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題名 專利聚集之運作模式分析
Operating Models of Patent Aggregators作者 陳香羽
Chen, Hsiang Yu貢獻者 李治安
Lee, Jyh An
陳香羽
Chen, Hsiang Yu關鍵詞 專利市場
攻擊型專利聚集
防禦型專利聚集
以授權營利型專利聚集
混合型專利聚集
專利交易平台
價值鏈
五力分析
策略活動系統
Patent Market
Offensive Patent Aggregator
Defensive Patent Aggregator
Running by Licensing Patent Aggregator
Hybrid Patent Aggregator
Patent Transaction Platform
Value Chain
Five Force Model
Strategy Activities System日期 2012 上傳時間 2013-09-03 摘要 政府透過法律制度將原先具有非排他性及非敵對性等公共財性質之專利財產化，藉此鼓勵發明人進行研發，間接為整體社會帶來促進創新與阻礙創新等不同面向之影響，而專利之私有化使擁有專利之所有人取得排他獨佔權限，如此累積創新所帶來之結果便是形成專利叢林現象，使單一產品生產時須取得眾多專利，增加未取得專利之侵權風險，該專利叢林現象後續更促使訴訟成為新興專利聚集型態獲取利益之手段。 從專利取得之角度觀察，其取得專利之方式可系統化分為自行研發、併購等內化形式或取得專利授權等外部形式，而專利取得之動機則從單純產業利用轉變為企業策略性考量；現今專利市場中，更經常將取得之專利以授權或出售方式商品化，甚或以專利作為商業談判、利益交換之籌碼，使專利有貨幣化現象。從經濟學之角度思考，專利貨幣化或有交易、預防及投機等動機，並得從專利本質上與後續發展上之特性觀察到專利貨幣化之因素。 由於本文將專利市場分為專利聚集、專利交易平台、專利資訊提供者及一般個人、實際從事生產公司與研究機構等不同類型參與者，並將研究對象著重在專利聚集與專利交易平台二者，因此特於本文中討論專利聚集形成之階段與交易模式，且因應專利交易模式而衍生探討專利交易價金之計算。從本文可知，專利聚集得區分為攻擊型、防禦型、以授權營利型及混合型四大類，各類型專利聚集及專利交易平台皆有其創造價值之價值鏈活動安排、整體產業競爭作用力之五力分析與支援核心競爭優勢之相對應策略活動系統，並從各市場參與者之運作模式中亦得觀察可能存在之缺失。 攻擊型專利聚集表面上雖提供授權服務，然手段上具有強制性，以訴訟等手段迫使下游實際從事生產等公司支付授權金以取得專利授權，從模式上觀察，其存在未經挑選專利、擁有專利過多及組織體系過於龐雜等缺失；而防禦型專利聚集則從下游買方之迫切需求角度出發，以防禦目的之專利授權或出售為訴求，藉由廣泛涵蓋不同領域之專利組合滿足下游買方對於專利侵權風險之控管，然其現有模式可能因支付有限年費導致難以確保購買大量專利之品質，並有為符合眾多會員需求使專利相關性降低以及整體產業難以避免搭便車現象等缺失；至於以授權營利型專利聚集透過技術或產品標準定義之專利組合，包裹式將下游實際從事生產廠商需要之專利一次性授權，雖不見得有授權之急迫需求，但顯然降低下游買方取得授權之交易成本，惟其缺失為權利金分配制度之公平性與專利組合之區別標準。混合型專利聚集則涵蓋上述三種專利聚集之優勢，並以特殊之智財資本市場重新定位無形資產能夠創造之價值，對於下游買方及上游專利供應者而言，皆帶來產業結構變化之衝擊，同時以專利組合授權來滿足下游專利被授權人之需求，不過，混合型專利聚集管理複雜度高、經濟利潤有下降可能，並且長期將有價格扭曲之應變風險。專利交易平台與專利聚集不同之處在於其不直接取得專利或專利授權，僅以專利供給方與需求方之交易中介者自居，然從廣義概念上，其亦為專利聚集之一種形態，有助於專利買賣雙方取得資訊，降低搜尋、談判或執行等交易成本，並透過其他業務互補專利交易平台業務可能之不足，惟其仍舊有所缺失，亦即價格決定機制之困難、服務範疇過大導致成本控管之不經濟與交易公開之接受程度等問題。從本文各章節之分析中，可比較各市場參與者之不同，亦得觀察彼此間之互動與缺失，從而提出未來可能之研究方向，並針對專利市場之管制與開放給予建議。
The propertization of patents which intrinsically show the traits of public goods including non-excludable and non-rival was established to encourage inventors and therefore leads to positive and negative influence to the society indirectly. The privatization of patents protects the exclusive rights of the owners, whereas what we called the accumulated innovation set up the patent thickets that enhance the risks of infringement and promote the strategic litigations raised by new patent aggregators. The methods of acquiring patents could systematically divided into internalization which includes R&D and M&A, and externalization which includes licensing and so on. While the motivations of acquiring patents transform from industrial applications to strategic considerations, and the patents gradually become commercialized and even express its monetization. This paper classifies different players in the patent market, such as patent aggregators, patent transaction platforms, patent information providers and operating companies, while with the focus on patent aggregators and patent transaction platform. Besides, the patent aggregators could be categorized into “offensive patent aggregators”, “defensive patent aggregators”, “running by licensing patent aggregators” and “hybrid patent aggregators”. Moreover, the findings of this paper stand on what each patent aggregator and patent transaction platform has its scheduled activities of the value chain, the five forces model to the analysis of its industry and the strategic activities system for supporting its core competence, and even the demerits of its operating model. The offensive patent aggregators provide licensing services, while its services apparently contain compulsive licensing model by raising claims against the operating companies. Instead, defensive patent aggregators help the downstream buyers in need to fight against the offensive patent aggregators by licensing or selling patent portfolios which cover broad technological areas and benefit risk management. Next, the running by licensing patent aggregators package their patents by standards of technologies or products and provide “one-stop-shop licensing solutions” to the downstream buyers to save the transaction costs. Furthermore, the hybrid patent aggregators embrace the advantages of three kinds of patent aggregators mentioned above and try to create the IP capital market leading to the transformation of the industry structure. On the other hand, the patent transaction platforms are different from the patent aggregators in the ownerships of patents. The patent transaction platforms will never become the owner of the patents or acquire the rights of patent licensing, it just named themselves intermediaries of transaction that reduce the transaction cost and enhance the transparency of information. Nevertheless, the diversified operating models of different patent aggregators and patent transaction platforms exist its improvable or inevitable drawbacks. The analysis of each chapter in this paper could help to compare the players in patent market and contribute to observe the shortages and interactions between the ones. What’s more, this paper gives some suggestions for further researches in the future as the conclusion.參考文獻 壹、中文文獻一、書籍Robert Cooter & Thomas Ulen著，溫麗琪譯，法律經濟學，2002年。大衛．傅利曼(David D. Friedman)著，徐源豐譯，經濟學與法律的對話，2002年。李博志，管理經濟學:理論與應用，2009年。沈中華、黃台心，經濟學原理，2012年2版。馬歇爾．費雪(Marshall L. Fisher)，你的產品該採用何種供應鏈?，哈佛商業評論，1997年3/4月號，載於鮑德溫(Carliss Y. 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(2008) SEC Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2008.Wyeth Ltd., Annual Meeting of Stockholders (July 20th, 2009). 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
智慧財產研究所
100361004
101資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100361004 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李治安 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Jyh An en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳香羽 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Hsiang Yu en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳香羽 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Hsiang Yu en_US dc.date (日期) 2012 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2013-09-03 - dc.date.available 2013-09-03 - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2013-09-03 - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100361004 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59635 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 智慧財產研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100361004 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 政府透過法律制度將原先具有非排他性及非敵對性等公共財性質之專利財產化，藉此鼓勵發明人進行研發，間接為整體社會帶來促進創新與阻礙創新等不同面向之影響，而專利之私有化使擁有專利之所有人取得排他獨佔權限，如此累積創新所帶來之結果便是形成專利叢林現象，使單一產品生產時須取得眾多專利，增加未取得專利之侵權風險，該專利叢林現象後續更促使訴訟成為新興專利聚集型態獲取利益之手段。 從專利取得之角度觀察，其取得專利之方式可系統化分為自行研發、併購等內化形式或取得專利授權等外部形式，而專利取得之動機則從單純產業利用轉變為企業策略性考量；現今專利市場中，更經常將取得之專利以授權或出售方式商品化，甚或以專利作為商業談判、利益交換之籌碼，使專利有貨幣化現象。從經濟學之角度思考，專利貨幣化或有交易、預防及投機等動機，並得從專利本質上與後續發展上之特性觀察到專利貨幣化之因素。 由於本文將專利市場分為專利聚集、專利交易平台、專利資訊提供者及一般個人、實際從事生產公司與研究機構等不同類型參與者，並將研究對象著重在專利聚集與專利交易平台二者，因此特於本文中討論專利聚集形成之階段與交易模式，且因應專利交易模式而衍生探討專利交易價金之計算。從本文可知，專利聚集得區分為攻擊型、防禦型、以授權營利型及混合型四大類，各類型專利聚集及專利交易平台皆有其創造價值之價值鏈活動安排、整體產業競爭作用力之五力分析與支援核心競爭優勢之相對應策略活動系統，並從各市場參與者之運作模式中亦得觀察可能存在之缺失。 攻擊型專利聚集表面上雖提供授權服務，然手段上具有強制性，以訴訟等手段迫使下游實際從事生產等公司支付授權金以取得專利授權，從模式上觀察，其存在未經挑選專利、擁有專利過多及組織體系過於龐雜等缺失；而防禦型專利聚集則從下游買方之迫切需求角度出發，以防禦目的之專利授權或出售為訴求，藉由廣泛涵蓋不同領域之專利組合滿足下游買方對於專利侵權風險之控管，然其現有模式可能因支付有限年費導致難以確保購買大量專利之品質，並有為符合眾多會員需求使專利相關性降低以及整體產業難以避免搭便車現象等缺失；至於以授權營利型專利聚集透過技術或產品標準定義之專利組合，包裹式將下游實際從事生產廠商需要之專利一次性授權，雖不見得有授權之急迫需求，但顯然降低下游買方取得授權之交易成本，惟其缺失為權利金分配制度之公平性與專利組合之區別標準。混合型專利聚集則涵蓋上述三種專利聚集之優勢，並以特殊之智財資本市場重新定位無形資產能夠創造之價值，對於下游買方及上游專利供應者而言，皆帶來產業結構變化之衝擊，同時以專利組合授權來滿足下游專利被授權人之需求，不過，混合型專利聚集管理複雜度高、經濟利潤有下降可能，並且長期將有價格扭曲之應變風險。專利交易平台與專利聚集不同之處在於其不直接取得專利或專利授權，僅以專利供給方與需求方之交易中介者自居，然從廣義概念上，其亦為專利聚集之一種形態，有助於專利買賣雙方取得資訊，降低搜尋、談判或執行等交易成本，並透過其他業務互補專利交易平台業務可能之不足，惟其仍舊有所缺失，亦即價格決定機制之困難、服務範疇過大導致成本控管之不經濟與交易公開之接受程度等問題。從本文各章節之分析中，可比較各市場參與者之不同，亦得觀察彼此間之互動與缺失，從而提出未來可能之研究方向，並針對專利市場之管制與開放給予建議。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The propertization of patents which intrinsically show the traits of public goods including non-excludable and non-rival was established to encourage inventors and therefore leads to positive and negative influence to the society indirectly. The privatization of patents protects the exclusive rights of the owners, whereas what we called the accumulated innovation set up the patent thickets that enhance the risks of infringement and promote the strategic litigations raised by new patent aggregators. The methods of acquiring patents could systematically divided into internalization which includes R&D and M&A, and externalization which includes licensing and so on. While the motivations of acquiring patents transform from industrial applications to strategic considerations, and the patents gradually become commercialized and even express its monetization. This paper classifies different players in the patent market, such as patent aggregators, patent transaction platforms, patent information providers and operating companies, while with the focus on patent aggregators and patent transaction platform. Besides, the patent aggregators could be categorized into “offensive patent aggregators”, “defensive patent aggregators”, “running by licensing patent aggregators” and “hybrid patent aggregators”. Moreover, the findings of this paper stand on what each patent aggregator and patent transaction platform has its scheduled activities of the value chain, the five forces model to the analysis of its industry and the strategic activities system for supporting its core competence, and even the demerits of its operating model. The offensive patent aggregators provide licensing services, while its services apparently contain compulsive licensing model by raising claims against the operating companies. Instead, defensive patent aggregators help the downstream buyers in need to fight against the offensive patent aggregators by licensing or selling patent portfolios which cover broad technological areas and benefit risk management. Next, the running by licensing patent aggregators package their patents by standards of technologies or products and provide “one-stop-shop licensing solutions” to the downstream buyers to save the transaction costs. Furthermore, the hybrid patent aggregators embrace the advantages of three kinds of patent aggregators mentioned above and try to create the IP capital market leading to the transformation of the industry structure. On the other hand, the patent transaction platforms are different from the patent aggregators in the ownerships of patents. The patent transaction platforms will never become the owner of the patents or acquire the rights of patent licensing, it just named themselves intermediaries of transaction that reduce the transaction cost and enhance the transparency of information. Nevertheless, the diversified operating models of different patent aggregators and patent transaction platforms exist its improvable or inevitable drawbacks. The analysis of each chapter in this paper could help to compare the players in patent market and contribute to observe the shortages and interactions between the ones. What’s more, this paper gives some suggestions for further researches in the future as the conclusion. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究方法與範圍 2第一項 研究方法 2第二項 研究範圍 5第二章 專利聚集形成之市場背景 15第一節 專利制度相關之經濟理論 15第一項 以法律制度財產化之公共財 15第二項 專利制度之促進創新 16第三項 專利制度之阻礙發展 17第二節 專利市場之濫觴 19第一項 專利叢林與訴訟興起 19第二項 專利之取得 22第三節 專利商品化現象 34第一項 專利商品價值衡量 34第二項 專利貨幣化 35第四節 專利聚集之意義及交易模式 40第一項 專利聚集之意義 40第二項 專利聚集之交易模式 45第三章 攻擊型專利聚集 53第一節 攻擊型專利聚集之定義 53第一項 定義 53第二項 專利聚集組織與其運作模式 54第二節 價值鏈結構 61第三節 五力分析與策略活動系統圖(SAS) 65第一項 五力分析 65第二項 策略活動系統圖(Strategy Activities System) 68第四節 現有模式之缺失 70第四章 防禦型專利聚集 73第一節 防禦型專利聚集之定義 73第一項 定義 73第二項 專利聚集組織與其運作模式 74第二節 價值鏈結構 81第三節 五力分析與策略活動系統圖(SAS) 85第一項 五力分析 85第二項 策略活動系統圖(Strategy activities system) 88第四節 現有模式之缺失 89第五章 以授權營利型專利聚集 91第一節 以授權營利型專利聚集之定義 91第一項 定義 91第二項 專利聚集組織與其運作模式 91第二節 價值鏈結構 97第三節 五力分析與策略活動系統圖(SAS) 101第一項 五力分析 101第二項 策略活動系統圖(Strategy activities system) 105第四節 現有模式之缺失 106第六章 混合型之專利聚集-Intellectual Ventures(IV)公司 109第一節 定義 109第二節 Intellectual Ventures(IV)之介紹與其運作模式 109第一項 IV之成立 109第二項 IV之運作模式 110第三節 IV轉型之發展趨勢 112第一項 專利聚集之現況 112第二項 IV原有運作模式之改變 112第四節 價值鏈結構 114第五節 策略活動系統圖(Strategy Activities System) 117第六節 IV轉型後之特色與缺失 119第七章 專利交易平台-交易中介 123第一節 專利交易平台之定義 123第一項 定義 123第二項 專利交易平台與其運作模式 124第二節 價值鏈結構 135第三節 五力分析與策略活動系統圖(SAS) 139第一項 五力分析 139第二項 策略活動系統圖(Strategy activities system) 142第四節 現有模式之缺失 143第八章 結論與建議 147第一節 結論 147第二節 未來可能研究方向與建議 150參考文獻 153 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2811062 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100361004 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 專利市場 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 攻擊型專利聚集 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 防禦型專利聚集 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 以授權營利型專利聚集 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混合型專利聚集 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 專利交易平台 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 價值鏈 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 五力分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 策略活動系統 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Patent Market en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Offensive Patent Aggregator en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Defensive Patent Aggregator en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Running by Licensing Patent Aggregator en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hybrid Patent Aggregator en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Patent Transaction Platform en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Value Chain en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Five Force Model en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Strategy Activities System en_US dc.title (題名) 專利聚集之運作模式分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Operating Models of Patent Aggregators en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文文獻一、書籍Robert Cooter & Thomas Ulen著，溫麗琪譯，法律經濟學，2002年。大衛．傅利曼(David D. 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