1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 從眼動證據探究閱聽中文形聲字之音形映照
Eye movement evidence for Phonological to orthographic mapping when reading and listening Chinese Phonograms
作者 余姿幸
Yu, Tzu Hsing
貢獻者 蔡介立
Tsai, Jie Li
余姿幸
Yu, Tzu Hsing
關鍵詞 形聲字
音形一致性效果
同音字密度效果
眼動
口語理解-視覺典範
音形映照
Phonograms
P-O consistency effect
Homophone density effect
Eye movement
Visual world paradigm
Phonological to orthographic mapping
日期 2012
上傳時間 2-Sep-2013 11:43:29 (UTC+8)
摘要 語言系統中，形音之間的映照關係為一持續受到探討的議題。本篇論文旨在利用眼動閱讀實驗以及口語理解─視覺典範深入探究閱聽中文形聲字時，音形映照之存在性及其時序歷程。
本文進行兩個眼動實驗。實驗一旨在探究視覺的閱讀歷程中，中文的音形映照於詞彙層次和次詞彙層次之歷程及影響。結果顯示，同音字密度效果未達顯著，但音形對應一致性效果於晚期眼動指標中顯著呈現。顯示出音形映照於視覺詞彙辨識的晚期產生影響，並證實語音表徵和字形表徵於視覺處理中是互為雙向影響之觀點，實驗一結果並支持音至形的反向連結映照於視覺模式中具有其重要性。實驗二主要使用口語理解─視覺典範，進一步探究並檢驗音形映照於口語詞彙辨識過程中之時序及歷程。結果顯示，音形對應一致性效果於早期眼動指標中顯著呈現，隨後同音字密度效果於晚期眼動指標中顯著呈現。此研究結果支持雙向交互激發模型(BIAM)之假設，顯示詞彙辨識機制中，存在字音和字形表徵之間的動態交互連結；並證實字形表徵於口語詞彙辨識過程中時序性的影響。
整體而論，本研究整合形音映照之概念所衍生出的形音一致性效果及同音字密度效果，就視、聽兩種模式之眼動實驗，檢視音形映照歷程，並進一步提供音形映照的實驗證據，探究其於中文語言系統的文字辨識歷程中之影響力與重要性。
The present study aims to examine the states of phonological to orthographic (P-O) mappings when reading and listening Chinese phonograms. Two eye tracking experiments regarding to visual and auditory modalities were conducted to explore the intrinsic nature and the temporal dynamics of P-O mappings in Chinese word recognition.
Experiment 1 manipulated homophone density and P-O consistency to investigate the involvement of P-O mappings at lexical and sublexical levels during the reading process. The result of Experiment 1 revealed that the P-O consistency effect was evident in second-pass eye movement indices of total viewing time (TVT) and rereading rate (RRR), demonstrating a late occurrence of P-O consistency effect at a the verification stage in reading. The occurrence of P-O consistency is in accordance with the view that the phonological information and orthographic representation are activated in a bidirectional flow, which implies that the mappings from phonology to orthography were guaranteed during the reading process.
Experiment 2 utilizes visual world paradigm to explore the P-O mappings in auditory modality and further inspect the temporal dynamic in listening Chinese spoken characters. The result demonstrated that the P-O consistency effect emerged approximately 300 ms earlier than the homophone density effect, reflecting the early P-O consistency effect and the relatively late HD effect during the temporal stage of spoken word recognition. The result also supports the bidirectional activation of orthographic and phonological codes during word recognition, demonstrating the notion that the dynamic influences of orthography representation on spoken word recognition are ubiquitous at both sub-lexical and lexical levels.
參考文獻 Reference

Berndt, R. S., Reggia, J. A., & Mitchum, C. C. (1987). Empirically derived probabilities for grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences in English. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 19(1), 1-9.
Binder, K. S., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1999). Extraction of information to the left of the fixated word in reading Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(4), 1162-1172.
Chen, H.-C., & Shu, H. (2001). Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: Evidence against early phonological activation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 511-518.
Chen, H.-C., Vaid, J., & Wu, J.-T. (2009). Homophone Density and Phonological Frequency in Chinese Word Recognition. Language and Cognitive Process, 24, 967-982.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2004). Guide to teaching practice: Routledge/Falmer.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (2000). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel distributed processing approaches. Exploring Cognition: Damaged Brains and Neural Nets: Readings in Cognitive Neuropsychology and Connnectionist Modelling, 100(4), 367.
Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. C. (2001). DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108(1), 204-256. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.204
Cutler, A. (1998). The recognition of spoken words with variable representations. Paper presented at the Sound Patterns of Spontaneous Speech.
DeFrancis, J. (1989). Visible speech : the diverse oneness of writing systems / John DeFrancis. Honolulu :: University of Hawaii Press.
Donnenwerth-Nolan, S. (1981). Multiple code activation in word recognition: Evidence from rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 7(3), 170.
Edwards, J. D. (2001). What Can Homophone Effects Tell Us About the Nature of Orthographic Representation in Visual Word Recognition?
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2010). An Introduction to Language: Michael Rosenberg Acquisitions.
Frost, R. (1989). Orthographic depth and the interaction of visual and auditory processing in word recognition. Memory and Cognition, 17(3), 302.
Frost, R. (1998). Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin, 123(1), 71.
Glushko, R. J. (1979). The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5(4), 674.
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1994). Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Effects of Masked Homophone Primes. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 218-233. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1994.1011
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of memory and language, 35(5), 623-647.
Jacobs, A. M., & Grainger, J. (1992). Testing a semistochastic variant of the interactive activation model in different word recognition experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(4), 1174-1188. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1174
Jared, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1991). Does word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120(4), 358-394.
Lacruz, I. (2004). Feedforward and feedback consistency effects for high‐and low‐frequency words in lexical decision and naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(7), 1261.
Lee, C. Y. (2010). Cognitive and neural basis of the consistency and lexicality effects in reading Chinese. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(1), 10.
Lee, C. Y., Tsai, J. L., Kuo, W. J., Yeh, T. C., Wu, Y. T., Ho, L. T., . . . Hsieh, J. C. (2004). Neuronal correlates of consistency and frequency effects on Chinese character naming: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 23(4), 1235-1245.
Lee, C. Y., Tsai, J. L., Su, E. C. I., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hung, D. L. (2005). Consistency, regularity and frequency effects in naming Chinese characters. Language and Linguistics, 6(1), 75-107.
Martin, R. C., Miller, M., & Vu, H. (2004). Lexical‐semantic retention and speech production: further evidence from normal and brain‐damaged participants for a phrasal scope of planning. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21(6), 625-644.
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(7), 293-299.
Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (2000). Merging information in speech recognition: Feedback is never necessary. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(03), 299-325. doi: doi:null
Pattamadilok, C., Knierim, I. N., Kawabata Duncan, K. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2010). How Does Learning to Read Affect Speech Perception? [Article]. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(25), 8435-8444. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.5791-09.2010
Pattamadilok, C., Morais, J., Ventura, P., & Kolinsky, R. (2007). The locus of the orthographic consistency effect in auditory word recognition: Further evidence from French. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(5), 700-726. doi: 10.1080/01690960601049628
Peereman, R., Content, A., & Bonin, P. (1998). Is Perception a Two-Way Street? The Case of Feedback Consistency in Visual Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(2), 151-174. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2573
Perre, L., Midgley, K., & Ziegler, J. C. (2009). When beef primes reef more than leaf: orthographic information affects phonological priming in spoken word recognition. Psychophysiology, 46(4), 739-746.
Perry, C. (2003). A phoneme-grapheme feedback consistency effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(2), 392-397. doi: 10.3758/bf03196497
Plaut, D. C. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103(1), 56.
Pulvermüller, F. (1999). Words in the brain`s language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 253-279.
Rayner, K. (1995). Eye movements and cognitive processes in reading, visual search, and scene perception. In G. Rudolf & d. Y. Géry (Eds.), Studies in Visual Information Processing (Vol. Volume 6, pp. 3-22): North-Holland.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124(3), 372.
Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Morris, R. K., Schmauder, A. R., & Clifton, C. (1989). Eye movements and on-line language comprehension processes. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4(3-4), SI21-SI49. doi: 10.1080/01690968908406362
Richardson, D. C., Dale, R., & Spivey, M. J. (2007). Eye movements in language and cognition. Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics, 323-344.
Salverda, A. P. (2010). Tracking the time course of orthographic information in spoken-word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(5), 1108.
Seidenberg, M. S. (1979). Orthographic effects on rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5(6), 546.
Seidenberg, M. S. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96(4), 523.
Stone, G. O., & Van Orden, G. C. (1994). Building a resonance framework for word recognition using design and system principles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(6), 1248-1268. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1248
Stone, G. O., Vanhoy, M., & Van Orden, G. C. (1997). Perception Is a Two-Way Street: Feedforward and Feedback Phonology in Visual Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 36(3), 337-359. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.2487
Taft, M. (1985). The influence of orthography on phonological representations in the lexicon. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(3), 320.
Taft, M., & Van Graan, F. (1998). Lack of phonological mediation in a semantic categorization task. Journal of memory and language, 38(2), 203-224.
Tsai, J. L., Lee, C. Y., Tzeng, O. J. L., Hung, D. L., & Yen, N. S. (2004). Use of phonological codes for Chinese characters: Evidence from processing of parafoveal preview when reading sentences. Brain and Language, 91(2), 235-244. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2004.02.005
Van Orden, G. C. (1990). Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics. Psychological Review, 97(4), 488.
Van Orden, G. C., & Goldinger, S. D. (1994). Interdependence of form and function in cognitive systems explains perception of printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(6), 1269-1291. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1269
Van Orden, G. C., Johnston, J. C., & Hale, B. L. (1988). Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(3), 371.
Ventura, P., Morais, J., Pattamadilok, C., & Kolinsky, R. (2004). The locus of the orthographic consistency effect in auditory word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(1), 57-95. doi: 10.1080/01690960344000134
Wu, J. T., & Chen, H.-C. (2000). Evaluating semantic priming and homophonic priming in recognition and naming of Chinese characters.Chinese Journal of Psychology, 42, 65-86.
Wu, J. T., & Chen, H.-C. (2003). Chinese orthographic priming in lexical decision and naming tasks. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45, 75-95.
Yeh, S. L., & Li, J. L. (2004). Sublexical processing in visual recognition of Chinese characters: Evidence from repetition blindness for subcharacter components. Brain and Language, 88(1), 47-53. doi: 10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00146-9
Ziegler, J. C. (2004). Visual phonology: The effects of orthographic consistency on different auditory word recognition tasks. Memory and Cognition, 32(5), 732.
Ziegler, J. C. (2008). Feedback consistency effects in visual and auditory word recognition: Where do we stand after more than a decade? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 643.
Ziegler, J. C., & Ferrand, L. (1998). Orthography shapes the perception of speech: The consistency effect in auditory word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(4), 683-689. doi: 10.3758/bf03208845
Ziegler, J. C., Montant, M., & Jacobs, A. M. (1997). The Feedback Consistency Effect in Lexical Decision and Naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(4), 533-554. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2525
Ziegler, J. C., & Muneaux, M. (2007). Orthographic facilitation and phonological inhibition in spoken word recognition: A developmental study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 75-80. doi: 10.3758/bf03194031
Ziegler, J. C., Petrova, A., & Ferrand, L. (2008). Feedback consistency effects in visual and auditory word recognition: Where do we stand after more than a decade? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 643-661. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.643
Ziegler, J. C., Van Orden, G. C., & Jacobs, A. M. (1997). Phonology can help or hurt the perception of print. Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 23(3), 845-860.
汪舒韻. (2009). 中低頻漢字在唸名與辨識作業中的順向與逆向一致性效果. 嘉義縣.
連育吟. (2010). 中文同音字密度對口語詞彙辨識歷程的影響. (碩士論文), 國立台北教育大學, 台北市.
陳薇帆. (2011). 以事件相關電位探討中文語音辨識中的字形一致性效應. (碩士論文), 國立政治大學.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555011
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0985550111
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡介立zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Jie Lien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 余姿幸zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yu, Tzu Hsingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 余姿幸zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yu, Tzu Hsingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2013 11:43:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2013 11:43:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2013 11:43:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0985550111en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59188-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98555011zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 語言系統中，形音之間的映照關係為一持續受到探討的議題。本篇論文旨在利用眼動閱讀實驗以及口語理解─視覺典範深入探究閱聽中文形聲字時，音形映照之存在性及其時序歷程。
本文進行兩個眼動實驗。實驗一旨在探究視覺的閱讀歷程中，中文的音形映照於詞彙層次和次詞彙層次之歷程及影響。結果顯示，同音字密度效果未達顯著，但音形對應一致性效果於晚期眼動指標中顯著呈現。顯示出音形映照於視覺詞彙辨識的晚期產生影響，並證實語音表徵和字形表徵於視覺處理中是互為雙向影響之觀點，實驗一結果並支持音至形的反向連結映照於視覺模式中具有其重要性。實驗二主要使用口語理解─視覺典範，進一步探究並檢驗音形映照於口語詞彙辨識過程中之時序及歷程。結果顯示，音形對應一致性效果於早期眼動指標中顯著呈現，隨後同音字密度效果於晚期眼動指標中顯著呈現。此研究結果支持雙向交互激發模型(BIAM)之假設，顯示詞彙辨識機制中，存在字音和字形表徵之間的動態交互連結；並證實字形表徵於口語詞彙辨識過程中時序性的影響。
整體而論，本研究整合形音映照之概念所衍生出的形音一致性效果及同音字密度效果，就視、聽兩種模式之眼動實驗，檢視音形映照歷程，並進一步提供音形映照的實驗證據，探究其於中文語言系統的文字辨識歷程中之影響力與重要性。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study aims to examine the states of phonological to orthographic (P-O) mappings when reading and listening Chinese phonograms. Two eye tracking experiments regarding to visual and auditory modalities were conducted to explore the intrinsic nature and the temporal dynamics of P-O mappings in Chinese word recognition.
Experiment 1 manipulated homophone density and P-O consistency to investigate the involvement of P-O mappings at lexical and sublexical levels during the reading process. The result of Experiment 1 revealed that the P-O consistency effect was evident in second-pass eye movement indices of total viewing time (TVT) and rereading rate (RRR), demonstrating a late occurrence of P-O consistency effect at a the verification stage in reading. The occurrence of P-O consistency is in accordance with the view that the phonological information and orthographic representation are activated in a bidirectional flow, which implies that the mappings from phonology to orthography were guaranteed during the reading process.
Experiment 2 utilizes visual world paradigm to explore the P-O mappings in auditory modality and further inspect the temporal dynamic in listening Chinese spoken characters. The result demonstrated that the P-O consistency effect emerged approximately 300 ms earlier than the homophone density effect, reflecting the early P-O consistency effect and the relatively late HD effect during the temporal stage of spoken word recognition. The result also supports the bidirectional activation of orthographic and phonological codes during word recognition, demonstrating the notion that the dynamic influences of orthography representation on spoken word recognition are ubiquitous at both sub-lexical and lexical levels.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements IV
List of Tables IX
List of Figures X
Chinese Abstract XI
English Abstract XIII

Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 General Background 1
1.2 Research Questions 8

Chapter 2
Literature Review 10
2.1 Two-way mapping between orthographic and phonological
representations 10
2.1.1 The bidirectional nature of consistency 10
2.1.2 Construction of P-O consistency effect 12
2.1.2.1 P-O consistency in visual modality 12
2.1.2.2 P-O consistency in auditory modality 18
2.2 The Processing of word recognition - Bimodal
interaction activation model 22
2.3 O-P and P-O consistency effects in Chinese 25
2.4 Eye movement recording technique 33

Chapter 3
Experiment One: P-O mappings of Chinese character in
sentence reading 41
3.1 Method 42
3.1.1 Participants 42
3.1.2 Materials and Design 43
3.1.3 Apparatus 46
3.1.4 Procedure 47
3.2 Data analysis of eye movements 48
3.3 Result 49
3.3.1 Target word region 49
3.3.2 Pre-target region 51
3.3.3 Post-target region 53
3.4 Discussion 54

Chapter 4
Experiment Two: P-O mappings of Chinese character in spoken
word recognition 58
4.1 Method 60
4.1.1 Participants 60
4.1.2 Material and Design 60
4.1.2.1 Recording 62
4.1.2.2 Recognition pretest 62
4.1.3 Layout of visual stimuli 63
4.1.4 Apparatus 63
4.1.5 Procedure 64
4.2 Results 65
4.3 Discussion 70

Chapter 5
General Discussion 74
5.1 Interactivity between phonology and orthography 74
5.1.1 The role of P-O mapping in visual 74
5.1.2 The role of P-O mappings in auditory 76
5.2 Dynamic nature of P-O mappings in visual modality and
auditory modality 78
5.3 Suggestions for future research 80


Reference 88
Appendixes 88
A.Experiment materials of Experiment 1 88
B.Experiment materials of Experiment 2 91		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2154094 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0985550111en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形聲字zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音形一致性效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同音字密度效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 眼動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口語理解-視覺典範zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音形映照zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Phonogramsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) P-O consistency effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Homophone density effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Eye movementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Visual world paradigmen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Phonological to orthographic mappingen_US
dc.title (題名) 從眼動證據探究閱聽中文形聲字之音形映照zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Eye movement evidence for Phonological to orthographic mapping when reading and listening Chinese Phonogramsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reference

Berndt, R. S., Reggia, J. A., & Mitchum, C. C. (1987). Empirically derived probabilities for grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences in English. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 19(1), 1-9.
Binder, K. S., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1999). Extraction of information to the left of the fixated word in reading Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(4), 1162-1172.
Chen, H.-C., & Shu, H. (2001). Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: Evidence against early phonological activation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 511-518.
Chen, H.-C., Vaid, J., & Wu, J.-T. (2009). Homophone Density and Phonological Frequency in Chinese Word Recognition. Language and Cognitive Process, 24, 967-982.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2004). Guide to teaching practice: Routledge/Falmer.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (2000). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel distributed processing approaches. Exploring Cognition: Damaged Brains and Neural Nets: Readings in Cognitive Neuropsychology and Connnectionist Modelling, 100(4), 367.
Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. C. (2001). DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108(1), 204-256. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.204
Cutler, A. (1998). The recognition of spoken words with variable representations. Paper presented at the Sound Patterns of Spontaneous Speech.
DeFrancis, J. (1989). Visible speech : the diverse oneness of writing systems / John DeFrancis. Honolulu :: University of Hawaii Press.
Donnenwerth-Nolan, S. (1981). Multiple code activation in word recognition: Evidence from rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 7(3), 170.
Edwards, J. D. (2001). What Can Homophone Effects Tell Us About the Nature of Orthographic Representation in Visual Word Recognition?
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2010). An Introduction to Language: Michael Rosenberg Acquisitions.
Frost, R. (1989). Orthographic depth and the interaction of visual and auditory processing in word recognition. Memory and Cognition, 17(3), 302.
Frost, R. (1998). Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin, 123(1), 71.
Glushko, R. J. (1979). The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5(4), 674.
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1994). Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Effects of Masked Homophone Primes. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 218-233. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1994.1011
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of memory and language, 35(5), 623-647.
Jacobs, A. M., & Grainger, J. (1992). Testing a semistochastic variant of the interactive activation model in different word recognition experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(4), 1174-1188. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1174
Jared, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1991). Does word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120(4), 358-394.
Lacruz, I. (2004). Feedforward and feedback consistency effects for high‐and low‐frequency words in lexical decision and naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(7), 1261.
Lee, C. Y. (2010). Cognitive and neural basis of the consistency and lexicality effects in reading Chinese. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(1), 10.
Lee, C. Y., Tsai, J. L., Kuo, W. J., Yeh, T. C., Wu, Y. T., Ho, L. T., . . . Hsieh, J. C. (2004). Neuronal correlates of consistency and frequency effects on Chinese character naming: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 23(4), 1235-1245.
Lee, C. Y., Tsai, J. L., Su, E. C. I., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hung, D. L. (2005). Consistency, regularity and frequency effects in naming Chinese characters. Language and Linguistics, 6(1), 75-107.
Martin, R. C., Miller, M., & Vu, H. (2004). Lexical‐semantic retention and speech production: further evidence from normal and brain‐damaged participants for a phrasal scope of planning. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21(6), 625-644.
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(7), 293-299.
Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (2000). Merging information in speech recognition: Feedback is never necessary. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(03), 299-325. doi: doi:null
Pattamadilok, C., Knierim, I. N., Kawabata Duncan, K. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2010). How Does Learning to Read Affect Speech Perception? [Article]. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(25), 8435-8444. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.5791-09.2010
Pattamadilok, C., Morais, J., Ventura, P., & Kolinsky, R. (2007). The locus of the orthographic consistency effect in auditory word recognition: Further evidence from French. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(5), 700-726. doi: 10.1080/01690960601049628
Peereman, R., Content, A., & Bonin, P. (1998). Is Perception a Two-Way Street? The Case of Feedback Consistency in Visual Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(2), 151-174. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2573
Perre, L., Midgley, K., & Ziegler, J. C. (2009). When beef primes reef more than leaf: orthographic information affects phonological priming in spoken word recognition. Psychophysiology, 46(4), 739-746.
Perry, C. (2003). A phoneme-grapheme feedback consistency effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(2), 392-397. doi: 10.3758/bf03196497
Plaut, D. C. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103(1), 56.
Pulvermüller, F. (1999). Words in the brain`s language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 253-279.
Rayner, K. (1995). Eye movements and cognitive processes in reading, visual search, and scene perception. In G. Rudolf & d. Y. Géry (Eds.), Studies in Visual Information Processing (Vol. Volume 6, pp. 3-22): North-Holland.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 124(3), 372.
Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Morris, R. K., Schmauder, A. R., & Clifton, C. (1989). Eye movements and on-line language comprehension processes. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4(3-4), SI21-SI49. doi: 10.1080/01690968908406362
Richardson, D. C., Dale, R., & Spivey, M. J. (2007). Eye movements in language and cognition. Empirical Methods in Cognitive Linguistics, 323-344.
Salverda, A. P. (2010). Tracking the time course of orthographic information in spoken-word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(5), 1108.
Seidenberg, M. S. (1979). Orthographic effects on rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5(6), 546.
Seidenberg, M. S. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96(4), 523.
Stone, G. O., & Van Orden, G. C. (1994). Building a resonance framework for word recognition using design and system principles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(6), 1248-1268. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1248
Stone, G. O., Vanhoy, M., & Van Orden, G. C. (1997). Perception Is a Two-Way Street: Feedforward and Feedback Phonology in Visual Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 36(3), 337-359. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.2487
Taft, M. (1985). The influence of orthography on phonological representations in the lexicon. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(3), 320.
Taft, M., & Van Graan, F. (1998). Lack of phonological mediation in a semantic categorization task. Journal of memory and language, 38(2), 203-224.
Tsai, J. L., Lee, C. Y., Tzeng, O. J. L., Hung, D. L., & Yen, N. S. (2004). Use of phonological codes for Chinese characters: Evidence from processing of parafoveal preview when reading sentences. Brain and Language, 91(2), 235-244. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2004.02.005
Van Orden, G. C. (1990). Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics. Psychological Review, 97(4), 488.
Van Orden, G. C., & Goldinger, S. D. (1994). Interdependence of form and function in cognitive systems explains perception of printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(6), 1269-1291. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1269
Van Orden, G. C., Johnston, J. C., & Hale, B. L. (1988). Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(3), 371.
Ventura, P., Morais, J., Pattamadilok, C., & Kolinsky, R. (2004). The locus of the orthographic consistency effect in auditory word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(1), 57-95. doi: 10.1080/01690960344000134
Wu, J. T., & Chen, H.-C. (2000). Evaluating semantic priming and homophonic priming in recognition and naming of Chinese characters.Chinese Journal of Psychology, 42, 65-86.
Wu, J. T., & Chen, H.-C. (2003). Chinese orthographic priming in lexical decision and naming tasks. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45, 75-95.
Yeh, S. L., & Li, J. L. (2004). Sublexical processing in visual recognition of Chinese characters: Evidence from repetition blindness for subcharacter components. Brain and Language, 88(1), 47-53. doi: 10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00146-9
Ziegler, J. C. (2004). Visual phonology: The effects of orthographic consistency on different auditory word recognition tasks. Memory and Cognition, 32(5), 732.
Ziegler, J. C. (2008). Feedback consistency effects in visual and auditory word recognition: Where do we stand after more than a decade? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 643.
Ziegler, J. C., & Ferrand, L. (1998). Orthography shapes the perception of speech: The consistency effect in auditory word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(4), 683-689. doi: 10.3758/bf03208845
Ziegler, J. C., Montant, M., & Jacobs, A. M. (1997). The Feedback Consistency Effect in Lexical Decision and Naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(4), 533-554. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2525
Ziegler, J. C., & Muneaux, M. (2007). Orthographic facilitation and phonological inhibition in spoken word recognition: A developmental study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 75-80. doi: 10.3758/bf03194031
Ziegler, J. C., Petrova, A., & Ferrand, L. (2008). Feedback consistency effects in visual and auditory word recognition: Where do we stand after more than a decade? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 643-661. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.643
Ziegler, J. C., Van Orden, G. C., & Jacobs, A. M. (1997). Phonology can help or hurt the perception of print. Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 23(3), 845-860.
汪舒韻. (2009). 中低頻漢字在唸名與辨識作業中的順向與逆向一致性效果. 嘉義縣.
連育吟. (2010). 中文同音字密度對口語詞彙辨識歷程的影響. (碩士論文), 國立台北教育大學, 台北市.
陳薇帆. (2011). 以事件相關電位探討中文語音辨識中的字形一致性效應. (碩士論文), 國立政治大學.		zh_TW