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題名 國際iShares的跨境價格差異
Cross-border Price Differences: Evidence from International iShares
作者 林淑惠
Lin, Shu Huei
貢獻者 林基煌
Lin, Chi Huang
林淑惠
Lin, Shu Huei
關鍵詞 ETF
iShare
國際分散效果
溢價
單一價格法則
ETF
iShare
international diversification
premium
the law of one price
日期 2010
上傳時間 29-Sep-2011 16:47:52 (UTC+8)
摘要 在單一價格法則之下,國際ETF的市場價格應該與NAV或標的資產價格一致。由於ETF具備申購贖回機制,其溢價現象將較國家型封閉型基金來得低。本文以32檔國際iShares檢視國際ETF的績效與國際投資分散效果,資料期間為1996年至2006年10月20日之日資料,並在考量區域因素的影響之下,將樣本區分為全球型、已開發市場型、以及新興市場型ETF。
      本實證結果顯示,如同國家型封閉基金常出現的溢折價現象,國際iShares存在價格差異現象,尤其於新興市場型iShares更為明顯而且波動較大。然而,此價格差異現象僅是暫時的,而且主要由本國資訊所影響。此外,價格均衡的調整時間與3天期的結算清算時間一致。因此,ETF的申購贖回機制有助於提升價格調整的效率性,亦即長期而言,iShares遵循單一價格法則,而且於美國市場交易的投資人可由該投資工具達到國際投資組合分散效果,尤以全球型或複合型的iShares為最。
In the law of one price, the share price of international ETFs should be the same as the domestic stock price and NAV respectively. Especially, with specific mechanism of creation and redemption process for ETFs, price deviation would be mitigated effectively comparing with similar product of closed-end country funds. This paper examines international ETFs’ performance and international diversification effect through 32 international iShares which are the most popular international ETFs in the world, and we use daily data with sample period from inception to 2006/10/20. Consider the regional impact on the price deviation, we also categorize the sample to three types as global, developed, and emerging market ETFs.
     
     In this paper, price deviations exist and are larger and more volatile for emerging market iShares, which is consistent with previous studies. However, the price deviations occur temporarily and are primarily driven by domestic information for all types of international iShares. We also find that the time of equilibrium adjusting process is consistent with three-day settlement period. Though incompletely perfect, the existence of the creation or redemption process along with the high transparency of iShares management appears to enhance price efficiency. Therefore, in the long-run, iShares price follow the law of one price, and US investors may obtain international diversification benefits through the instrument. Especially, the benefits will be larger for global or hybrid iShares comparing with country-specific iShares or emerging market iShares.
參考文獻 Reference
Ackert, L.F., Tian, Y.S., 2000, Arbitrage and Valuation in the Market for Standard and Poor`s Depositary Receipts, Financial Management 29-3, 71-88.
Ackert, L.F., Tian, Y.S., 2008, Arbitrage, Liquidity, and the Valuation of Exchange Traded Funds, Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments 17-5, 331–362.
Arshanapalli, B., Choi, J.J., Clagget, E.T. Jr., Doukas, J., 1996. Explaining premiums and discounts on closed-end equity country funds. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 9, 109–117.
Bailey, W. and Lim, J., 1992, Evaluating the Diversification Benefits of the New Country Funds, The Journal of Portfolio Management, 18-3, 74-80.
Barney, L., 2000, Challenges seen in Exchange Fund growth, Mutual Fund Market News 8, 3-5.
Becker, K., Finnerty, J., & Gupta, M., 1990, The intertemporal relationship between the US and Japanese stock markets, Journal of Finance 45, 1297–1306.
Becker, G., Urias, M.S., 1996, Diversification, Integration and Emerging Market Closed-End Funds, Journal of Finance 51-3, 835-869.
Berk, J.B., & Stanton, R., 2007, Managerial ability, compensation, and the closed-end fund discount, Journal of Finance 62-2, 529–556.
Chandar, N., Patro, D.K., 2000, Why do closed-end country funds trade at enormous premiums during currency crises? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 8-2, 217–248.
Chang, E., Euna, C. S., and Kolodny, R., 1995, International diversification through closed-end country funds, Journal of Banking & Finance 19-7, 1237-1263.
Cheung, Y.W., Lai, K.S., 1993, Finite-sample sizes of Johansen’s likelihood ratio tests for cointegration, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 55, 313-328.
Choi, J.J., Lee, I., 1996, Market segmentation and the valuation of closed-end country fund: an empirical analysis, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 7, 45-63.
Delcoure, N. and M. Zhong, 2007, On the Premiums of iShares, Journal of Empirical Finance 14-2, 168–95.
Dimson, E., & Minio-Kozerski, C., 1998, Closed-end funds: a survey, Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments 8, 1–41.
Durand R.B., Scott D., 2003, iShares Australia: a clinical study in international behavioral finance, International Review of Financial Analysis 143, 1–17.
Elton E.J., Gruber M.J., Comer G., Li K., 2002, Spiders: where are the bugs?, Journal of Business 75-3, 453-472
Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W.J., 1987, Cointegration and error-correction: Representation, estimation, and testing, Econometrica 55, 251-276.
Engle, R., Sarkar, D., 2006, Premiums-discounts and exchange traded funds, Journal of derivatives, 35-53.
Eun, C., Shim, S., 1989, International transmission of stock market movements. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 24, 241–256.
Eun, C. S., Huang, W., Lai, S., 2008, International Diversification with Large- and Small-Cap Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 43, 489-524.
Fama, E. F., 1970, Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance 25, 383–417.
Fama, E. F., 1998, Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral finance. Journal of Financial Economics 49, 283–306.
Glover, H., 2006, International ETF Assets Doubled Over Past Year To Nearly $83 Billion, Money Management Executive, Aug. 14, 2006.
Hughen, J.C., 2003, How effective is arbitrage of foreign stocks? The case of Malaysia Exchange-traded fund, Multinational Business Review 11-2, 17-27.
Jaffe, C., DON`T BE STUPID; Homestead fund is far afield for indexer, Boston Herald, May 17, 2005.
Johansen, S., 1991, Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegrated Vector in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models, Econometrica 59, 1551-1580.
Johansen, S., 1995, Likelihood-based Inference in Cointegration Vector Autoregressive Models, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jong, J.C., Rhee, S. G., 2008, Abnormal returns with momentum/contrarian strategies using exchange-traded funds, Journal of Asset Management 9, 289–299.
Kalaycioglu, S., 2004, Exchange Traded Fund Flows, Working paper.
Karolyi1, G.A., 2006, The World of Cross-Listings and Cross-Listings of the World: Challenging Conventional Wisdom, Review of Finance 10-1, 99-152.
Keim, D., 1999, An analysis of mutual fund design: the case of investing in small cap stocks, Journal of Financial Economics 51, 173-194.
Kim, M., Szakmary, A., & Mathur, I., 2000, Price transmission dynamics between ADRs and their underlying foreign securities, Journal of Banking and Finance 24, 1359–1382.
Klibanoff, P., Lamont, O., &Wizman, T. A., 1998, Investor reaction to salient news in closed-end country funds, Journal of Finance 53-2, 673−699.
Lee, B., & Hong, G., 2002, On the dual characteristics of closed-end country funds, Journal of International Money and Finance 21, 589-618.
Lin, J.J., 2005, Impact of Taiwan top 50 tracker fund on the component stocks of Taiwan 50 Index, Ph.D dissertation, National Chen Kung University.
Lee, C. M. C., Shleifer, A., and Thaler., R. H., 1991, Investor sentiment and the closed-end fund puzzle, Journal of Finance, 46-1, 75-109.
MaNally, K., D. Emanuel, and J. Chiu, 2000, Fundamental ideas for Exchange-traded Funds, Salomon Smith Barney U.S. Equity Research Report, October 18.
Narayan Suryakumar, 2011, Exchange-Traded Funds: Mechanics and Risks, IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2011.
Olienyk, J., Schwebach, R., & Zumwalt, J. K., 1999, WEBS, SPDRs, and country funds: an analysis of international cointegration. Journal of Multinational Financial Management 9, 217–232.
Patro D.K., 2005, Stock Market Liberalization and Emerging Market Country Fund Premiums, Journal of Business 78-1, 135-168.
Pennathur A.K., Delcoure N., Anderson D., 2002, Diversification Benefits of iShares and Closed-end Country Funds, Journal of Financial Research 25-4, 541-557.
Phengpis, C. and Swanson, P. E., 2009, iShares and the US Market Risk Exposure. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 36, 972–986.
Pontiff, J., 1997, Excess volatility and closed-end country funds, American Economic Review 87, 155-169.
Simon, D. P. and Sternberg, J, S., 2005, Overreaction and Trading Strategies in European iShares, The Journal of Alternative Investments 8-1, 29-41.
Sims, C. A., 1980, Macroeconomics and reality, Econometrica 481, 1-48.
Taylor, A. P., 2005, “ Discussion of Risk Exposures and International Diversification: Evidence from iShares, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 32, 773-776.
Tse Y., Erenburg G., 2003, Competition for order flow, market quality, and price discovery in the Nasdaq 100 index tracking stock, Journal of Financial Research 26-3, 301-318.
Warther, V. A., 1995, Aggregate mutual fund flows and security returns, Journal of Financial Economics 39, 209-235.
Wiandt J., McClatchy W., 2002, Exchange Traded Funds, John Wiley & Sons.
Tse, Y., Martinez, V., 2007, Price discovery and informational efficiency of international iShares funds, Global Finance Journal 18-1, 1-15.
Zhong M., Darrat A.F., Anderson D.C., 2003, Do US stock prices deviate from their fundamental values? Some new evidence, Journal of Banking and Finance 27-4, 673-697.
Zhong M., Yang H., 2005, Risk Exposures and International Diversification: Evidence from iShares, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 32, 737-772.
描述 博士
國立政治大學
財務管理研究所
90357502
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903575022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林基煌zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Chi Huangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林淑惠zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Shu Hueien_US
dc.creator (作者) 林淑惠zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Shu Hueien_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-Sep-2011 16:47:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-Sep-2011 16:47:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-Sep-2011 16:47:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0903575022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/50832-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財務管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90357502zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在單一價格法則之下,國際ETF的市場價格應該與NAV或標的資產價格一致。由於ETF具備申購贖回機制,其溢價現象將較國家型封閉型基金來得低。本文以32檔國際iShares檢視國際ETF的績效與國際投資分散效果,資料期間為1996年至2006年10月20日之日資料,並在考量區域因素的影響之下,將樣本區分為全球型、已開發市場型、以及新興市場型ETF。
      本實證結果顯示,如同國家型封閉基金常出現的溢折價現象,國際iShares存在價格差異現象,尤其於新興市場型iShares更為明顯而且波動較大。然而,此價格差異現象僅是暫時的,而且主要由本國資訊所影響。此外,價格均衡的調整時間與3天期的結算清算時間一致。因此,ETF的申購贖回機制有助於提升價格調整的效率性,亦即長期而言,iShares遵循單一價格法則,而且於美國市場交易的投資人可由該投資工具達到國際投資組合分散效果,尤以全球型或複合型的iShares為最。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the law of one price, the share price of international ETFs should be the same as the domestic stock price and NAV respectively. Especially, with specific mechanism of creation and redemption process for ETFs, price deviation would be mitigated effectively comparing with similar product of closed-end country funds. This paper examines international ETFs’ performance and international diversification effect through 32 international iShares which are the most popular international ETFs in the world, and we use daily data with sample period from inception to 2006/10/20. Consider the regional impact on the price deviation, we also categorize the sample to three types as global, developed, and emerging market ETFs.
     
     In this paper, price deviations exist and are larger and more volatile for emerging market iShares, which is consistent with previous studies. However, the price deviations occur temporarily and are primarily driven by domestic information for all types of international iShares. We also find that the time of equilibrium adjusting process is consistent with three-day settlement period. Though incompletely perfect, the existence of the creation or redemption process along with the high transparency of iShares management appears to enhance price efficiency. Therefore, in the long-run, iShares price follow the law of one price, and US investors may obtain international diversification benefits through the instrument. Especially, the benefits will be larger for global or hybrid iShares comparing with country-specific iShares or emerging market iShares.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter1 Introduction 1
     Chapter 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis 4
     2.1 Introduction of ETF(Exchange-traded fund) 4
     2.1.1 History of ETF 4
     2.1.2 Creation and redemption mechanics of ETF 5
     2.1.3 Arbitrage mechanism of ETF 7
     2.1.4 Features of investing ETF 8
     2.3 Literature Review 16
     2.3.1 International diversification benefits 16
     2.3.2 Country-fund premium puzzle 19
     2.3.3 Dual characteristics of price returns 22
     2.4 Hypothesis 24
     2.4.1 The law of one price 24
     2.4.2 International diversification effect 24
     2.4.3 Market efficiency 25
     Chapter 3 Data and Methodology 27
     3.1 The sample of funds 27
     3.2 One-factor and Two-factor market model 28
     3.3 Multi-factor return model 30
     3.4 Stationarity and multivariate cointegration tests 32
     3.5 Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis 33
     Chapter 4 Empirical Results and Analysis 44
     4.1 Descriptive statistics 44
     4.2 Regression for iShare price return 50
     4.3 Comovements among iShares’ prices and the driving forces 52
     4.4 Variance decomposition of iShare price return 55
     4.5 Impulse response of iShare price return 58
     Chapter 5 Conclusions 60
     5.1 Findings and conclusions 60
     5.2 Future research and suggestions 64
     Reference 65
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903575022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ETFzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) iSharezh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際分散效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 溢價zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 單一價格法則zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ETFen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) iShareen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) international diversificationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) premiumen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) the law of one priceen_US
dc.title (題名) 國際iShares的跨境價格差異zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Cross-border Price Differences: Evidence from International iSharesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referencezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ackert, L.F., Tian, Y.S., 2000, Arbitrage and Valuation in the Market for Standard and Poor`s Depositary Receipts, Financial Management 29-3, 71-88.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ackert, L.F., Tian, Y.S., 2008, Arbitrage, Liquidity, and the Valuation of Exchange Traded Funds, Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments 17-5, 331–362.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arshanapalli, B., Choi, J.J., Clagget, E.T. Jr., Doukas, J., 1996. Explaining premiums and discounts on closed-end equity country funds. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 9, 109–117.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bailey, W. and Lim, J., 1992, Evaluating the Diversification Benefits of the New Country Funds, The Journal of Portfolio Management, 18-3, 74-80.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barney, L., 2000, Challenges seen in Exchange Fund growth, Mutual Fund Market News 8, 3-5.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Becker, K., Finnerty, J., & Gupta, M., 1990, The intertemporal relationship between the US and Japanese stock markets, Journal of Finance 45, 1297–1306.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Becker, G., Urias, M.S., 1996, Diversification, Integration and Emerging Market Closed-End Funds, Journal of Finance 51-3, 835-869.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berk, J.B., & Stanton, R., 2007, Managerial ability, compensation, and the closed-end fund discount, Journal of Finance 62-2, 529–556.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chandar, N., Patro, D.K., 2000, Why do closed-end country funds trade at enormous premiums during currency crises? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 8-2, 217–248.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chang, E., Euna, C. S., and Kolodny, R., 1995, International diversification through closed-end country funds, Journal of Banking & Finance 19-7, 1237-1263.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheung, Y.W., Lai, K.S., 1993, Finite-sample sizes of Johansen’s likelihood ratio tests for cointegration, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 55, 313-328.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Choi, J.J., Lee, I., 1996, Market segmentation and the valuation of closed-end country fund: an empirical analysis, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 7, 45-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Delcoure, N. and M. Zhong, 2007, On the Premiums of iShares, Journal of Empirical Finance 14-2, 168–95.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dimson, E., & Minio-Kozerski, C., 1998, Closed-end funds: a survey, Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments 8, 1–41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Durand R.B., Scott D., 2003, iShares Australia: a clinical study in international behavioral finance, International Review of Financial Analysis 143, 1–17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elton E.J., Gruber M.J., Comer G., Li K., 2002, Spiders: where are the bugs?, Journal of Business 75-3, 453-472zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W.J., 1987, Cointegration and error-correction: Representation, estimation, and testing, Econometrica 55, 251-276.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engle, R., Sarkar, D., 2006, Premiums-discounts and exchange traded funds, Journal of derivatives, 35-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eun, C., Shim, S., 1989, International transmission of stock market movements. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 24, 241–256.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eun, C. S., Huang, W., Lai, S., 2008, International Diversification with Large- and Small-Cap Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 43, 489-524.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fama, E. F., 1970, Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance 25, 383–417.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fama, E. F., 1998, Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral finance. Journal of Financial Economics 49, 283–306.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glover, H., 2006, International ETF Assets Doubled Over Past Year To Nearly $83 Billion, Money Management Executive, Aug. 14, 2006.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hughen, J.C., 2003, How effective is arbitrage of foreign stocks? The case of Malaysia Exchange-traded fund, Multinational Business Review 11-2, 17-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jaffe, C., DON`T BE STUPID; Homestead fund is far afield for indexer, Boston Herald, May 17, 2005.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johansen, S., 1991, Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegrated Vector in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models, Econometrica 59, 1551-1580.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johansen, S., 1995, Likelihood-based Inference in Cointegration Vector Autoregressive Models, Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jong, J.C., Rhee, S. G., 2008, Abnormal returns with momentum/contrarian strategies using exchange-traded funds, Journal of Asset Management 9, 289–299.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalaycioglu, S., 2004, Exchange Traded Fund Flows, Working paper.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Karolyi1, G.A., 2006, The World of Cross-Listings and Cross-Listings of the World: Challenging Conventional Wisdom, Review of Finance 10-1, 99-152.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keim, D., 1999, An analysis of mutual fund design: the case of investing in small cap stocks, Journal of Financial Economics 51, 173-194.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kim, M., Szakmary, A., & Mathur, I., 2000, Price transmission dynamics between ADRs and their underlying foreign securities, Journal of Banking and Finance 24, 1359–1382.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Klibanoff, P., Lamont, O., &Wizman, T. A., 1998, Investor reaction to salient news in closed-end country funds, Journal of Finance 53-2, 673−699.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, B., & Hong, G., 2002, On the dual characteristics of closed-end country funds, Journal of International Money and Finance 21, 589-618.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, J.J., 2005, Impact of Taiwan top 50 tracker fund on the component stocks of Taiwan 50 Index, Ph.D dissertation, National Chen Kung University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lee, C. M. C., Shleifer, A., and Thaler., R. H., 1991, Investor sentiment and the closed-end fund puzzle, Journal of Finance, 46-1, 75-109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) MaNally, K., D. Emanuel, and J. Chiu, 2000, Fundamental ideas for Exchange-traded Funds, Salomon Smith Barney U.S. Equity Research Report, October 18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Narayan Suryakumar, 2011, Exchange-Traded Funds: Mechanics and Risks, IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2011.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Olienyk, J., Schwebach, R., & Zumwalt, J. K., 1999, WEBS, SPDRs, and country funds: an analysis of international cointegration. Journal of Multinational Financial Management 9, 217–232.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Patro D.K., 2005, Stock Market Liberalization and Emerging Market Country Fund Premiums, Journal of Business 78-1, 135-168.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pennathur A.K., Delcoure N., Anderson D., 2002, Diversification Benefits of iShares and Closed-end Country Funds, Journal of Financial Research 25-4, 541-557.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Phengpis, C. and Swanson, P. E., 2009, iShares and the US Market Risk Exposure. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 36, 972–986.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pontiff, J., 1997, Excess volatility and closed-end country funds, American Economic Review 87, 155-169.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Simon, D. P. and Sternberg, J, S., 2005, Overreaction and Trading Strategies in European iShares, The Journal of Alternative Investments 8-1, 29-41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sims, C. A., 1980, Macroeconomics and reality, Econometrica 481, 1-48.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taylor, A. P., 2005, “ Discussion of Risk Exposures and International Diversification: Evidence from iShares, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 32, 773-776.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tse Y., Erenburg G., 2003, Competition for order flow, market quality, and price discovery in the Nasdaq 100 index tracking stock, Journal of Financial Research 26-3, 301-318.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Warther, V. A., 1995, Aggregate mutual fund flows and security returns, Journal of Financial Economics 39, 209-235.zh_TW
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