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題名 論專利侵害之損害賠償計算-─從美國、中國大陸與台灣之專利修法談起
Damages calculation in patent infringement-perspectives of patent reforms in the United States, China and Taiwan
作者 李柏靜
Lee, Po Ching
貢獻者 馮震宇
Fong, Jerry G.
李柏靜
Lee, Po Ching
關鍵詞 損害賠償
懲罰性損害賠償
專利侵權
侵犯專利
故意侵害
損害賠償計算
damages
punitive damages
increased damages
patent infringement
willful infringement
damages calculation
日期 2008
上傳時間 8-Dec-2010 17:52:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 為了專利法制現代化,美國、中國大陸與台灣均進行專利修法,並修訂損害賠償計算。本文試圖以三者修法目的為思考評析損害賠償計算之修訂,並類型化分析三者相關規範。本文探討美國司法實務所發展的分攤法則及整體市場價值法則,而在建立更有效率之專利制度的目標下,美國專利法第284條並不適合納入上述法則。本文歸納美國專利懲罰性損害賠償制度之三種認定故意的標準。第一,傳統的故意侵害論,Underwater Devices案「充分注意之確切義務」之標準為故意侵害設立了一個較低的門檻,比較類似過失。第二,Seagate案的故意侵害論,為客觀的輕率。第三,專利改革的故意侵害論,三種故意樣態下之客觀的輕率;但可能因此限制法官的裁量權。中國大陸在提高自主創新能力與建設創新型國家之知識產權戰略目標下,第三次專利法修正將於2009年施行。新專利法第65條將現行最高人民法院司法解釋規定的定額賠償提高到專利法層次,且提高法定額度。從訴訟成本考量,由法院定額不失為較經濟的方法;然而,此方法亦有可能會有因非根據證據而落入主觀判斷賠償數額的缺點。新專利法第65條並明訂賠償數額還應當包括權利人為制止侵權行為所支付的合理開支,惟其計量方法仍不明確。雖然新專利法沒有納入懲罰性損害賠償,於提高法定賠償額度與加重其他相關民事與行政責任之配套修改下,新專利法有提高侵權人金錢負擔的效果,應有較大的嚇阻功能,進而鼓勵創新。台灣在因應國內科技政策與國際規範發展,及配合智慧財產法院設立的背景下,提出專利法修正草案,其中建議現行專利法第85條新增「以相當於實施該發明專利所得收取之權利金數額為其損害」規定。然而,針對權利金的合理性及是否以合理權利金作為補償底限,修正草案並沒有明確規定。此外,修正草案建議刪除懲罰性損害賠償,以回歸我國民事損害賠償制度。台灣專利侵害民事訴訟的成本與賠償金額並不高,也沒有敗訴方負擔對方律師費用的規定,在專利侵害全面除罪化之後,懲罰性損害賠償對侵害人可能形成一種「實質上額外的風險」,而非「僅是一種商業上的成本」,因而有其一定的功能意義。以專利法促進產業發展的目的考量,若沒有相關配套措施,實可考慮繼續保留現行懲罰性損害賠償制度。
For modernization of patent laws, the United States, China and Taiwan are undergoing patent reform, each amending its damages provision. This thesis categorized forms of damages calculation in three countries, and tried to analyze its amendment from the perspective of patent reform in each country. This thesis analyzed the possible impact of specifying the apportionment rule and entire market value rule in Section 284, 35 United State Code. In addition, three standards of willful infringement with enhanced damages were concluded. First, the traditional willfulness doctrine in Underwater Devices case is the affirmative duty of due care which sets a lower threshold of willing infringement that is more akin to negligence. Second, willfulness in Seagate case requires at least an objective recklessness. Third, willfulness in Patent Reform Act of 2009 requires an objective recklessness in three different conditions; such proposal may restrict the discretion of the court. With national intellectual property strategy to improve the domestic capacity of innovation and to build an innovative country, the third amendment to Patent Act of the People`s Republic of China becomes in effect in 2009. Article 65 in the new Chinese Patent Act codifies the statutory damages in the range of RMB 10,000 to 1,000,000, compared to the current range of RMB 5,000 to 500,000 provided by the Supreme People’s Court judicial interpretation. In the perspective of litigation costs, statutory damages award may be a more economic approach but subjective judgment could have implication caused by lack of factual evidence for damages calculation. Article 65 also codifies that the amount of compensation shall include reasonable cost for ceasing patent infringement by the right holder, however, how to measure the reasonable cost is not clear. Although the new Chinese Patent Act does not include punitive damages, the maximum statutory damages, other related civil liability and administrative penalty are increased. Such amendments may increase the pecuniary burden of the infringer and expect to lead to more deterrent effect on patent infringement and encourage innovation. In the context of international regulation change, national technology policy change and establishment of professional Intellectual Property Court, comprehensive review of Taiwanese Patent Act is ongoing. The proposed bill adds “equivalent amount of royalty for implementing the patent invention as damages” into Article 85 of current Taiwanese Patent Act. However, it is not clearly codified that a reasonable royalty must be justified and such royalty calculation is to set a floor for damages award. The proposed bill abandons punitive damages for willful infringement. In such proposal, the result of willful infringement may not be a substantial additional risk but only a cost of doing business, because the litigation cost and damages award are not so high, and there is no attorney fee award or criminal penalty in Taiwanese patent regulation system. Hence, reconsideration of retaining punitive damages is suggested.
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四、判決
(一)台灣
1. 台灣高等法院90年度上字第738號
2. 台灣高等法院93年度上易字第8號
3. 智慧財產法院97年度民專上易字第4號
4. 最高法院48年台上字第1934號判例
5. 最高法院52年台上字第2139號判例
6. 最高法院93年度台上字第2292號
(二)中國大陸
1. 北京市第二中级人民法院,(2008)二中民初字第15043号
2. 北京市第二中级人民法院,(2009)二中民初字第3436号
3. 成都市中级人民法院,(2001)成知初字第13号
4. 杭州市中级人民法院,(2000)杭经初字第20号
5. 重庆市高级人民法院,(2000)渝高法知终字第10号
6. 湖北省武汉市中级人民法院,(2008)武知初字第268号
(三)美國
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五、網路資料
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(三)英文
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12. Leahy Patrick and Hatch Orrin, Meaningful Patent Reform, The Washington Time, February 15, 2008, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/feb/15/meaningful-patent-reform/, last visit: 2008/11/05
13. Lemley Mark A. and Shapiro Carl, Patent Hold-Up and Royalty Stacking, Competition Policy Center., Paper CPC07-065, January 10, 2007, http://repositories.cdlib.org/iber/cpc/CPC07-065, last visit: 2009/06/30.
14. Lichtman Doug (host), Patent Reform: Damages, audio program regarding testimony given before the Senate, from the Intellectual Property Colloquium, hosted by UCLA Law School’s Doug Lichtman, http://www.ipcolloquium.com/Programs/7.html, last visit: 2009/07/01.
15. Merrill Stephen A., LevinRichard C., and Myers Mark B. (eds), A Patent System for the 21st Century, 2004, 9-10, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10976, last visit: 2008/11/11.
16. Michel Paul, Letter from Chief Judge Michel to Sens. Leahy and Hatch, May 3, 2007, http://www.patentsmatter.com/issue/legislation.php, last visit 2009/02/12.
17. PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007 Patent and Trademark Damages Study, 2007, http://www.pwc.com/extweb/pwcpublications.nsf/docid/CB9DF7557A7E45088525729500564C55, last visit: 2009/01/08
18. Rooklidge William C., Patent Reform Damages Provision Violates Seventh Amendment, Patently-O, March 15, 2009, http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2009/03/rooklidge-patent-reform-damages-provision-violates-seventh-amendment.html, last visit: .2009/06/30.
19. Sandburg Brenda, You May Not Have Choice. Trolling for Dollars, The Recorder, 2001, available at Law.com; also available at http://www.phonetel.com/pdfs/LWTrolls.pdf; last visit 2009/02/08.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
95652012
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095652012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 馮震宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Fong, Jerry G.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李柏靜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Po Chingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李柏靜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Po Chingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Dec-2010 17:52:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Dec-2010 17:52:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Dec-2010 17:52:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095652012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49748-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律科際整合研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95652012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 為了專利法制現代化,美國、中國大陸與台灣均進行專利修法,並修訂損害賠償計算。本文試圖以三者修法目的為思考評析損害賠償計算之修訂,並類型化分析三者相關規範。本文探討美國司法實務所發展的分攤法則及整體市場價值法則,而在建立更有效率之專利制度的目標下,美國專利法第284條並不適合納入上述法則。本文歸納美國專利懲罰性損害賠償制度之三種認定故意的標準。第一,傳統的故意侵害論,Underwater Devices案「充分注意之確切義務」之標準為故意侵害設立了一個較低的門檻,比較類似過失。第二,Seagate案的故意侵害論,為客觀的輕率。第三,專利改革的故意侵害論,三種故意樣態下之客觀的輕率;但可能因此限制法官的裁量權。中國大陸在提高自主創新能力與建設創新型國家之知識產權戰略目標下,第三次專利法修正將於2009年施行。新專利法第65條將現行最高人民法院司法解釋規定的定額賠償提高到專利法層次,且提高法定額度。從訴訟成本考量,由法院定額不失為較經濟的方法;然而,此方法亦有可能會有因非根據證據而落入主觀判斷賠償數額的缺點。新專利法第65條並明訂賠償數額還應當包括權利人為制止侵權行為所支付的合理開支,惟其計量方法仍不明確。雖然新專利法沒有納入懲罰性損害賠償,於提高法定賠償額度與加重其他相關民事與行政責任之配套修改下,新專利法有提高侵權人金錢負擔的效果,應有較大的嚇阻功能,進而鼓勵創新。台灣在因應國內科技政策與國際規範發展,及配合智慧財產法院設立的背景下,提出專利法修正草案,其中建議現行專利法第85條新增「以相當於實施該發明專利所得收取之權利金數額為其損害」規定。然而,針對權利金的合理性及是否以合理權利金作為補償底限,修正草案並沒有明確規定。此外,修正草案建議刪除懲罰性損害賠償,以回歸我國民事損害賠償制度。台灣專利侵害民事訴訟的成本與賠償金額並不高,也沒有敗訴方負擔對方律師費用的規定,在專利侵害全面除罪化之後,懲罰性損害賠償對侵害人可能形成一種「實質上額外的風險」,而非「僅是一種商業上的成本」,因而有其一定的功能意義。以專利法促進產業發展的目的考量,若沒有相關配套措施,實可考慮繼續保留現行懲罰性損害賠償制度。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) For modernization of patent laws, the United States, China and Taiwan are undergoing patent reform, each amending its damages provision. This thesis categorized forms of damages calculation in three countries, and tried to analyze its amendment from the perspective of patent reform in each country. This thesis analyzed the possible impact of specifying the apportionment rule and entire market value rule in Section 284, 35 United State Code. In addition, three standards of willful infringement with enhanced damages were concluded. First, the traditional willfulness doctrine in Underwater Devices case is the affirmative duty of due care which sets a lower threshold of willing infringement that is more akin to negligence. Second, willfulness in Seagate case requires at least an objective recklessness. Third, willfulness in Patent Reform Act of 2009 requires an objective recklessness in three different conditions; such proposal may restrict the discretion of the court. With national intellectual property strategy to improve the domestic capacity of innovation and to build an innovative country, the third amendment to Patent Act of the People`s Republic of China becomes in effect in 2009. Article 65 in the new Chinese Patent Act codifies the statutory damages in the range of RMB 10,000 to 1,000,000, compared to the current range of RMB 5,000 to 500,000 provided by the Supreme People’s Court judicial interpretation. In the perspective of litigation costs, statutory damages award may be a more economic approach but subjective judgment could have implication caused by lack of factual evidence for damages calculation. Article 65 also codifies that the amount of compensation shall include reasonable cost for ceasing patent infringement by the right holder, however, how to measure the reasonable cost is not clear. Although the new Chinese Patent Act does not include punitive damages, the maximum statutory damages, other related civil liability and administrative penalty are increased. Such amendments may increase the pecuniary burden of the infringer and expect to lead to more deterrent effect on patent infringement and encourage innovation. In the context of international regulation change, national technology policy change and establishment of professional Intellectual Property Court, comprehensive review of Taiwanese Patent Act is ongoing. The proposed bill adds “equivalent amount of royalty for implementing the patent invention as damages” into Article 85 of current Taiwanese Patent Act. However, it is not clearly codified that a reasonable royalty must be justified and such royalty calculation is to set a floor for damages award. The proposed bill abandons punitive damages for willful infringement. In such proposal, the result of willful infringement may not be a substantial additional risk but only a cost of doing business, because the litigation cost and damages award are not so high, and there is no attorney fee award or criminal penalty in Taiwanese patent regulation system. Hence, reconsideration of retaining punitive damages is suggested.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 問題之提出與各國專利法損害賠償規範之因應 4
第一項 美國 4
第二項 中國大陸 8
第三項 台灣 9
第三節 研究範圍與限制、研究方法 10
第四節 本文架構 12
第貳章 美國專利法制對損害賠償之規範與計算 13
第一節 引言-美國專利改革之背景與目的 13
第二節 專利法制損害賠償之立法源由與演變 17
第一項 專利法第284條 17
第二項 立法演變-回復損失之澄清 20
一、1790年:由陪審團估定損害賠償 20
二、1870年:衡平下的雙重回復 21
三、1946年:引入至少合理權利金 22
四、1952年:回復專利權人的損失 23
第三節 美國專利法制對損害賠償之計算原則 25
第一項 損失之利益 26
一、Panduit測試 27
二、二供給者市場測試 30
三、市場佔有率 31
四、利益損失之計算 33
第二項 合理權利金 36
一、已確立之權利金 38
二、假設性協商 40
三、分析法 41
第三項 分攤價值與整體價值 41
一、分攤法則 41
二、整體市場價值法則 43
三、適用分攤法則之困難與困境 46
第四節 美國專利改革對損害賠償之修訂 51
第一項 2007年法案之建議 51
一、明文化合理權利金之計算原則 51
二、合理權利金之計算方法 52
第二項 2009年法案之建議 57
第五節 美國專利改革明文化損害賠償確定準則之思考與評析 59
第一項 合理權利金確定準則之必要性 59
一、以合理權利金計量損害賠償案件日增 59
二、以合理權利金計量損害賠償的問題 60
第二項 美國專利改革試圖提供明確準則 62
一、2007年法案提供各種計算原則 62
二、2007年法案納入分攤法則 63
第三項 法院之裁量權 69
一、2007年法案可能限制法官裁量權 69
二、2009年法案提供守門員功能之條文 71
第四項 是否解決現行問題? 73
第六節 小結 77
第叁章 美國專利法制對懲罰性損害賠償之規範與確定原則 81
第一節 懲罰性損害賠償之立法源由與演變 81
第一項 懲罰性損害賠償 81
第二項 三倍損害賠償之立法演變 82
一、1793年:至少三倍 82
二、1836年:至多三倍 82
三、1952年:現代損害賠償條文前身 85
第二節 懲罰性損害賠償之確定原則 86
第一項 故意侵害 86
一、故意 87
二、善意之抗辯與不利推論 89
三、客觀的輕率 92
第二項 倍數之決定 94
第三節 美國專利改革對懲罰性損害賠償之修訂 95
第一項 2007法案之建議 95
一、明文化故意侵害為懲罰性損害賠償要件 95
二、故意之限制 98
二、未呈交特定證據之不相關性 99
第二項 2009年法案之建議 99
第四節 美國專利改革明文化故意侵害之思考與評析 102
第一項 明文化故意侵害之必要性 102
一、傳統的故意侵害論 102
二、嚇阻過度的反效果 103
三、現行實務的問題 104
第二項 提供法官明確準則 107
一、專利改革之故意侵害論 107
二、具體化故意侵害的樣態 109
第三項 故意標準 110
一、三種故意標準 110
二、故意標準的影響 112
三、建議條文仍有不明確之處 113
第四項 裁量之彈性 114
一、從歷史解釋三倍損害賠償 114
二、當損害賠償不足以完全彌補實際損失 115
三、增加損害賠償額僅得適用於故意侵害? 116
第五節 小結 117
第肆章 中國大陸專利法制對損害賠償之規範與計算 120
第一節 專利法對損害賠償之規範 120
第一項 侵犯專利權與損害賠償 121
第二項 賠償數額之確定 124
第二節 確定賠償數額之方法 125
第一項 按照權利人的損失 128
一、根據專利產品減少的銷售量 128
二、根據侵權人產品的銷售量 130
第二項 按照侵權人的利益 132
第三項 參照該專利許可使用費的倍數合理確定 135
一、該專利許可使用費 136
二、合理確定 136
第四項 人民法院定額賠償 139
第三節 中國大陸新專利法對損害賠償之規範 140
第四節 新專利法損害賠償規範之思考與評析 145
第一項 賠償數額按照權利人的實際損失為原則 145
第二項 定額賠償之明文化 145
一、司法實踐多由法院定額賠償 145
二、定額賠償規範提高到專利法層次 147
三、提高法定賠償額度 148
第三項 制止侵權行為之合理開支 149
一、賠償數額包括制止侵權行為之合理開支 149
二、關於調查侵權行為之開支 149
三、如何計入制止侵權之開支? 152
第四項 懲罰性損害賠償仍未明文 154
第五項 其他建議 157
第五節 小結 159
第伍章 台灣專利法制對損害賠償之規範與計算 162
第一節 專利法對損害賠償之規範 162
第一項 專利侵害與損害賠償 162
第二項 損害之確定 163
第二節 損害賠償之計算方法 167
第一項 具體損害計算說 167
第二項 差額說 170
第三項 總利益說 173
第四項 總銷售額說 176
第五項 酌定說 177
第三節 台灣專利法修正草案對損害賠償之規範 178
第四節 損害賠償修正草案之思考與評析 184
第一項 差額說之商榷 184
第二項 增訂權利金為損害賠償計算原則 188
第三項 刪除懲罰性損害賠償規定之商榷 193
第五節 損害賠償計算之類型化分析 195
第一項 損害賠償計算之類型 195
第二項 損害賠償計算方法 201
一、由權利人的損失計算 201
二、由侵害人的利益計算 202
三、以權利金計算 203
四、由法院定額賠償 203
第六節 小結 204
第陸章 結論與建議 206
第一節 結論 206
第二節 建議 215
參考文獻 217
一、繁體中文 217
二、簡體中文 219
三、英文 220
四、判決 221
(一)台灣 221
(二)中國大陸 222
(三)美國 222
五、網路資料 225
(一)繁體中文 225
(二)簡體中文 226
(三)英文 227
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095652012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 損害賠償zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 懲罰性損害賠償zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 專利侵權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 侵犯專利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 故意侵害zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 損害賠償計算zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) damagesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) punitive damagesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) increased damagesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) patent infringementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) willful infringementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) damages calculationen_US
dc.title (題名) 論專利侵害之損害賠償計算-─從美國、中國大陸與台灣之專利修法談起zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Damages calculation in patent infringement-perspectives of patent reforms in the United States, China and Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、繁體中文zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. 許忠信,從德國法之觀點看我國專利權侵害之損害賠償責任,台北大學法學論叢,61期,2007年3月。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. 曾陳明汝,兩岸暨歐美專利法,2004年2月,修訂再版。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. 蔡明誠,專利侵權要件及損害賠償計算,2008年3月,初版3刷。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. 鄭中人,專利法規釋義,2009年3月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26. 鄭中人,智慧財產權法導讀,2008年6月。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、簡體中文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. 卜红梅,我国知识产权侵权损害赔偿制度完善之探讨,新疆公安司法管理干部学院学报,83期,2001年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. 王学峰,论知识产权侵权引入惩罚性赔偿责任制度,北京航空航天大学学报,19卷1期,2006年。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. 程永顺,中国专利诉讼,知识产权出版社,2005年5月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. 程永顺,专利纠纷与处理,知识产权出版社,2006年9月。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. 程宗璋,论惩罚性损害赔偿判决之适用,青岛化工学院学报,53期,2000年。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. 汤宗舜,专利法解说,2002年7月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. 谢晓尧,惩罚性赔偿:一个激励的观点,学术研究,2004年第6期,2004年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 三、英文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Bensen Eric E. and White Danielle M., Using Apportionment to Rein in the Georgia-Pacific Factors, 9 Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev.1, 2007.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Black Henry Campbell, Black`s Law Dictionary, Garner Bryan A. (ed.), 8th ed. 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Blair Roger and Cotter Thomas, Intellectual Property: Economic and Legal Dimensions of Rights and Remedies, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Bloebaum Scott, Past the Tipping Point: Reforming the Role of Willfulness in the Federal Circuit`s Doctrine of Enhanced Damages for Patent Infringement, 9 N.C. J.L. & Tech. 139, 2007.zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 四、判決zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)台灣zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. 智慧財產法院97年度民專上易字第4號zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. 最高法院48年台上字第1934號判例zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. 最高法院52年台上字第2139號判例zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (二)中國大陸zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. 湖北省武汉市中级人民法院,(2008)武知初字第268号zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (三)美國zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 42. Seymour v. McCormick, 57 U.S. (16 How.) 480 (1853)zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 48. Underwater Devices v. Morrison-Knudsen Co., 717 F.2d 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1983)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 49. Union Pac. Res. Co. v. Chesapeake Energy Corp, 236 F.3d 684 (Fed. Cir. 2001)zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 五、網路資料zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (一)繁體中文zh_TW
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