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題名 韓國臺灣比較研究 ：民主主義發展和媒體之役割
A comparative study on Korea and Taiwan democratic development and media’s role
作者 崔彰根
Choi, Chang Geun
貢獻者 李明
Lee, Ming
崔彰根
Choi, Chang Geun
關鍵詞 民主主義
媒體
臺灣（中華民國）
韓國
Democratization
Media
Taiwan(ROC)
Korea
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 11:29:55 (UTC+8)
摘要 In this thesis, comparative experienced similar historical events the countries in East Asia, Korea and Taiwan. Research focus is democratic development and media’s role in Korea and Taiwan. This research theme is composition of communication studies and political science. Firstly, I reviewed basic concept of media and democracy’s correlation, and media’s role in democratic countries, Secondly, purchased Korea and Taiwan’s democratization process on view of comparative political science. And I followed media’s role on democratization process.
Research’s basic point of view is comparative study, and also used literature analysis method. The purpose of this study is review Korea and Taiwan’s journey of democratization, and through the past experience what was the role of the media.
參考文獻 1. Adesnik, D. & Kim, S.H. (2008). If at First You don’t Succeed: The puzzle of
South Korea’s Democratic Transition. Stanford University CDDR Working Paper 83
2. Bennett, W.L. & Serrin, W. (2005). The Watchdog Role. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Press (pp. 169-188). New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Chen, C. J. (1999). Taiwan’s Media in the Democratic Era, Taipei: Government Information Office of Republic of China (Taiwan).
4. Chen, Edward I-te. 1970. Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of the Systems of Political Control. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30:126-58.
5. Chi, Eun-joo. (2009). Taiwan Independent Problem and Party Politics. Pajoo :
Nanam.
6. Cho, Chong-Hyuk. (2002). Red Devils, as a Postmodern Cultural Phenomenon.
The Grand Narratives of Korean Media. Korean Journal of Communication Studies,
10 (2).
7. Choi, C-K. (2005). Law and Justice in Korea: South and North. Seoul Korea: Seoul National University Press.
8. Choi, Hyeon-cheol. (2001): Capitalist Controls on Mass Media in Korea. Korean Journal of Communication Studies, Special English Edition 2001, pp. 591-608.
9. Choi, Jang-jip. (1993). Postwar politics in Asia and the Pacific. Seoul : Dong-A Ilbo
10. Croissant, A. (2004). From transition to defective democracy: Mapping Asian dem-ocratization. Democratization 11 (5), 156-178.
11. Curran, J. (2005). What democracy requires of the media. In G. Overholser &
K.H. Dennis, E.E., & Merrill, J.C. (1991). Media Debates: Issues in Mass Comm-unication. New York: Longman.


12. Chu, Yun-han, Larry Diamond, and Doh-chull Shin (2001). HALTING PROGRESS IN KOREA AND TAIWAN, Journal of Democracy Volume 12, Number 1 January
2001.
13. Cumings, Bruce. (1999). Parallax visions: making sense of American-East Asian relations at the end of the century. Durham and London : Duke University Press.
14. Diamond, Larry (1999). Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
15. Rawnsley, Gary D. (2000). The Media and Popular Protest in Pre-Democratic Taiwan, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 20: 4.
16. Rawnsley, Gary D. (2001). Critical Security, Democratisation and Television in Taiwan, Aldershot: Ashgate.
17. Gleysteen, William H. (1999). Massive Entanglement, Marginal Influence: Carter
and Korea in Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
18. Hallin, D.C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three model-s of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Huntington, S.P. (1991). The Third Wave. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
20. Im, H.B. (2004). Faltering Democratic Consolidation in South Korea. Democratiza-tion. 11 (5), 179-198.
21. Hart-Landsberg, Martin. (1989). South Korea: Looking at the left. Monthly Review, 41.56-70.
22. Huang, J. (1996). Cable Cat’s Cradle. Free China Review, 46: 2, 4.
23. Joo, D-W. (1993). A study on the influence of the press policy upon the transition of the press industry in Korea: from the 1st Republic to the 5th Republic. PhD dissertation of Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
24. Kang, Jin-suk (2006). A Study on the Mechanism for Discursive Constitution of Meaning and Subject Appeared in Educational Crisis by Korea Mass Media [in Korean]. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 33.

25. Kang, Jun-man. (2002). Power Shift : Korean Press History of 117 years. Seoul: Inmul & Sasangsa.
26. Kang, Jun-man. (1993). Programme Quality and Broadcasting Audience Sovereignty Campaign, Broadcasting Research Summer.
27. Kang, Myungkoo. (2007). Media Power and the Pedagogic Public Sphere in South Korea. Conference of Creating Culture Contents in the Age of Ubiquitous Media. College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University, November 2007.
28. Kim, Chin-bong. (2000). Samil undongsa yongu (Research into the history of the March First Movement). Seoul: Kukhak Charyowon.
29. Kim, D.K. (1996). Audience Movement and Democratization of the Media, Korean Society-Media Research Association (ed.) Modern Society and Mass Communications. Seoul: Hanwool Academy.
30. Kim, K.T. (1994). Media Audience Movement in Korea, in Korean Press Institute
(ed.) Media and Audience. Seoul: Korea Press Institute.
31. Kim, K. et al. (1994). Broadcasting in Korea. Seoul: Nanam.
32. Kim, O-J. (2005). Media Law. Seoul : Communication Books.
33. Kim, Seung-Soo. (2002). Rethinking Newspaper Ownership, Control and Media
Power [in Korean]. Korean Journal of Journalism and Communication Studies, 46 (2), pp. 122.149.
34. Kim, Seung.Soo. (1995) . The Communication Industries in Korea. Seoul: Nanam.
35. Kim, Sun Hyuk. (2000).The politics of democratization in Korea: the role of civil society. Pittsburgh. : University of Pittsburgh Press.
36. LaMay, C. L. (2007). Exporting press freedom: Economic and Editorial Dilemmas
in International Media Assistance.
37. Lee, H.S. (1989). Political Communication. Seoul: Theory and Practice.
38. Lee, Sangmook(2007). Democratic Transition and the Consolidation of Democracy in South Korea, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 3, No.1

39. Whitehead, Laurence (2007). Taiwan’s Democratization : A Critical Test for the
International Dimensions Perspective, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 3,
No.2: 11-32
40. McQuail, D. (2000). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks,
California.: Sage.
41. Merrill, J.C. (2002). Chaos and order: Sacrificing the individual for the sake of social harmony. In J.B. Atkins (Ed.), The Mission: Journalism, Ethic s and the World. Ames, 100, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
42. Merrill, J.C. (1977). Existential Journalism. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
43. Merrill, J.C., & Lowenstein, R. (1979). Media, Messages, and Men. New York: Longman.
44. Oberdorfer, Don (1997). The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History, New York:
BASIC BOOKS
45. Oh, Chang-hun (2005). Korea’s Democratization and Its Implications for Cooperat-ion in the Pacific Region, Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2.
46. Park, H-S. (2004). Korean Norm and Reality, and the Press Reform in Korea. Journal of Media Law, Ethics and Policy Research, vol.3, no.2, pp.143-171.
47. Park, Mi. (2002) Ideology and Lived Experience: Revolutionary Movements in South Korea [Online]. (Article based on Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics) Available: http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/research/smg/pdf - Conference/Mi Park - and Lived Experience.com (accessed on 12 April 2003)
48. Patterson, T. & Seib, P. (2005). Informing the public. In G. Overholser & K.H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Press. (pp. 189-202). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Rampal, Kuldip Roy (2011). The Media’s “Public Sphere” for Civil Society in Taiwan’s Democratic Consolidation, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 7, No. 2.

50. Roy, Denny. (2003). Taiwan : A Political History. Ithaca and London : Cornell University Press.
51. Schedler, A. (1998). What is Democratic Consolidation?. Journal of Democracy 9 (2). 91- 107.
52. Shin, Doh Chull (1999). Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea London : Cambridge University Press.
53. Shin, Do-chull (2008). The Third Wave in East Asia. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 4 (2), 91- 120.
54. Siebert, F.S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1963). Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
55. Taylor, Jay. (2000). The Generalissimo`s Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press.
56. Thorson, E. (2005). Mobilizing Citizen Participation. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Valenzuela, S., & McCombs, M. (2008). The Agenda-Setting Role of the News Media. In M.B. Salwen & D.W. Stacks (Eds.), An integrated approach to commu-nication theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 90-105). New York: Routledge.
58. Weaver, D.H. & Wilhoit, G.C. (1986). The American Journalist. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
59. Welzel. (2008). Development, freedom and rising happiness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3 (4), 264–85.
60. Wood, Alan. (2004). Asian democracy in world history. New York: Routledge.
61. Youm, K-H. (1996). Press Law in South Korea (1st Ed). Iowa U.S.A.: Iowa State University Press.
62. Youm, K-H. (1985). Freedom of the press in South Korea, 1945-1983: A sociopolitical and legal perspective. PhD dissertation in Southern Illinois University at Carbondale U.S.A.
63. Ogasawara, Yoshiyuki (1998). Lee Teng-Hui Administration and Taiwanese Nationalism, (http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/ogasawara/paper/epaper1.html.)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
98461018
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098461018
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 崔彰根zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Choi, Chang Geunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 崔彰根zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Choi, Chang Geunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 11:29:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 11:29:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 11:29:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098461018en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54667-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98461018zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In this thesis, comparative experienced similar historical events the countries in East Asia, Korea and Taiwan. Research focus is democratic development and media’s role in Korea and Taiwan. This research theme is composition of communication studies and political science. Firstly, I reviewed basic concept of media and democracy’s correlation, and media’s role in democratic countries, Secondly, purchased Korea and Taiwan’s democratization process on view of comparative political science. And I followed media’s role on democratization process.
Research’s basic point of view is comparative study, and also used literature analysis method. The purpose of this study is review Korea and Taiwan’s journey of democratization, and through the past experience what was the role of the media.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1.Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------1
2.Basic Approach ; Democracy and Media --------------------------------9
2.1.Definition of the Democracy ---------------------------------------------------------9
2.2.Media Systems: Models and Theories ---------------------------------------------10
2.3.Role of the Media in Democratic Countries --------------------------------------14
2.4.Concepts of press freedom ----------------------------------------------------------23
3.Democratization in Korea and Taiwan ----------------------------------25
3.1.The 3rd wave of Democracy and East Asia ---------------------------------------25
3.2.What is Specific about Democracy or Democratization?
In Korea and Taiwan ---------------------------------------------------------------------27
3.3. Historical Review of Korea and Taiwan’s past -----------------------------------------29
3.3.1.Same memories ; The Japanese Colonial era ----------------------------------29
3.3.2.The Post-war Authoritarian Period : Miracle of Han-River and
Miracle of Taiwan --------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
3.4.Political Rifts and Political Contents of Democratization ----------------------------36
3.4.1.Political regimes -------------------------------------------------------------------------38
3.4.2.Modalities of Democratization Processes --------------------------------39
3.5.The process of democratization in Korea and Taiwan --------------------------------43
3.5.1.Taiwan’s Case -----------------------------------------------------------------------------43
3.5.2.Korea’s case --------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
4.Media and Democracy ------------------------------------------------------56
4.1.Taiwan’s Democratization and Media ------------------------------------------------------56
4.1.1.Role of Taiwanese Media for Democratization -------------------------------56
4.1.2. Party State System and media -------------------------------------------------------57
4.1.3.Big medias and KMT ------------------------------------------------------------------58
4.1.4.Dangwai magazines’ role -------------------------------------------------------------60
4.1.5. Formosa Magazine and Kaohsiung Incident ----------------------------------64
4.1.6.Cable television --------------------------------------------------------------------------67
4.1.7.Underground radio stations ----------------------------------------------------------68
4.2.Korea’s Democratization and Media -------------------------------------------------------70
4.2.1.The military regimes (1961~1987) and Meida -------------------------------70
4.2.2. Symbolic Event for Freedom of Press ;
The Dong-A Free Press Practical Movement ------------------------------------------75
4.2.3. Chun Doo Hwan’s New Military Regime and Media ---------------------80
4.2.4. The 5th Republic and Broadcasting Control ----------------------------------85
4.2.5.The ‘Great June Struggle’ of 1987 and Media --------------------------------88
4.2.6.Citizen’s boycott of government control broadcasting : The KBS-TV reception fee boycott movement ---------------------------------------91

5.Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------98
6. Appendix : Chronicle from 1945 to 1990------------------------------112
■Biography		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098461018en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臺灣（中華民國）zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Democratizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan(ROC)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Koreaen_US
dc.title (題名) 韓國臺灣比較研究 ：民主主義發展和媒體之役割zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A comparative study on Korea and Taiwan democratic development and media’s roleen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Adesnik, D. & Kim, S.H. (2008). If at First You don’t Succeed: The puzzle of
South Korea’s Democratic Transition. Stanford University CDDR Working Paper 83
2. Bennett, W.L. & Serrin, W. (2005). The Watchdog Role. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Press (pp. 169-188). New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Chen, C. J. (1999). Taiwan’s Media in the Democratic Era, Taipei: Government Information Office of Republic of China (Taiwan).
4. Chen, Edward I-te. 1970. Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of the Systems of Political Control. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30:126-58.
5. Chi, Eun-joo. (2009). Taiwan Independent Problem and Party Politics. Pajoo :
Nanam.
6. Cho, Chong-Hyuk. (2002). Red Devils, as a Postmodern Cultural Phenomenon.
The Grand Narratives of Korean Media. Korean Journal of Communication Studies,
10 (2).
7. Choi, C-K. (2005). Law and Justice in Korea: South and North. Seoul Korea: Seoul National University Press.
8. Choi, Hyeon-cheol. (2001): Capitalist Controls on Mass Media in Korea. Korean Journal of Communication Studies, Special English Edition 2001, pp. 591-608.
9. Choi, Jang-jip. (1993). Postwar politics in Asia and the Pacific. Seoul : Dong-A Ilbo
10. Croissant, A. (2004). From transition to defective democracy: Mapping Asian dem-ocratization. Democratization 11 (5), 156-178.
11. Curran, J. (2005). What democracy requires of the media. In G. Overholser &
K.H. Dennis, E.E., & Merrill, J.C. (1991). Media Debates: Issues in Mass Comm-unication. New York: Longman.


12. Chu, Yun-han, Larry Diamond, and Doh-chull Shin (2001). HALTING PROGRESS IN KOREA AND TAIWAN, Journal of Democracy Volume 12, Number 1 January
2001.
13. Cumings, Bruce. (1999). Parallax visions: making sense of American-East Asian relations at the end of the century. Durham and London : Duke University Press.
14. Diamond, Larry (1999). Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
15. Rawnsley, Gary D. (2000). The Media and Popular Protest in Pre-Democratic Taiwan, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 20: 4.
16. Rawnsley, Gary D. (2001). Critical Security, Democratisation and Television in Taiwan, Aldershot: Ashgate.
17. Gleysteen, William H. (1999). Massive Entanglement, Marginal Influence: Carter
and Korea in Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
18. Hallin, D.C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three model-s of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Huntington, S.P. (1991). The Third Wave. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
20. Im, H.B. (2004). Faltering Democratic Consolidation in South Korea. Democratiza-tion. 11 (5), 179-198.
21. Hart-Landsberg, Martin. (1989). South Korea: Looking at the left. Monthly Review, 41.56-70.
22. Huang, J. (1996). Cable Cat’s Cradle. Free China Review, 46: 2, 4.
23. Joo, D-W. (1993). A study on the influence of the press policy upon the transition of the press industry in Korea: from the 1st Republic to the 5th Republic. PhD dissertation of Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
24. Kang, Jin-suk (2006). A Study on the Mechanism for Discursive Constitution of Meaning and Subject Appeared in Educational Crisis by Korea Mass Media [in Korean]. Korean Journal of Communication and Information, 33.

25. Kang, Jun-man. (2002). Power Shift : Korean Press History of 117 years. Seoul: Inmul & Sasangsa.
26. Kang, Jun-man. (1993). Programme Quality and Broadcasting Audience Sovereignty Campaign, Broadcasting Research Summer.
27. Kang, Myungkoo. (2007). Media Power and the Pedagogic Public Sphere in South Korea. Conference of Creating Culture Contents in the Age of Ubiquitous Media. College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University, November 2007.
28. Kim, Chin-bong. (2000). Samil undongsa yongu (Research into the history of the March First Movement). Seoul: Kukhak Charyowon.
29. Kim, D.K. (1996). Audience Movement and Democratization of the Media, Korean Society-Media Research Association (ed.) Modern Society and Mass Communications. Seoul: Hanwool Academy.
30. Kim, K.T. (1994). Media Audience Movement in Korea, in Korean Press Institute
(ed.) Media and Audience. Seoul: Korea Press Institute.
31. Kim, K. et al. (1994). Broadcasting in Korea. Seoul: Nanam.
32. Kim, O-J. (2005). Media Law. Seoul : Communication Books.
33. Kim, Seung-Soo. (2002). Rethinking Newspaper Ownership, Control and Media
Power [in Korean]. Korean Journal of Journalism and Communication Studies, 46 (2), pp. 122.149.
34. Kim, Seung.Soo. (1995) . The Communication Industries in Korea. Seoul: Nanam.
35. Kim, Sun Hyuk. (2000).The politics of democratization in Korea: the role of civil society. Pittsburgh. : University of Pittsburgh Press.
36. LaMay, C. L. (2007). Exporting press freedom: Economic and Editorial Dilemmas
in International Media Assistance.
37. Lee, H.S. (1989). Political Communication. Seoul: Theory and Practice.
38. Lee, Sangmook(2007). Democratic Transition and the Consolidation of Democracy in South Korea, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 3, No.1

39. Whitehead, Laurence (2007). Taiwan’s Democratization : A Critical Test for the
International Dimensions Perspective, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 3,
No.2: 11-32
40. McQuail, D. (2000). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks,
California.: Sage.
41. Merrill, J.C. (2002). Chaos and order: Sacrificing the individual for the sake of social harmony. In J.B. Atkins (Ed.), The Mission: Journalism, Ethic s and the World. Ames, 100, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
42. Merrill, J.C. (1977). Existential Journalism. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
43. Merrill, J.C., & Lowenstein, R. (1979). Media, Messages, and Men. New York: Longman.
44. Oberdorfer, Don (1997). The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History, New York:
BASIC BOOKS
45. Oh, Chang-hun (2005). Korea’s Democratization and Its Implications for Cooperat-ion in the Pacific Region, Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2.
46. Park, H-S. (2004). Korean Norm and Reality, and the Press Reform in Korea. Journal of Media Law, Ethics and Policy Research, vol.3, no.2, pp.143-171.
47. Park, Mi. (2002) Ideology and Lived Experience: Revolutionary Movements in South Korea [Online]. (Article based on Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics) Available: http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/research/smg/pdf - Conference/Mi Park - and Lived Experience.com (accessed on 12 April 2003)
48. Patterson, T. & Seib, P. (2005). Informing the public. In G. Overholser & K.H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Press. (pp. 189-202). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Rampal, Kuldip Roy (2011). The Media’s “Public Sphere” for Civil Society in Taiwan’s Democratic Consolidation, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 7, No. 2.

50. Roy, Denny. (2003). Taiwan : A Political History. Ithaca and London : Cornell University Press.
51. Schedler, A. (1998). What is Democratic Consolidation?. Journal of Democracy 9 (2). 91- 107.
52. Shin, Doh Chull (1999). Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea London : Cambridge University Press.
53. Shin, Do-chull (2008). The Third Wave in East Asia. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 4 (2), 91- 120.
54. Siebert, F.S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1963). Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
55. Taylor, Jay. (2000). The Generalissimo`s Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press.
56. Thorson, E. (2005). Mobilizing Citizen Participation. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Valenzuela, S., & McCombs, M. (2008). The Agenda-Setting Role of the News Media. In M.B. Salwen & D.W. Stacks (Eds.), An integrated approach to commu-nication theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 90-105). New York: Routledge.
58. Weaver, D.H. & Wilhoit, G.C. (1986). The American Journalist. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
59. Welzel. (2008). Development, freedom and rising happiness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3 (4), 264–85.
60. Wood, Alan. (2004). Asian democracy in world history. New York: Routledge.
61. Youm, K-H. (1996). Press Law in South Korea (1st Ed). Iowa U.S.A.: Iowa State University Press.
62. Youm, K-H. (1985). Freedom of the press in South Korea, 1945-1983: A sociopolitical and legal perspective. PhD dissertation in Southern Illinois University at Carbondale U.S.A.
63. Ogasawara, Yoshiyuki (1998). Lee Teng-Hui Administration and Taiwanese Nationalism, (http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/ogasawara/paper/epaper1.html.)		zh_TW