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題名 事件嚴重性、來源可靠性、品牌依賴程度對消費者態度和產品評估改變的影響
How severity of negative event, source credibility, and level of brand attachment affect consumers` attitude and product evaluation changes
作者 許綺芬
Hsu, Chi Fen
貢獻者 邱志聖
Chiou, Jyh Shen
許綺芬
Hsu, Chi Fen
關鍵詞 品牌依賴
來源可信度
事件嚴重性
品牌態度
產品評估
風險評估
負面品牌效應
brand attachment
source credibility
event severity
brand attitude
product evaluation
perceived risk
negative brand effect
日期 2010
上傳時間 5-Oct-2011 14:29:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 負面事件比正面事件更能達到引起人們注意的效果,然而消費者的品牌依賴程度和負面事件之間的相互作用關係過去很少被研究。因此,本研究希望能透過調查年輕的品牌手機使用族群,以瞭解負面事件的嚴重性、負面事件的來源可靠性,和消費者的品牌依賴程度對消費者的負面品牌態度改變、負面產品評估改變、及風險認知改變程度的影響。
本研究發現,當一個品牌被負面事件攻擊時,消費者的品牌依賴程度及負面事件的嚴重程度會分別對其負面產品評估改變、及風險認知改變程度產生影響;而消費者的負面品牌態度改變只會被其品牌依賴程度影響。並且,負面事件發生時,消費者的品牌依賴程度並不能解決負面內容對消費者所帶來的影響,真正重要的是反而是負面事件的嚴重程度和來源可靠性。品牌管理者應該多加注意的負面事件的組合為高風險且來自較可靠的管道,因為這樣的組合會對消費者產生負面影響最大;而較不需注意的是低風險且來自較不可靠的管道的負面事件組合,因為這樣的組合對消費者產生負面影響最小。
Negative events are known to drawn more attention than positive events, but how consumers’ brand attachment would interact with negative events is rarely discussed in the literature. As a result, this research would like to investigate how severity level and source credibility of a negative event, and consumers’ brand attachment would affect consumers’ negative brand attitude change, negative product evaluation change and perceived risk change through studying of young adults who use brand cell phone.
In this research, it is found that when a brand is attacked by a negative event, consumer’s brand attachment and the severity level of a negative event would both affect consumer’s negative product evaluation and negative product evaluation changes, though only brand attachment would affect consumers’ brand attitude. Furthermore, brand attachment cannot resolve negative impacts of a negative event to the consumers; instead, the severity level and the source of a negative event would affect consumers’ negative brand attitude, negative product evaluation and perceived risk changes. Specifically, it is worth the brand managers the most attention when a negative event involves high severity level and comes from a more credible source, as this combination bring more negative changes to consumers, and the least attention when a negative event involves low severity level and comes from a less credible source, as this combination would bring least negative changes to consumers.
參考文獻 1. Abdulla, R. A., Garrison, B., Salwen, M., Driscoll, P., & Casey, D. (2002). The Credibility of Newspapers, Television News and Online News. Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
2. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2004). The self-validation of cognitive responses to advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 559-573.
3. Chaiken, S., & Maheswaran, D. (1994). Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing: Effects of source credibility, argument ambiguity, and task importance on attitude judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 460-473.
4. Chaplin, N., & John, D. R. (2005). The Development of Self-Brand Connections in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 119-129.
5. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working Models of Attachment: Implications for Explanation, Emotion, and Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 810-832.
6. DeBono, K. G., & Harnish, R. J. (1988). Source expertise, source attractiveness, and the processing of persuasive information: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(541-546).
7. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes: Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
8. Escalas, J. E. (2004). Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1), 168-179.
9. Feldman, J. M., & Lynch, J. G. (1988). Self-Generated Validity and Other Effects of Measurement on Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 421-435.
10. Fiske, S. T. (1980). Attention and Weight in Person Perception: The Impact of Negative and Extreme Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(6), 889-906.
11. Greer, J. D. (2003). Evaluating the Credibility of Online Information: A Test of Source and Advertising Influence. Mass Communication and Society 6(1), 11-28.
12. Heesacker, M. H., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality, 51, 653-666.
13. Herr, P. M., Kardes, F. R., & Kim, J. (1991). Effects of Word-of-Mouth and Product-Attribute Information on Persuasion: An Accessibility and Diagnosticity Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 454-462.
14. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L. ,& Kelley, H. H. . (1953). Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Obvious Change: New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15. Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650.
16. Johar, G. V., Birk, M. M., & Einwiller, S. A. (2010). How to Save Your Brand In the Face of Crisis. MIT Management Review, 51(4).
17. Kaufman, D. Q., Stasson, M. F., & Hart, J. W. (1999). Are the tabloids always wrong or is that just what we think? Need for cognition and perceptions of articles in print media. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1984-1997.
18. Keller, P. A., & Block, L. G. . (1996). Increasing the Persuasiveness of Fear Appeais: The Effect of Arousal and Elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 448-461.
19. Kelman, H. C., & Hovland, C. I. (1953). "Reinstatement" of the communicator in delayed measurement of opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 327-335.
20. Klein, J. G. (1996). Negativity in Impression of Presidential Candidates Revisited: The 1992 Election. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 289-296.
21. Kroloff, G. (1988). At Home and Abroad: Weighing In. Public Relations Joumal, 44(October), 8.
22. Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999). Persuasion by a single route: A view from the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 83-109.
23. Lord, C. R., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.
24. MacKenzie, A., & Evans, S. (2010). The Toyota Recall Crisis. Retrieved 05/13, 2011
25. Maheswaran, D., & Meyers-Levy, J. (1990). The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(August), 361-367.
26. Marconi, J. (1997). Crisis Marketing: When Bad Things Happen to Good Companies: Chicago: American Marketing Association.
27. Mikulincer, M. (1998). Attachment Working Models and the Sense of Trust: An Exploration of Interaction Goals and Affect Regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1209-1224.
28. Milberg, S. J., Park, C. W., & McCarthy, M. S. (1997). Managing Negative Feedback Effects Associated with Brand Extensions: The Impact of Alternative Branding Strategies. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6(2), 119-140.
29. Mills, J., & Jellison, J. M. (1967). Effect on opinion change of how desirable the communication is to the audience the communicator addressed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 98-101.
30. Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., & Lacobucci, D. (2010). Brand Attachment and Brand Attitude Strength: Conceptual and Empirical Differentiation ofTwo Critical Brand Equity Drivers. Journal of Marketing, 74, 1-17.
31. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change: New York: Springer-Verlag.
32. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 847-855.
33. Rhine, R., & Severance, L. (1970). Ego-involvement, discrepancy, source credibility, and attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 175-190.
34. Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation: New York: Guilford.
35. Romeo, J. B. (1991). The Effect of Negative Information on the Evaluations of Brand Extensions and the Family Brand (Vol. 18): UT : Association for Consumer Research.
36. Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. . (1987). Social Judgment and Social Memory: The Role of Cue Diagnosticity in Negativity, Positivity, and Extremity Biases. Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 689-699.
37. Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989). Negativity and Extremity in Impression Formation: A Review of Explanation. Psychological Bulletin,, 105, 131-142.
38. Thompson, M. M., Zanna, M. P., & Griffin, D. W. (1995). Let’s not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence: Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Toffler, A. (1970). Future Shock Random House.
40. Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Source Credibility and Attitude Certainty: A Metacognitive Analysis of Resistance to Persuasion. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(4), 427-442.
41. Zanna, M. P. (1993). Advertising Exposure, Memory, and Choice New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
97351042
99
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097351042
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 邱志聖zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chiou, Jyh Shenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許綺芬zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Chi Fenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 許綺芬zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Chi Fenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2010en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-Oct-2011 14:29:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-Oct-2011 14:29:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Oct-2011 14:29:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097351042en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51191-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97351042zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 負面事件比正面事件更能達到引起人們注意的效果,然而消費者的品牌依賴程度和負面事件之間的相互作用關係過去很少被研究。因此,本研究希望能透過調查年輕的品牌手機使用族群,以瞭解負面事件的嚴重性、負面事件的來源可靠性,和消費者的品牌依賴程度對消費者的負面品牌態度改變、負面產品評估改變、及風險認知改變程度的影響。
本研究發現,當一個品牌被負面事件攻擊時,消費者的品牌依賴程度及負面事件的嚴重程度會分別對其負面產品評估改變、及風險認知改變程度產生影響;而消費者的負面品牌態度改變只會被其品牌依賴程度影響。並且,負面事件發生時,消費者的品牌依賴程度並不能解決負面內容對消費者所帶來的影響,真正重要的是反而是負面事件的嚴重程度和來源可靠性。品牌管理者應該多加注意的負面事件的組合為高風險且來自較可靠的管道,因為這樣的組合會對消費者產生負面影響最大;而較不需注意的是低風險且來自較不可靠的管道的負面事件組合,因為這樣的組合對消費者產生負面影響最小。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Negative events are known to drawn more attention than positive events, but how consumers’ brand attachment would interact with negative events is rarely discussed in the literature. As a result, this research would like to investigate how severity level and source credibility of a negative event, and consumers’ brand attachment would affect consumers’ negative brand attitude change, negative product evaluation change and perceived risk change through studying of young adults who use brand cell phone.
In this research, it is found that when a brand is attacked by a negative event, consumer’s brand attachment and the severity level of a negative event would both affect consumer’s negative product evaluation and negative product evaluation changes, though only brand attachment would affect consumers’ brand attitude. Furthermore, brand attachment cannot resolve negative impacts of a negative event to the consumers; instead, the severity level and the source of a negative event would affect consumers’ negative brand attitude, negative product evaluation and perceived risk changes. Specifically, it is worth the brand managers the most attention when a negative event involves high severity level and comes from a more credible source, as this combination bring more negative changes to consumers, and the least attention when a negative event involves low severity level and comes from a less credible source, as this combination would bring least negative changes to consumers.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION................................1
1.1 Background..................................1
1.2 Research Questions..........................4
1.3 Research Process............................5

II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS............6
2.1 Brand Attachment............................6
2.2 Source Credibility..........................9
2.3 Event Severity..............................12
2.4 Hypothesis Model............................18

III. METHODOLOGY................................19
3.1 Research Design.............................19
3.2 Variables Manipulation and Measurement......23
3.3 Sample Screening............................32

IV. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS.......................33
4.1 Data Summary................................33
4.2 Data Analysis and Discussion................38
4.3 Hypothesis Results..........................51

V. CONCLUSION...................................52
5.1 Theoretical Contribution....................52
5.2 Managerial Implication......................53
5.3 Limitation and Future Research..............54

APPENDICES.........................................56
REFERENCES.........................................70
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097351042en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品牌依賴zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 來源可信度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 事件嚴重性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品牌態度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產品評估zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 風險評估zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 負面品牌效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) brand attachmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) source credibilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) event severityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) brand attitudeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) product evaluationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) perceived risken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) negative brand effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 事件嚴重性、來源可靠性、品牌依賴程度對消費者態度和產品評估改變的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) How severity of negative event, source credibility, and level of brand attachment affect consumers` attitude and product evaluation changesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Abdulla, R. A., Garrison, B., Salwen, M., Driscoll, P., & Casey, D. (2002). The Credibility of Newspapers, Television News and Online News. Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2004). The self-validation of cognitive responses to advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 559-573.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3. Chaiken, S., & Maheswaran, D. (1994). Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing: Effects of source credibility, argument ambiguity, and task importance on attitude judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 460-473.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4. Chaplin, N., & John, D. R. (2005). The Development of Self-Brand Connections in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 119-129.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 5. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working Models of Attachment: Implications for Explanation, Emotion, and Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 810-832.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6. DeBono, K. G., & Harnish, R. J. (1988). Source expertise, source attractiveness, and the processing of persuasive information: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(541-546).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 7. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes: Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 8. Escalas, J. E. (2004). Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1), 168-179.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9. Feldman, J. M., & Lynch, J. G. (1988). Self-Generated Validity and Other Effects of Measurement on Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 421-435.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10. Fiske, S. T. (1980). Attention and Weight in Person Perception: The Impact of Negative and Extreme Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(6), 889-906.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 11. Greer, J. D. (2003). Evaluating the Credibility of Online Information: A Test of Source and Advertising Influence. Mass Communication and Society 6(1), 11-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 12. Heesacker, M. H., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality, 51, 653-666.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13. Herr, P. M., Kardes, F. R., & Kim, J. (1991). Effects of Word-of-Mouth and Product-Attribute Information on Persuasion: An Accessibility and Diagnosticity Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 454-462.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L. ,& Kelley, H. H. . (1953). Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Obvious Change: New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 15. Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 16. Johar, G. V., Birk, M. M., & Einwiller, S. A. (2010). How to Save Your Brand In the Face of Crisis. MIT Management Review, 51(4).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17. Kaufman, D. Q., Stasson, M. F., & Hart, J. W. (1999). Are the tabloids always wrong or is that just what we think? Need for cognition and perceptions of articles in print media. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1984-1997.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 18. Keller, P. A., & Block, L. G. . (1996). Increasing the Persuasiveness of Fear Appeais: The Effect of Arousal and Elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 448-461.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 19. Kelman, H. C., & Hovland, C. I. (1953). "Reinstatement" of the communicator in delayed measurement of opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 327-335.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 20. Klein, J. G. (1996). Negativity in Impression of Presidential Candidates Revisited: The 1992 Election. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 289-296.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21. Kroloff, G. (1988). At Home and Abroad: Weighing In. Public Relations Joumal, 44(October), 8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 22. Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999). Persuasion by a single route: A view from the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 83-109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23. Lord, C. R., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 24. MacKenzie, A., & Evans, S. (2010). The Toyota Recall Crisis. Retrieved 05/13, 2011zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25. Maheswaran, D., & Meyers-Levy, J. (1990). The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(August), 361-367.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 26. Marconi, J. (1997). Crisis Marketing: When Bad Things Happen to Good Companies: Chicago: American Marketing Association.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 27. Mikulincer, M. (1998). Attachment Working Models and the Sense of Trust: An Exploration of Interaction Goals and Affect Regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1209-1224.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 28. Milberg, S. J., Park, C. W., & McCarthy, M. S. (1997). Managing Negative Feedback Effects Associated with Brand Extensions: The Impact of Alternative Branding Strategies. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6(2), 119-140.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 29. Mills, J., & Jellison, J. M. (1967). Effect on opinion change of how desirable the communication is to the audience the communicator addressed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 98-101.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 30. Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., & Lacobucci, D. (2010). Brand Attachment and Brand Attitude Strength: Conceptual and Empirical Differentiation ofTwo Critical Brand Equity Drivers. Journal of Marketing, 74, 1-17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 31. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change: New York: Springer-Verlag.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 32. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 847-855.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 33. Rhine, R., & Severance, L. (1970). Ego-involvement, discrepancy, source credibility, and attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 175-190.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 34. Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation: New York: Guilford.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 35. Romeo, J. B. (1991). The Effect of Negative Information on the Evaluations of Brand Extensions and the Family Brand (Vol. 18): UT : Association for Consumer Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 36. Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. . (1987). Social Judgment and Social Memory: The Role of Cue Diagnosticity in Negativity, Positivity, and Extremity Biases. Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 689-699.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 37. Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989). Negativity and Extremity in Impression Formation: A Review of Explanation. Psychological Bulletin,, 105, 131-142.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 38. Thompson, M. M., Zanna, M. P., & Griffin, D. W. (1995). Let’s not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence: Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 39. Toffler, A. (1970). Future Shock Random House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 40. Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Source Credibility and Attitude Certainty: A Metacognitive Analysis of Resistance to Persuasion. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(4), 427-442.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 41. Zanna, M. P. (1993). Advertising Exposure, Memory, and Choice New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW