰越南化問題之研究》,國家建設計劃委員會編印(台北: 1971年)。
8. Henry Kissinger,林添貴 顧淑馨譯,《大外交》,智庫(台北:1998年)。
9. 張台麟,《法國第五共和國會之外交權》,國立政治大學國際關係研究中心「國際及大陸情勢專題報告」,(台北:1990年10月)。
10.張台麟,《法國第五共和總統職權之研究:理論與實際》,國立政治大學國際關係研究中心,(台北:1994年)。
11. 布萊恩‧克羅澤(廖偉倫譯),《法蘭西的尊嚴-戴高樂:下》,(台北,北辰:1987年)
12. 李萬來,《法國外交政策結構》,(台北,台灣新生報:1991年)
13.陳信豪,「2006年總統罷免案我國主要報紙社論及新聞報導之內容分析」,政大國家發展研究所碩士論文,(台北: 2008年)
英文專書
Almond, Gabriel Abraham, The American people and foreign policy (N.Y. :
Frederick A. Praeger, 1960)
Bailey, T.A., The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on
Foreign Policy(New York: Macmillan:1948)
Berry, Nicholas O., Foreign Policy and The Press : An Analysis of The New York Times’ Coverage of U.S. Foreign Policy(New York : Greenwood Press: 1990)
Bernard Berelson and Morris Janowitz, eds., Reader in Public Opinion and Communication(New York: Free Press:1966)
Caspary, W. R., The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research. New Brunswick, (NJ:Rutgers University Press :1967)
Cohen, Bernard Cecil, The press and foreign policy (Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press: 1963)
David, Strauass and James N. Cobin, Basic of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (Sage Publications,1990)
Entnam , Robert M., Media Power in Politics (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press:2007)
Entnam, Robert M., Projections of power : framing news, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy(Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2004), 10
Eguchi, H. and K. Sata, eds., Studies in Broadcasting, ed (Tokyo: The Nippon Hoso Kypkai.,1973).
Graham, T.W., The Politics of Failure: Strategic Nuclear Arms Control, Public Opinion, and Domestic Politics in the United States—1945-1980. (Doctoral dissertation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology:1989)
Graber, Doris A., ed., Media Power in Politics(Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, 2007)
Greenfield, James L., The Pentagon Papers,(Bantam ,The New York Times:1971)
Holsti, Ole R., Content Analysis Research Design, Content Analysis for Social Sciences and Humanities, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Philipines: 1969)
Key, V.O., Public Opinion and American Democracy ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf: 1964)
Kull, Steven, C. R., and Evan Lewis, Media Power in Politics(Washington, D.C. : CQ Press:2007 )
Kedrowski, Karen M., “How Members of Congress Use the Media to Influence Public Policy”, Media Power in Politics, ed. Doris A. Graber(Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, 2007)
Krippenodorff , Klaus, Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology, (Beverly Hills, Sage Publication: 1980),
Kuhn,Raymond, The Media in France(New York : Routledge, 1995)
Lippmann, W., Public Opinion (New York: Harcourt , Brace:1922)
Linsky, Martin, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (New York: W. W. Norton: 1986)
Lippmann, Walter, Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan:1922)
McArthur, J.R., The Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War(New York: Hill and Wang:1992)
McKay, Donald C., The United States and France (Camb : Harvard University, 1951)
Morgenthau, H.J., Publics among Nations, 5th ed.(New York: Knopf:1978), 558.
McQuail, Denis, Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction (Beverly Hills, Sage Publication: 1987)
Nacos, Brigitte L., Shapiro, Robert Y. and Isernia, Pierangelo, ed., Decisionmaking in a Glass house : Mass Media, Public Opinion, and American and European Foreign Policy in the 21st Century(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, c2000)
O’Heffernan, Patrick, ”Media Influence in US Foreign Policy”, Taken by storm : the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War (Chicago : University of Chicago Press:1994)
Protess, David and Maxwell McCombs, eds., Agenda setting : readings on media, public opinion, and policymaking, ( Hillsdale, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates: 1991)
Paletz , David L., Taken by storm : the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War (Chicago : University of Chicago Press:1994)
Page, Benjamin and Shapiro, Robert, “Foreign Policy and Rational Public”, Journal of Conflict Resolution 32(1988)
Pratt, John Clark, Vietnam Voices: Perspectives on the War Years 1941-1975
(University of Georgia Press,1999)
Rosenau, J. N., Public opinion and foreign policy : an operational formulation(New York : Random House:1961)
Statler, Kathryn C., ‘A Death in March’ and ’Negotiating Toward Geneva’, Replacing France: the origins of American intervention in Vietnam(Replacing France: the origins of American intervention in Vietnam:2009)
Smith, Joseph, The Cold War, 1945-1991(Historical Association Studies:1998)
Schwartz, Thomas Alan, Lyndon Johnson and Europe (Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 2003)
Thogmartin, Clyde, ’The National Daily Press of France’, The national daily press of France(Summa Publications, Inc.,1998)
Young, Jphn W., France, the Cold War and the Western Alliance, 1944-1949,Leicester University Press(London:1990)
Welch , Susan and Comer , John, Public opinion : its formation, measurement, and impact (Palo Alto, Calif. : Mayfield Pub. Co.:1975)
Wimmer Roger & Joseph Dominick , Mass Media Research- An Introduction (Wadsworth,Inc.,1991)
Wiest, Andrew ,Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land(Osprey: 2006)
法文專書
Goscha,Christopher and Maurice Vaïsse .ed., La Guerre Du Vietnam Et L’Europe 1963-1973, (Bruxelles :Bruylant :2003)
Grosser, Alfred, translated by Lois Ames Pattison, French foreign policy under De Gaulle (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977)
Thierry Dahan, La Ve République et le Vietnam, 1959-1976, thèse de droit, université de Nice, 1998
英文期刊
Gabriel Abraham Almond, Public Opinion and National Security, Public Opinion Quarterly 20:371-378
Entnam, R. M., and Rojecki, Andrew, "Freezing out the Public: Elite and Media Framing of the U.S. Anti-Nuclear Movement " Political communication 10, no.2: 151-167.
Hallin,Daniel C., The Media, the War in Vietnam, and Political Support: The Critique
of the Thesis of an Oppositional Media, Journal of Politics 46(1984):2-24
Hoge, James F. Jr., “Media Pervasiveness”, Foreign Affairs 73(July-August 1994): 136-144
Baum, Mathew A., “Going Private: Public Opinion, Presidential Rhetoric, and the Domestic Politics of Audience costs in US Foreign Policy Crises”, Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(2004): 603-631.
Fearon, James D., “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes”, American Political Science Review vol.88, no.3(September 1994), pp. 577-592
Holsti, Ole R., “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus Mershon Series: Research Programs and Debates”, International Studies Quarterly 36(1992)
Kovach, Bill, “Lights, Camera, War (Book Review); The captive press (Book Review)”, Foreign Policy 102 (Spring 1996): 169-79
Powlick, Phlip J., “The Source of Public Opinion for American Foreign Policy Officers”, International Studies Quarterly 39(1995), 427-251
Powlick, Phlip J., “The Attitudinal Bases for Responsiveness to Public Opinion Among American Foreign Policy Official”, Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 611-641
Powlick, Phlip J., “The Sources of Public Opinion for American Foreign Policy Officers”,International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 427-451
Michael Tomz, “Domestic Audience Cost in International Relations: An Experimental Approach”, Internatioanal Organization 61(Fall 2007), pp.821-840
Sullivan , Marianna P., ”France and the Vietnam Peace Settlement”, Political Science Quarterly(June 1974)
Weeks, Jessica L.,” Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve”, International Organization vol.62 no.1(Winter2008), pp. 35-64.
Zaller, John and Chiu, Dennis, ‘Government’s Little Helper: US Press Coverage and Foreign Policy Crises 1945-1991’, Political Communication13(1996),pp. 385-405
Kathryn C. Staler, ‘Author’s Response’, H-Diplo Roundtable Reviews, Vol.IV, no.3(Feb.2008)
Hugues Tertrais, ‘America Takes Over Vietnam: The French View’, (Itinerario: 1998), Cambridge University Press 22, pp,51-58
法文期刊
Charles Cogan” Last Opportunity or mission impossible: de Gaulle’s initiatives in China and Vietnam”, French Politics and society, hiver 1995, 54-77
Fédéric Turpin, ‘Georges Pompidou et la question cambodgienne:continuté et adjustement de l’heritage gaullien(1969-1974) ‘, Revue d’Historie diplomatique, 2002, no.1, 47-81
Philippe Devillers , ‘La Politique Française et La Seconde Guerre Du Vietnam’, Politique étrangère Année, Vol. 32, no. 6(196,), pp. 569-604
Janes Cable, ‘La Conférence de Geneva sur l’Indochine’, Histoire Economie Et Societe(Londres, Macmillan, 1986), pp. 63-75
英文報紙
”The News of the Week in Review, Vietnam Dilemma: What Course for U.S.? ” New York Times, September 1, 1963.
法文報紙
1954年3-5月,1961年4-5月,1964年8月,1968年1-2月,1969年7-8月,1973年2-4月,Le Monde (世界報)
官方文件
Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS) 1964-1968(Government Printing Office, 2004), vol. I, Vietnam, 1964
‘Memo Buddy to President Johnson’, 30 June 1965, in Foreign Relations of United States, Vietnam June-December 1965, volume 3, National Archives, pp.79-85. Quotes are found on p.85
‘Momo Lansdale to Gilpatric’, 30 November 1961, CMH Records, Army Documents, National Archives
‘USIA French External Culture and Information Service Report’, May 7, 1963, Naitonal Archives, RG306, Office of Research , R Reports 1960-1963, box 15
‘President’s Visit to de Gaulle’, Paris, 31 May -1961 June 2,1961, Naitonal Archives, RG218, Records of the US Joint Chief of Staff , Central Decimal Files 1961, box 52
‘Wesley Haraldson, deputy director, to H. Robert Slusser, chief, Research and Statistical Section’, November 28, 1956, National Archives, RG 469.
Chronology of Charles de Gaulle’s Press Conference, 1958-1966 (French Embassy, Press and Information Division: 1966)
‘Interview Granted by Mr. Schumann, Minister of Foreign Affairs to the ORTF—22 May, 1970 ’, French foreign policy : official statements, speeches and communiqués, (New York: France. Ambassade (U.S.). Service de presse et d`information, 1970)
‘Communiqué Issued at the Close of the Robert by Mr. Schuann, Minister of Foreign Affairs Before the National Assembly Foreign Affairs Committee—5 May, 1970 ’, French foreign policy : official statements, speeches and communiqués, (New York: France. Ambassade (U.S.). Service de presse et d`information, 1970)
‘Address by Maurice Schumann, Minister of Foreign Affairs at the Luncheon Debate of the Diplomatic Press—9 March, 1970 ’,French foreign policy : official statements, speeches and communiqués, (New York: France. Ambassade (U.S.). Service de presse et d`information, 1970)
‘Address by Maurice Schumann, Minister of Foreign Affairs at the Luncheon Debate of the foreign Press—1 April, 1970 ’ ,French foreign policy : official statements, speeches and communiqués, (New York: France. Ambassade (U.S.). Service de presse et d`information, 1970)
‘Address by Maurice Schumann, Minister of Foreign Affairs Before the National Assembly—28 April, 1970’ ,French foreign policy : official statements, speeches and communiqués, (New York: France. Ambassade (U.S.). Service de presse et d`information, 1970)
Press and Information Service No.1413, New York: French Embassy, Press and Information Service, the Press Conference, July 2,1970
網路資料
法文版維基百科_世界報_世界報在法國政治中的地位(Position du Monde dans l`espace politique français):http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde
越南戰爭_維基百科
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89
世界報線上新聞資料庫http://www.lemonde.fr/
University of Delaware圖書館
http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/lanr/resguide/monde.htm
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
97253020
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097253020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄧中堅zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Teng, Chung Chianen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 曾雅玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tseng, Yalingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 曾雅玲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tseng, Yalingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Dec-2010 02:04:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Dec-2010 02:04:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Dec-2010 02:04:22 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097253020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49296-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97253020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 過往對民意對外交政策的研究多聚焦於美國案例,而以「美國國內政治民意制衡機制」如國會為重要機制。本研究即試以世界報所反映的法國媒體民意與越戰期間法國與美國雙邊關係之互動為例,探討法國民意與外交政策關係之特徵。

以文獻分析法與內容分析法研究越南戰爭六個時期( 「法越奠邊府戰役」、「甘迺迪總統軍事介入越戰」、「東京灣決議案」、「春節攻勢」、「尼克森宣言」及「巴黎協議後至美國撤兵越南」)的相關文獻與法國世界報(Le Monde)文本,最後發展出法國的民意與外交決策過程簡圖如下。並由奠邊府戰役時期世界報輿論與法國外交政策、美國其中外交政策態度轉折過程,取得此時期世界報輿論意見獨立於法國對美國外交路線之例證。

圖中線條粗細代表影響力大小:行政部門對媒體、精英與大眾意見有強大影響力,而媒體的新聞框架與評論擁有第二大影響政府外交決策之作用,甚至可能還大於其他精英如國會議員對法國行政當局的影響。

另外,透過比較上述六時期世界報新聞評論與特稿內容分析,得出法國媒體民意對美國越戰作為之認知變化,此對美國行為認知與歸因的歷時性研究發現奠邊府戰役時期對美國正面認知以「求助」為主動機,而戰況慘烈如1968年春節攻勢之際,對美國越戰認知出現大量「同理心(25%)」成分。負面認知包含大量「不理性」與「好戰」,與「霸權自利」相關的負面認知則相對較小。同時,單一政策與個別領導人如詹森與尼克森任期分野也與法國民意對美國越戰作為之「不理性」認知比例差異相呼應。

關鍵字:法美雙邊關係、越南戰爭、民意、外交政策、媒體、世界報、認知
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第0章 研究動機 1
第一章 文獻回顧 3
第二章 研究方法 19
第三章 法國媒體、民意、與外交政策 33
第四章 法國與美國越南政策與美法關係變化 41
第五章 奠邊府戰役時期,世界報民意與外交政策 74
第六章 越南戰爭時期,世界報民意與外交政策 95
第七章 研究發現與結論 130
參考文獻 139
附錄 147
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097253020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 法美雙邊關係zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 越南戰爭zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民意zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外交政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) France-United Statesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Vietnam Waren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Public Opinionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign Policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Perceptionen_US
dc.title (題名) 民意與外交政策-以越戰期間(1954-1973年)『世界報』反映之大眾意見與美法雙邊外交關係為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Public opinion and foreign policy—study of the french public opinion reflected by le monde and France-United States bilateral relationsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文書目zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. 翁秀琪,《大眾傳播理論與實證》,(台北:三民書局,民國81年3月)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. 王玉民,《社會科學研究方法理論》,(台北:洪業文化,1999年)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Earl Babbie著,李美華、孔祥明、李明寰、林嘉娟、王婷玉、李承宇譯,《社會科學研究方法理論》,(台北:時英出版,2005)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. 《大眾媒體研究》李天任、藍莘等譯,(台北:亞太出版,1995)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. 王石番,傳播內容分析法—理論與實證(台北,幼獅文化:1992年第二版)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6.《越戰越南化問題之研究》,國家建設計劃委員會編印(台北: 1971年)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Henry Kissinger,林添貴 顧淑馨譯,《大外交》,智庫(台北:1998年)。zh_TW
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