學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 臺灣與美國流行音樂錄影帶中的性內容與愛情表現之比 較研究 (2000 與 2010)
Love relationship and sexual content in popular music videos of Taiwan and the U.S.A.: a comparative study (2000 and 2010)作者 吳怡馨
Wu, Yi Hsin貢獻者 郭貞
Kuo, Cheng
吳怡馨
Wu, Yi Hsin關鍵詞 性內容
主題
音樂錄影帶
歌詞
臺灣
美國
Sexual content
theme
music video
lyrics
Taiwan
USA日期 2011 上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 10:22:43 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究以內容分析法比較共200首台灣與美國音樂錄影帶中的性內容以及愛情關係表現。研究結果顯示美國音樂錄影帶中的性內容普遍高於台灣的音樂錄影帶，不論是在歌詞表達或影像呈現中。但值得一提的是，臺灣2010年音樂錄影帶中相較於2000年音樂錄影帶中性內容增加的幅度大於美國2010年音樂錄影帶中相較於美國2000年因樂錄影帶中性內容的增加。而且愛情表現方面，台灣的歌曲不論是在2000年還是2010年都有超過80%以上的歌曲為愛情歌曲；美國歌曲則較為多元，從2000年到2010年，少了20%的愛情歌曲。 總體來說，此研究結果與先前研究的結果類似：台灣歌曲中的愛情表達多為無性的表達，而美國歌曲中則較易將愛情等同或化約成肉體慾望，且不論歌曲主題，性內容也較常表達在歌曲中。雖然台灣音樂錄影帶及歌曲中的性內容還尚未達到足以造成威脅的程度，由2010年的增加多於同時期美國的音樂錄影帶顯示未來研究更應重視這一塊因為大眾流行音樂錄影帶在年輕族群的生活中扮演了重要的角色。若其不當性內容持續增加，勢必會對年輕族群的性觀念及行為造成影響。
This study examines 200 music videos from Taiwan the USA for their sexual content lyrical and visual presentation. The second focus is the illustration of themes in songs. Results of a content analysis shows that in terms of sexual content in music videos, the USA is still more sexual than Taiwan as a whole; however, the increase of sexual imagery in music videos is greater in Taiwan in 2010 compared to in 2000 than that from USA in 2010 compared to 2000. Within-country comparisons show that the increase in images is greater than that in lyrics from 2000 to 2010 in both countries. For themes in songs, in both years, over 80% of the songs analyzed from Taiwan are love theme songs. Songs from the USA are more varied, and from 2000 to 2010, there are 20% less love theme songs. On the whole, this study agrees with previous studies, which found that love manifested in lyrics is often an asexual kind of love in Taiwan, while in the USA physical desires are often outright portrayed, regardless of the song themes. Although the sexual level in music videos images have not yet reached an alarming level, researchers should, however, keep track of the sexual content because music videos do take up a part in forming a socializing environment, especially for the young people.參考文獻 ReferencesAikat, D. (2004). Streaming violent genres online: visual images in music videos on BET.com, Country.com, MTV.com, and VHl.com. Popular Music and Society, 27, 221-240.Andsager, J., & Roe, K. (1999). Country music video in the country`s year of the woman. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 69-82.Andsager, J., & Roe, K. (2003). "What’s your definition of dirty, baby?": Sex in music video. Sexuality & Culture, 7(3), 79-97.Arnett, J. (2002). The sounds of sex: Sex in teens’ music and music videos. In J. Brown, J. Steele & K. Walsh-Childers (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media`s influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 253-264). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Aubrey, J., & Frisby, C. (2011). Sexual objectification in music videos: A content analysis comparing gender and genre. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 475-501.Baxter, R., De Riemer, C., Landini, A., Leslie, L., & Singletary, M. (1985). A content analysis of music videos. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29, 333-340.Best of 2010--Hot 100 songs. (n.d.). 2010 Year end charts. Retrieved from http://www.billboard.com/#/charts-year-end/hot-100-songs?year=2010Bogt, T., Engels, R., Bogers, S., & Kloosterman, M. (2010). `Shake it baby, shake it`: Media preferences, sexual attitudes and gender stereotypes among adolescents. Sex Roles, 63, 844-859.Bornales, J. (2007). Imagery implications of MTV: Teen pop, adolescent girls, and sex role behaviors. (Master`s Thesis). San Jose State University. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3364Brown, J., & Newcomer, S. (1991). Television viewing and adolescents’ sexual behavior. Journal of Homosexuality, 21, 77-91.Carey, J. (1969). Changing courtship patterns in the popular song. American Journal of Sociology, 74(6), 720-731.Chang, W. (2008). Metaphors in Taiwan love lyrics from 1990 to 2008. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Chung Cheng University, Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved from http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi- bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dnclcdr&s=id="097CCU05462001".&searchmode=basicChen, Y. (1999). The study of gender role in Taiwan`s populat music videos. Unpublished master`s thesis, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.61Cole, R. (1971). Top songs in the sixties: A content analysis of popular lyrics. American Behavioral Scientist, 14, 389-400.Cooper, B. (1991). Popular music perspectives: Ideas, themes and patterns in contemporary lyrics. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Press.Cooper, V. (1985). Women in popular music: A quantitative analysis of feminine images over time. Sex Roles, 13, 499-506.Cougar Hall, P., West, J., & Hill, S. (2011). Sexualization in lyrics of popular music from 1959 to 2009: Implications for sexuality educators (Publication no. 10.1007/s12119- 011-9103-4). (1095-5143). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-011- 9103-4Cunningham, S., & Nichols, D. (2008). How people find videos. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Pittsburgh PA, PA, USA.Donald, H. (1957). The dialogue of courtship in popular songs. The American Journal of Sociology, 52, 569-578.Denisoff, S. (1988). Inside MTV. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, Inc.Dukes, R., Bisel, T., Borega, K., Lobato, E., & Pwens, M. (2003). Expression of love, sex,and hurt in popular songs: A content analysis of all-time greatest hits. The SocialScience Journal 40, 643-650.Edwards, E. (1994). Does love really stink? The `mean world` of love and sex in popularmusic of the 1980s. In J. S. Epstein (Ed.), Adolescents and their music: If it’s too loudyou’re too old (pp. 225-249). New York: Garland Publishing. Freelon, D. (2012). Research resources-dfreelon.org. Retrieved fromhttp://dfreelon.org/external-resources/Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 43-67). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Gow, J. (1990). The relationship between violent and sexual images and the popularity of music videos. Popular Music and Society, 14(4), 1-10.Hansen, C. (1989). Priming sex-role stereotypic event schemas with rock music videos: Effects on impression favorability, trait inferences, and recall of a subsequent male- female interaction. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 371-391.Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. (1990). The Influence of sex and violence on the appeal of rock music videos. Communication Research, 17, 212-234.62Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. (2000). Music and music videos. In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 175-196). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Hung, W. (2010). The comparative study of mandarin and Taiwanese pop-song in Taiwan. Master of Arts Unpublished master`s thesis, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan. Retrieved from http://140.133.6.46/ETD-db/ETD- search/view_etd?URN=etd-0816111-232913Hwu, M. (2003). Rethinking disappearance and construction of subject from the phenomena of "financial aid by sex" on Internet. Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society 5, 359-384.Kalof, L. (1999). The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology 139, 378-385.Ke, Y. (1994). Reading of the meaning of women in the popular music of Taiwan. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.Kistler, M., & Lee, M. (2010). Does exposure to sexual hip-hop music videos influence the sexual attitudes of collge students? Mass Communication & Society, 13(1), 67-86.Laake, R. (2005). Depiction of sexuality in music videos. (Master`s Thesis). University of Cincinnati. Retrieved fromhttp://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1104784016Lampman, C., Rolfe-Maloney, B., David, E., Yan, M., McDermott, N., Winters, S., Davis, J., & Lathrop, R. (2002). Messages about sex in the workplace: A content analysis of primetime television. Sexuality & Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 6(4), 3-21.Lance, L., & Berry, C. (1981). Has there been a sexual revolution? An analysis of human sexuality messages in popular music, 1968-1977. Journal of Popular Culture 15(3), 155- 164.Li, Y. (2009). Form and style Of music video: A case study of Taiwan image music video. Unpublished master`s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. Retrieved from http://ir.lib.cyut.edu.tw:8080/handle/310901800/3347Lo, V., Wu, H., Chiang, C., & Liu, H. (2005). Impact of Internet pornography on adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior. NCS Projects.Mehta, C., & Patel, N. (2010). IBM SPSS Exact Tests. Retrieved from http://www.sussex.ac.uk/its/pdfs/SPSS_Exact_Tests_19.pdfMTV Taiwan. (n.d.). Wikipedia Retrieved on September, 11, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Taiwan63Music Video. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved on September 11, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videoMusic videos--Sex code book (Visual). (n.d.). Youth Media Risk. Retrieved from http://www.youthmediarisk.org/Menuitem.aspx?Id=154Nikorowitsch, J., & Sligo, F. (2008). Music videos: How they are consumed by means of television and the Internet. Paper presented at the Power & Place: Refereed Proceedings of the Australian & New Zealand Communication Association Conference, Wellington. Retrieved from http://anzca08.massey.ac.nz/massey/fms/Colleges/College%20of%20Business/Comm unication%20and%20Journalism/ANZCA%202008/Refereed%20Papers/Nikorowitsc h_Sligo_ANZCA08.pdfPardun, C., L’Engle, K., & Brown, J. (2005). Linking exposure to outcomes: Early adolescents’ consumption of sexual content in six media. Mass Communication & Society, 8(2), 75-91.Peatman, J. (1944). Radio and popular music. In P. Lazarafeld & F. N. Stanton (Eds.), Radio Research (pp. 335-393). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.Ping, S., & Su, C.(2001). 揭開風花雪月的迷霧:解讀台灣流行音樂中的愛情世界( 1989-1998). Mass Communication Research (70), 167-195.Reiss, S., & Feineman, N. (2000). Thirty frames per second: the visionary art of the music video. New York: Harry N. Abrams.Saucier, K. (1986). Healers and heartbreakers: Images of women and men in country music. The Journal of Popular Culture, 20(3), 147-166.Seidman, S. (1992). An investigation of sex-role stereotyping in music videos. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36(2), 209-216.Shao, X., Changsheng, X., Namanu, M., & Tian, Q. (2006). Automatic summarization of music videos. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communication and Applications, 2(2), 127-148.Sherman, B., & Dominick, J. (1986). Violence and sex in music videos: TV and rock‘n’roll. Journal of Communication, 36(1), 79-93.Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis. Sex Roles, 28, 745-753.Su, C. (1999). Love values in Taiwan``s popular music: 1989-1998. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.64Truglio, R. (1998). Television as a sex educator. In K. Swan, C. Meskill & S. DeMaio (Eds.), Social learning from broadcast television (pp. 7-23). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.Tsai, C., Kuo, M., Lin, S., Yin, Y., & Hsu, Y. (2002). The attitudes, knowledge about sexual behavior and the usage of condom in high school students in Taipei. Formosan Journal of Sexology, 8(2), 1-14.Turner, J. (2011). Sex and the spectacle of music videos: an examination of the portrayal of race and sexuality in music videos. Sex Roles, 64(3), 173-191.Turner, J. (2005). An examination of sexual content in music videos. Unpublished master`s thesis, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. Retrieved from http://www.udel.edu/communication/web/thesisfiles/jaketurnerthesis.pdfVincent, R., Davis, D., & Boruszkowski, L. (1987). Sexism on MTV: The portrayal of women in rock videos. Journalism Quarterly, 64, 750-755.Wallis, C. (2011). Performing gender: A content analysis of gender display in music videos. Sex Roles, 64(3), 160-172.Wu, W. (1994). Women’s role and status in music videos in Taiwan. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.Yearly One Hundred Singles. (n.d.). Hitradio・Hit FM. Retrieved from http://www.hitoradio.com/newweb/chart_2.phpYen, H., Liu, C., & Cheng, C. (2009a). Trends of dating and sex behavior among fifth grade students of junior colleges in Taipei city from 1979 to 2007. Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 25, 251-274.Yen, H., Liu, C., Lee, T., & Ferng, J. (2009b). A study of the outcomes on sexuality education of elementary, junior high, senior high and vocational schools in Taiwan. Formosan Journal of Sexology, 15(2), 65-80.Zhang, Y., Dixon, T., & Conrad, K. (2010). Female body image as a function of themes in rap music videos: A content analysis. Sex Roles, 62, 787-797.Zhang, Y., Miller, L., & Harrison, K. (2008). The relationship between exposure to sexual music videos and young adults` sexual attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 368-386. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
98461006
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098461006 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 郭貞 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Kuo, Cheng en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳怡馨 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Yi Hsin en_US dc.creator (作者) 吳怡馨 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wu, Yi Hsin en_US dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 10:22:43 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 10:22:43 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 10:22:43 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098461006 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54233 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98461006 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以內容分析法比較共200首台灣與美國音樂錄影帶中的性內容以及愛情關係表現。研究結果顯示美國音樂錄影帶中的性內容普遍高於台灣的音樂錄影帶，不論是在歌詞表達或影像呈現中。但值得一提的是，臺灣2010年音樂錄影帶中相較於2000年音樂錄影帶中性內容增加的幅度大於美國2010年音樂錄影帶中相較於美國2000年因樂錄影帶中性內容的增加。而且愛情表現方面，台灣的歌曲不論是在2000年還是2010年都有超過80%以上的歌曲為愛情歌曲；美國歌曲則較為多元，從2000年到2010年，少了20%的愛情歌曲。 總體來說，此研究結果與先前研究的結果類似：台灣歌曲中的愛情表達多為無性的表達，而美國歌曲中則較易將愛情等同或化約成肉體慾望，且不論歌曲主題，性內容也較常表達在歌曲中。雖然台灣音樂錄影帶及歌曲中的性內容還尚未達到足以造成威脅的程度，由2010年的增加多於同時期美國的音樂錄影帶顯示未來研究更應重視這一塊因為大眾流行音樂錄影帶在年輕族群的生活中扮演了重要的角色。若其不當性內容持續增加，勢必會對年輕族群的性觀念及行為造成影響。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study examines 200 music videos from Taiwan the USA for their sexual content lyrical and visual presentation. The second focus is the illustration of themes in songs. Results of a content analysis shows that in terms of sexual content in music videos, the USA is still more sexual than Taiwan as a whole; however, the increase of sexual imagery in music videos is greater in Taiwan in 2010 compared to in 2000 than that from USA in 2010 compared to 2000. Within-country comparisons show that the increase in images is greater than that in lyrics from 2000 to 2010 in both countries. For themes in songs, in both years, over 80% of the songs analyzed from Taiwan are love theme songs. Songs from the USA are more varied, and from 2000 to 2010, there are 20% less love theme songs. On the whole, this study agrees with previous studies, which found that love manifested in lyrics is often an asexual kind of love in Taiwan, while in the USA physical desires are often outright portrayed, regardless of the song themes. Although the sexual level in music videos images have not yet reached an alarming level, researchers should, however, keep track of the sexual content because music videos do take up a part in forming a socializing environment, especially for the young people. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1. Introduction ...............................................................1Research Motives..........................................................................1 Research Background ...................................................................3Chapter 2. Literature Review.........................................................4Music Videos ................................................................................4 Music Videos and MTV...................................................................5 • MTV ..........................................................................................5 Music Videos and the Internet ......................................................6 Sexuality and Cultural Differences.................................................7 Sexual Content in Popular Music Videos ........................................9• Lyrical Presentation....................................................................10• Visual Presentation ....................................................................12 Themes in Song Lyrics .................................................................14 Summary ......................................................................................15Chapter 3. Research Framework and Hypotheses.............................17Research Framework .......................................................................17 Figure 1. Research Framework of Present Study ...............................17 Hypotheses.....................................................................................18Chapter 4. Research Method............................................................20Sample Selection..............................................................................21 Analytical Unit...................................................................................23 Coding Scheme ...............................................................................24 Pretest................................................................................................26Chapter 5. Results ............................................................................29Results for Basic Information ...............................................................29 Results for Lyrical Presentation...............................................................31•Theme of the Song.............................................................................31 1. Not concerning any relationships.......................................................312. Establishment of love relationship--Celebration ................................33 3. Establishment of love relationship--Ambivalence.............................33 4. Establishment of love relationship--Difficulties.............................34 5. Disintegration of love relationship--Mourning.....................................35 6. Disintegration of love relationship--Reversibility of decision/Bargaining...36 7. Disintegration of love relationship--Ex-lover’s mistake......................37 8. Disintegration of love relationship--Cheating/Triangle love.......................38 9. Disintegration of love relationship--Rationalization of break-up...............38 10. Disintegration of love relationship--Getting over/Moving on...................39 11. Anticipation of love relationship .................................................40 12. Social commentary on love relationship..................................................41 13. Other relationships--Friendship/Family..................................................42Sexual Content in Lyrics ..........................................................42 Results for Visual Presentation.................................................43• Music Video Style ...........................................................43• Characters of MV ..........................................................44• Sexual Content-Objectification ...............................................45• Sexual Content-Female Attire .......................................................46• Sexual Content-Male Attire............................................................47• Sexual Content-Behavior..............................................................48Hypotheses.................................................................................49Chapter 6. Discussion...............................................52Sexual Content and Cultural Differences .................................................52 Sexual Content and the Young ..............................54 Love Songs in the USA and Taiwan......................................55 Limitations and Direction for Future Research ............................................56Chapter 7. Conclusion.................................................................................58References...............................................................................61Appendix A..........................................................................................66Sample List .........................................................................66Appendix B ..........................................................................74Codebook ....................................................................74Appendix C.................................................................................................79Music Video Screenshots........................................................79 Sexual Content-Objectification..........................................................79 Sexual Content-Female Attire..............................................79 Sexual Content-Male Attire .....................................................................82 Sexual Content-Behavior ..................................................................84 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098461006 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性內容 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主題 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音樂錄影帶 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歌詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臺灣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sexual content en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) theme en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) music video en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) lyrics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) USA en_US dc.title (題名) 臺灣與美國流行音樂錄影帶中的性內容與愛情表現之比 較研究 (2000 與 2010) zh_TW dc.title (題名) Love relationship and sexual content in popular music videos of Taiwan and the U.S.A.: a comparative study (2000 and 2010) en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ReferencesAikat, D. (2004). Streaming violent genres online: visual images in music videos on BET.com, Country.com, MTV.com, and VHl.com. Popular Music and Society, 27, 221-240.Andsager, J., & Roe, K. (1999). Country music video in the country`s year of the woman. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 69-82.Andsager, J., & Roe, K. (2003). "What’s your definition of dirty, baby?": Sex in music video. Sexuality & Culture, 7(3), 79-97.Arnett, J. (2002). The sounds of sex: Sex in teens’ music and music videos. In J. Brown, J. Steele & K. Walsh-Childers (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media`s influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 253-264). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Aubrey, J., & Frisby, C. (2011). Sexual objectification in music videos: A content analysis comparing gender and genre. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 475-501.Baxter, R., De Riemer, C., Landini, A., Leslie, L., & Singletary, M. (1985). A content analysis of music videos. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29, 333-340.Best of 2010--Hot 100 songs. (n.d.). 2010 Year end charts. Retrieved from http://www.billboard.com/#/charts-year-end/hot-100-songs?year=2010Bogt, T., Engels, R., Bogers, S., & Kloosterman, M. (2010). `Shake it baby, shake it`: Media preferences, sexual attitudes and gender stereotypes among adolescents. Sex Roles, 63, 844-859.Bornales, J. (2007). Imagery implications of MTV: Teen pop, adolescent girls, and sex role behaviors. (Master`s Thesis). San Jose State University. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3364Brown, J., & Newcomer, S. (1991). Television viewing and adolescents’ sexual behavior. Journal of Homosexuality, 21, 77-91.Carey, J. (1969). Changing courtship patterns in the popular song. American Journal of Sociology, 74(6), 720-731.Chang, W. (2008). Metaphors in Taiwan love lyrics from 1990 to 2008. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Chung Cheng University, Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved from http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi- bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dnclcdr&s=id="097CCU05462001".&searchmode=basicChen, Y. (1999). The study of gender role in Taiwan`s populat music videos. Unpublished master`s thesis, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.61Cole, R. (1971). Top songs in the sixties: A content analysis of popular lyrics. American Behavioral Scientist, 14, 389-400.Cooper, B. (1991). Popular music perspectives: Ideas, themes and patterns in contemporary lyrics. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Press.Cooper, V. (1985). Women in popular music: A quantitative analysis of feminine images over time. Sex Roles, 13, 499-506.Cougar Hall, P., West, J., & Hill, S. (2011). Sexualization in lyrics of popular music from 1959 to 2009: Implications for sexuality educators (Publication no. 10.1007/s12119- 011-9103-4). (1095-5143). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-011- 9103-4Cunningham, S., & Nichols, D. (2008). How people find videos. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Pittsburgh PA, PA, USA.Donald, H. (1957). The dialogue of courtship in popular songs. The American Journal of Sociology, 52, 569-578.Denisoff, S. (1988). Inside MTV. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, Inc.Dukes, R., Bisel, T., Borega, K., Lobato, E., & Pwens, M. (2003). Expression of love, sex,and hurt in popular songs: A content analysis of all-time greatest hits. The SocialScience Journal 40, 643-650.Edwards, E. (1994). Does love really stink? The `mean world` of love and sex in popularmusic of the 1980s. In J. S. Epstein (Ed.), Adolescents and their music: If it’s too loudyou’re too old (pp. 225-249). New York: Garland Publishing. Freelon, D. (2012). Research resources-dfreelon.org. Retrieved fromhttp://dfreelon.org/external-resources/Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 43-67). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Gow, J. (1990). The relationship between violent and sexual images and the popularity of music videos. Popular Music and Society, 14(4), 1-10.Hansen, C. (1989). Priming sex-role stereotypic event schemas with rock music videos: Effects on impression favorability, trait inferences, and recall of a subsequent male- female interaction. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 371-391.Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. (1990). The Influence of sex and violence on the appeal of rock music videos. Communication Research, 17, 212-234.62Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. (2000). Music and music videos. In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 175-196). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Hung, W. (2010). The comparative study of mandarin and Taiwanese pop-song in Taiwan. Master of Arts Unpublished master`s thesis, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan. Retrieved from http://140.133.6.46/ETD-db/ETD- search/view_etd?URN=etd-0816111-232913Hwu, M. (2003). Rethinking disappearance and construction of subject from the phenomena of "financial aid by sex" on Internet. Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society 5, 359-384.Kalof, L. (1999). The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology 139, 378-385.Ke, Y. (1994). Reading of the meaning of women in the popular music of Taiwan. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.Kistler, M., & Lee, M. (2010). Does exposure to sexual hip-hop music videos influence the sexual attitudes of collge students? Mass Communication & Society, 13(1), 67-86.Laake, R. (2005). Depiction of sexuality in music videos. (Master`s Thesis). University of Cincinnati. Retrieved fromhttp://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1104784016Lampman, C., Rolfe-Maloney, B., David, E., Yan, M., McDermott, N., Winters, S., Davis, J., & Lathrop, R. (2002). Messages about sex in the workplace: A content analysis of primetime television. Sexuality & Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 6(4), 3-21.Lance, L., & Berry, C. (1981). Has there been a sexual revolution? An analysis of human sexuality messages in popular music, 1968-1977. Journal of Popular Culture 15(3), 155- 164.Li, Y. (2009). Form and style Of music video: A case study of Taiwan image music video. Unpublished master`s thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. Retrieved from http://ir.lib.cyut.edu.tw:8080/handle/310901800/3347Lo, V., Wu, H., Chiang, C., & Liu, H. (2005). Impact of Internet pornography on adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior. NCS Projects.Mehta, C., & Patel, N. (2010). IBM SPSS Exact Tests. Retrieved from http://www.sussex.ac.uk/its/pdfs/SPSS_Exact_Tests_19.pdfMTV Taiwan. (n.d.). Wikipedia Retrieved on September, 11, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Taiwan63Music Video. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved on September 11, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videoMusic videos--Sex code book (Visual). (n.d.). Youth Media Risk. Retrieved from http://www.youthmediarisk.org/Menuitem.aspx?Id=154Nikorowitsch, J., & Sligo, F. (2008). Music videos: How they are consumed by means of television and the Internet. Paper presented at the Power & Place: Refereed Proceedings of the Australian & New Zealand Communication Association Conference, Wellington. Retrieved from http://anzca08.massey.ac.nz/massey/fms/Colleges/College%20of%20Business/Comm unication%20and%20Journalism/ANZCA%202008/Refereed%20Papers/Nikorowitsc h_Sligo_ANZCA08.pdfPardun, C., L’Engle, K., & Brown, J. (2005). Linking exposure to outcomes: Early adolescents’ consumption of sexual content in six media. Mass Communication & Society, 8(2), 75-91.Peatman, J. (1944). Radio and popular music. In P. Lazarafeld & F. N. Stanton (Eds.), Radio Research (pp. 335-393). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.Ping, S., & Su, C.(2001). 揭開風花雪月的迷霧:解讀台灣流行音樂中的愛情世界( 1989-1998). Mass Communication Research (70), 167-195.Reiss, S., & Feineman, N. (2000). Thirty frames per second: the visionary art of the music video. New York: Harry N. Abrams.Saucier, K. (1986). Healers and heartbreakers: Images of women and men in country music. The Journal of Popular Culture, 20(3), 147-166.Seidman, S. (1992). An investigation of sex-role stereotyping in music videos. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36(2), 209-216.Shao, X., Changsheng, X., Namanu, M., & Tian, Q. (2006). Automatic summarization of music videos. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communication and Applications, 2(2), 127-148.Sherman, B., & Dominick, J. (1986). Violence and sex in music videos: TV and rock‘n’roll. Journal of Communication, 36(1), 79-93.Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis. Sex Roles, 28, 745-753.Su, C. (1999). Love values in Taiwan``s popular music: 1989-1998. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.64Truglio, R. (1998). Television as a sex educator. In K. Swan, C. Meskill & S. DeMaio (Eds.), Social learning from broadcast television (pp. 7-23). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.Tsai, C., Kuo, M., Lin, S., Yin, Y., & Hsu, Y. (2002). The attitudes, knowledge about sexual behavior and the usage of condom in high school students in Taipei. Formosan Journal of Sexology, 8(2), 1-14.Turner, J. (2011). Sex and the spectacle of music videos: an examination of the portrayal of race and sexuality in music videos. Sex Roles, 64(3), 173-191.Turner, J. (2005). An examination of sexual content in music videos. Unpublished master`s thesis, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. Retrieved from http://www.udel.edu/communication/web/thesisfiles/jaketurnerthesis.pdfVincent, R., Davis, D., & Boruszkowski, L. (1987). Sexism on MTV: The portrayal of women in rock videos. Journalism Quarterly, 64, 750-755.Wallis, C. (2011). Performing gender: A content analysis of gender display in music videos. Sex Roles, 64(3), 160-172.Wu, W. (1994). Women’s role and status in music videos in Taiwan. Unpublished master`s thesis, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.Yearly One Hundred Singles. (n.d.). Hitradio・Hit FM. Retrieved from http://www.hitoradio.com/newweb/chart_2.phpYen, H., Liu, C., & Cheng, C. (2009a). Trends of dating and sex behavior among fifth grade students of junior colleges in Taipei city from 1979 to 2007. Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 25, 251-274.Yen, H., Liu, C., Lee, T., & Ferng, J. (2009b). A study of the outcomes on sexuality education of elementary, junior high, senior high and vocational schools in Taiwan. Formosan Journal of Sexology, 15(2), 65-80.Zhang, Y., Dixon, T., & Conrad, K. (2010). Female body image as a function of themes in rap music videos: A content analysis. Sex Roles, 62, 787-797.Zhang, Y., Miller, L., & Harrison, K. (2008). The relationship between exposure to sexual music videos and young adults` sexual attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 368-386. zh_TW
