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題名 1991年後印度孟買都會地區由種姓至階級的轉變
The Change from Caste to Class in Urban Area of Mumbai, India after 1991
作者 李青璇
Lee, Chingh Suan
貢獻者 孫善豪
Sun, Shan Hao
李青璇
Lee, Chingh Suan
關鍵詞 階級
種姓
孟買
class
caste
Mumbai
日期 2012
上傳時間 23-Jul-2013 13:38:04 (UTC+8)
摘要 印度自古以來有以人的血統微分類標準的階級制度，一般稱為種姓制度，這種制度由古典瓦爾納與迦提系統構成。這種制度可以挑戰嗎？印度自1991年後國內資訊傳遞與資本流通速度大於以往的情況下，處於越來越國際化的孟買都會地區的印度居民對於傳統的種姓制度有何看法？以「職業」為標準的階級體系是否超越傳統以「血統」為標準的價值呢？

在本研究中，可以看到在都會地區的印度人不論在資訊取得、工作、婚姻三方面的生活情狀中，古典瓦爾納與迦提系統並非最重要的。於資訊的取得方面，高低種姓幾乎沒有任何差別。關於Srinivas所提出的「梵化」於這些人的狀況沒有詮釋能力；在教育方面，雖然原始屬於高種姓者的教育程度仍比低種姓者高，但低種姓者的教育程度與其父執輩相比有顯著的提高。種姓間學歷的絕對流動已經發生，相對流動很可能在孟買也已經發生；在工作方面，表現出工作取得與種姓、工作內容與種姓沒有深刻的關係。於孟買都會地區個人的最高學歷與專長較種姓階層更重要；婚姻的選擇上，對於傳統的安排有著排斥。選擇對象的來源與管道並非單一，金錢與感情基礎的考慮比血緣的考慮更多。受訪談者中已經發生違反傳統的婚姻。

本研究顯示: 孟買都會區的人士並沒有依循古典瓦爾納制度生活，反而已經有不符合內婚制的情況發生: 職業與父輩並不相同、追求歐美式的生活且生活習慣日趨相近。因此，不論是維持古典瓦爾納制度或是迦提制度的職業限制或是血統限制於孟買都會區的約束力都大幅減弱。相反地，與個人教育程度、職業選擇、經濟能力有深度鏈結的階級制度，正在孟買都會區成形。
參考文獻 中文著述
王樹英
1995 〈主要宗教與民間信仰〉，收於《宗教與印度社會》，北京，中國華僑。
尚會鵬
2001 《種姓與印度教社會》，北京：北京大學出版社。

中文譯著
de Vau, David A.
2006 《社會研究法的設計》，莊靜怡譯。台北縣：韋伯文化。
Kamdar, Mira
2007 〈印度社會的哀愁〉，收於《印度衝擊：有了印度，誰還需要美國與中國？》，何霖譯，台北市：高寶國際；希代多媒體。
Luce, Edward
2009 〈正義之戰：印度低種姓的崛起〉，收於《印度的奇特崛起》，吳湘媚譯，台中市：晨星。
Michi, Kaihata
2008 《圖解印度》，王俞惠譯，台北縣：世潮。
馬香雪(譯)
1996 《摩奴法典》，北京：商務印書館。

英文著述
Ambedkar, B. R.
2002 The Essential Writings of B. R. Ambedkar, edit. by V. Rodrigues, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, F. G.
1956 Caste and the Economic Frontier. A Village in Highland Orissa, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Balkin, J.
1997 “Deconstructive Practice and Legal Theory ”, Yale Law Journa,l Issu.96.
Beteille, A.
1996 “Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village”, in Dailt Diary, by Chandra Bhan Orasad, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Blau, P. M., and O. D. Duncan.
1967 “Measuring the Status of Occupation”, The American Occupational Structure, New York: Free Press.
2008 “The process of stratification”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.
Chandra, B.
1988 India`s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin.
Clark, T. N., and S. M. Lipset.
1991 “Are social class dying?” International Sociology.
Clarke, K.
1996 “Re-Viewing the Religion of the Paraiyars”, in Re-Visioning India`s Religious Traditions, edit by D. Scott and I. Selvanayagam. Bangalore: ISPCK.
Cox, Oliver.
1945 “Race and Caste: A Distinction”, The American Journal of Sociology, No.5.
Davis, Donald R.
1999 “Recovering thelassical Hindu Law In Practice in Late Medieval Kerala.” Journal of Indian Philosophy, No.27.
Deshpande, A.
2000 “Does Caste Still Define Disparity? A Look at Inequality in Kersls, India”, American Economic Review, Issu.90, No.2.
Deshpande, S.
2003 Contemporary India: A sociological View. New Delhi: Viking Penguin.
Dirks, N.
1989 “The Invention of Caste: Civil Society in Colonial India” Social Analysis, Issu.25.
Dumont, Louis.
1980 Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications, tran. Mark Sainsbury, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Dumont, Louis, A. Reuck, and J. Knight.
1967 Caste: A phenomenon of Social Structure or an Aspect of Indian Culture? London: J.&A. Churchill.
Erikson, Robert, and John H. Goldthorpe.
1992 “Industrial Society and Social Mobility” ,The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fernandes, L.
2006 India’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Regime, Mineapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Gakanter, M.
1984 “Competing Equalities”, Law and the Backward Classes in India, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gandhi, M.
1985 Caste v. Class. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
Goldfield, M.
1987 The Decline of Organised Labour in the US, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goldthorpe, J. H., and G. Marshall.
1992 “The Promising Future of Class Analysis: A Response to Recent Critiques”, Sociology.
Goldthorpe, J. H.; Llewellyn, C. and Payne, C.
1987 Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Granville, Austin.
2002 The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation , Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hout, M.; Brooks, C. and Manza, J.
1993 “Classes in Post-industrial A Society” , International Sociology.
Iyer, R.
1987 The Moral and Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kane, Pandurang Vaman.
1968 History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 5, Pune: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
Keane, David.
2007 Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law,Ashgate Punbishing Limited.
Klass, M.
1980 Caste: The Emergence of the South Asian Social System, Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
Kolenda, P.
1976 “Seven Types of Hierarchy in Homo Hierarchicus” Journal of Asian Studies, Issu.35, No. 4.
Lingat, R.
1973 The Classical Law of India, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lipner, J.
1994 Hindus: Their Religious Belifs and Practices, London: Routledge.
Lorenzon, D.
1999 “Who Invented Hinduism? ” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Issu. 41, No. 4.
Lubin, Timothy, Donald R. Davis,Jr.,, and Jayanth K. Krishnan
2010 Hinduism and Law: An Introduction, Cambridge: Canbridge University Press.
Majumdar, N. D.
1958 Caste and Communication in an Indian Village, Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
Mann, M.
1986 The Sources of Social Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, G.
1988 “Some Remarks on the Study of Sorking-Class Consciousness”, Social Stratification and Economic Change, by D. Rose. London: Hutchinson.
Marshall, P.
1970 The British discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marx, Karl.
2008 “Alienation and Social Classes”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.
Mills, Wright C.
2008 “The Power Elite”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.
Montagu, A.
1947 “The Nature of Race relations”, Social Forces, Issu. 25, No. 3.
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2008 “The Ruling Class”, Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, edit. by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.
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Pahl, R. E.
1984 Divisions of Labour, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1989 “Is the Emperor Naked? Some Questions on the Adequacy of Sociological Theory in Urban and Regional Research”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.
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Prasad, C.
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梵文原典之英文註釋
Muir, J.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治研究所
98252012
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982520121
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 孫善豪zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Shan Haoen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李青璇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Chingh Suanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李青璇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Chingh Suanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 23-Jul-2013 13:38:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 23-Jul-2013 13:38:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 23-Jul-2013 13:38:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0982520121en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59000-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98252012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 印度自古以來有以人的血統微分類標準的階級制度，一般稱為種姓制度，這種制度由古典瓦爾納與迦提系統構成。這種制度可以挑戰嗎？印度自1991年後國內資訊傳遞與資本流通速度大於以往的情況下，處於越來越國際化的孟買都會地區的印度居民對於傳統的種姓制度有何看法？以「職業」為標準的階級體系是否超越傳統以「血統」為標準的價值呢？

在本研究中，可以看到在都會地區的印度人不論在資訊取得、工作、婚姻三方面的生活情狀中，古典瓦爾納與迦提系統並非最重要的。於資訊的取得方面，高低種姓幾乎沒有任何差別。關於Srinivas所提出的「梵化」於這些人的狀況沒有詮釋能力；在教育方面，雖然原始屬於高種姓者的教育程度仍比低種姓者高，但低種姓者的教育程度與其父執輩相比有顯著的提高。種姓間學歷的絕對流動已經發生，相對流動很可能在孟買也已經發生；在工作方面，表現出工作取得與種姓、工作內容與種姓沒有深刻的關係。於孟買都會地區個人的最高學歷與專長較種姓階層更重要；婚姻的選擇上，對於傳統的安排有著排斥。選擇對象的來源與管道並非單一，金錢與感情基礎的考慮比血緣的考慮更多。受訪談者中已經發生違反傳統的婚姻。

本研究顯示: 孟買都會區的人士並沒有依循古典瓦爾納制度生活，反而已經有不符合內婚制的情況發生: 職業與父輩並不相同、追求歐美式的生活且生活習慣日趨相近。因此，不論是維持古典瓦爾納制度或是迦提制度的職業限制或是血統限制於孟買都會區的約束力都大幅減弱。相反地，與個人教育程度、職業選擇、經濟能力有深度鏈結的階級制度，正在孟買都會區成形。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次 / 頁碼
目錄 i
圖目錄 iii
表目錄 iv
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 問題陳述 1
第二節 本研究中之名詞概念 3
（一）種姓制度 3
（二）印度教 15
（三）業力 15
（四）表列種姓 18
（五）潘察雅特 19
第三節 研究範圍與限制 22
第二章 階層相關討論 23
第一節 英美對於社會階層理論的研究 23
（一）階層研究方向的論戰 23
（二）馬克思觀點下的階層樣貌 24
（三）印度社會階層－種姓制度的理論論戰 25
第二節 代間流動過程的研究 28
第三節 印度社會階層流動的研究 29
（一）代間流動研究於公元1991年前 29
（二）公元1991年後印度階層流動有關的研究 31
第三章 訪談 44
第一節 本研究方法與步驟 44
第二節 研究結果 50
（一）資訊的流通 50
（二）教育的階層流動 51
（三）職業的階層流動 53
（四）血統與婚姻 57
（五）對於古典瓦爾納和迦提的個人態度和印象 58
第三節 進一步研究的建議 59
參考文獻 61		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1695405 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982520121en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 階級zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 種姓zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 孟買zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) classen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) casteen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mumbaien_US
dc.title (題名) 1991年後印度孟買都會地區由種姓至階級的轉變zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Change from Caste to Class in Urban Area of Mumbai, India after 1991en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文著述
王樹英
1995 〈主要宗教與民間信仰〉，收於《宗教與印度社會》，北京，中國華僑。
尚會鵬
2001 《種姓與印度教社會》，北京：北京大學出版社。

中文譯著
de Vau, David A.
2006 《社會研究法的設計》，莊靜怡譯。台北縣：韋伯文化。
Kamdar, Mira
2007 〈印度社會的哀愁〉，收於《印度衝擊：有了印度，誰還需要美國與中國？》，何霖譯，台北市：高寶國際；希代多媒體。
Luce, Edward
2009 〈正義之戰：印度低種姓的崛起〉，收於《印度的奇特崛起》，吳湘媚譯，台中市：晨星。
Michi, Kaihata
2008 《圖解印度》，王俞惠譯，台北縣：世潮。
馬香雪(譯)
1996 《摩奴法典》，北京：商務印書館。

英文著述
Ambedkar, B. R.
2002 The Essential Writings of B. R. Ambedkar, edit. by V. Rodrigues, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, F. G.
1956 Caste and the Economic Frontier. A Village in Highland Orissa, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Balkin, J.
1997 “Deconstructive Practice and Legal Theory ”, Yale Law Journa,l Issu.96.
Beteille, A.
1996 “Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village”, in Dailt Diary, by Chandra Bhan Orasad, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Blau, P. M., and O. D. Duncan.
1967 “Measuring the Status of Occupation”, The American Occupational Structure, New York: Free Press.
2008 “The process of stratification”, in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and gender in Sociological Perspective, by David Grusky. Colorado: Westview Press.
Chandra, B.
1988 India`s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin.
Clark, T. N., and S. M. Lipset.
1991 “Are social class dying?” International Sociology.
Clarke, K.
1996 “Re-Viewing the Religion of the Paraiyars”, in Re-Visioning India`s Religious Traditions, edit by D. Scott and I. Selvanayagam. Bangalore: ISPCK.
Cox, Oliver.
1945 “Race and Caste: A Distinction”, The American Journal of Sociology, No.5.
Davis, Donald R.
1999 “Recovering thelassical Hindu Law In Practice in Late Medieval Kerala.” Journal of Indian Philosophy, No.27.
Deshpande, A.
2000 “Does Caste Still Define Disparity? A Look at Inequality in Kersls, India”, American Economic Review, Issu.90, No.2.
Deshpande, S.
2003 Contemporary India: A sociological View. New Delhi: Viking Penguin.
Dirks, N.
1989 “The Invention of Caste: Civil Society in Colonial India” Social Analysis, Issu.25.
Dumont, Louis.
1980 Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications, tran. Mark Sainsbury, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Dumont, Louis, A. Reuck, and J. Knight.
1967 Caste: A phenomenon of Social Structure or an Aspect of Indian Culture? London: J.&A. Churchill.
Erikson, Robert, and John H. Goldthorpe.
1992 “Industrial Society and Social Mobility” ,The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fernandes, L.
2006 India’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Regime, Mineapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Gakanter, M.
1984 “Competing Equalities”, Law and the Backward Classes in India, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gandhi, M.
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