1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 人民行動黨在2011年新加坡大選的形象修復個案研究
PAP’s Image Restoration for the 2011 Singapore General Elections: A Case Study
作者 陳清慧
Faith Tan Qing Hui
貢獻者 陳憶寧
Katherine Chen
陳清慧
Faith Tan Qing Hui
關鍵詞 Benoit
形象修復策略
案例分析
危機管理
新加坡
新加坡大選
Benoit
Image Restoration Theory
Case Study
Crisis management
Singapore
Singapore General Election
日期 2012
上傳時間 10-Feb-2014 14:46:20 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究以內容分析法，引用Benoit的形象修復理論，探討人民行動黨在2011年新加坡大選中，面對移民政策、生活成本與住房等三大議題的形象修復策略。
研究結果顯示，因危機事件性質偏向「可預防事件群」，因此人民行動黨使用了大量較順應型的形象修復策略，例如尋求支撐與修正行動。另外，本研究也發現，因新加坡政治環境的獨特性，導致「後悔道歉」和「無力控制」這兩種策略的同時使用，此一現象與Benoit之主張有截然不同的結果。
本研究的結論是， 新加坡獨特的政治環境以及文化，導致Benoit所建議應該少用的一些策略，在這次的大選中反而有了正面的效果。所以，雖然人民行動黨在這次的大選中得到最低一次的得票率，但他們還是順利地在2011年的大選中修復了自己的受損形象。
This study attempts to look at the image restoration efforts of the People’s Action Party (PAP) during the period leading up to the 2011 Singapore General Election (GE).
The PAP has constantly emerged victorious in every Singapore’s GE, however 2011’s fierce fight from the opposition and the numerous unhappy voices from the sea of Singaporeans has made it clear that their once well loved image was surely damaged. According to literature, when an image is damaged, there is a need to them repair this image. The dynamic framework of Benoit’s Image Restoration Theory will thus be used to examine the actions of the PAP in dealing with the attacks and criticism before the election date.
This study content analyzed a five-month period newspaper coverage of the 2011 GE from two major Singapore newspapers, The Straits Times and Channelnewsasia. Results showed the PAP, due to the nature of their err, chose a more accommodative strategy when dealing with the public. On the other hand, due to Singapore’s unique political culture, the results on the use of “mortification” and “defeasibility” has also provided additional input into the current political literature, i.e. these strategies depend on the political culture.
The study concluded that the use image restoration strategies by the PAP though more accommodative in nature did change towards the campaign timeline. Also the political landscape and culture of Singapore made defensive strategies more affective than Benoit would have suggested. Thus the PAP though still securing the lowest vote count in its election history, still manage to save its image and secure a win in the 2011 GE.
參考文獻 Adam , S. (2010, June 29). Singapore can`t become energy-independent on lack of resources, lee says. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/singapore-can-t-become-energy-independent-on-lack-of-resources-lee-says.html
Balma, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate image in election campaigns: Attribute agenda
setting, affective priming, and voting intentions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2), 204-229.
Banyan. (2012, November 29). Foreign labour in singapore one strike and you`re out. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/11/foreign-labour-singapore
Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies - A theory of image restoration
strategies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Benoit, W. L. (1997). Hugh grant`s image restoration discourse: An actor apologizes.
Communication Quarterly, 45 (3), 251 - 267.
Benoit, W. L. (2006). President bush’s image repair effort on meet the press: The complexities
of defeasibility. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34 (3), 285-206.
Benoit, W. L. & Brison, S. L. (1999). Queen elizabeth`s image repair discourse: Insensitive
royal or compassionate queen?. Public Relations Review, 25 (2), 145- 156.
Benoit, W. L. & Mchale, J. P. (1999). Kenneth Starr`s Image Repair Discourse Viewed in 20/10.
Communication Quarterly, 47 (3), 265-280.
Benoit, W. L., McHale, J. P., Hansen, G. J., Pier, P. M., & McGuire, J. P. (2003). Campaign
2000: A functional analysis of presidential campaign discourse. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Brady, H. E., Johnson, R., & Side, J. (2006). Capturing campaign effects. United States of
America: The University of Michigan Press.
Brinson, S. L. & Benoit, L. W. (1996). Dow corning`s image repair strategies in the breast
implant crisis. Communication Quaterly, 44 (1), 29-41.
Brinson, S. L. & Benoit, W. L., (1999). The tarnished star: Restoring texaco`s damaged public
image . Management Communication Quarterly, 12 (4), 483-510.
Chapnick, H. (1994). Truth needs no ally: inside photojournalism. Columbia: University of
Missouri press.
Chan, R., & Chan, F. (2011, April 24). Ge serious choice of the people, says mm; he says s. The
Straits Times
Chan, W. (2011, May 10). Cna most visited site in lead-up to ge: Experian hitwise . Channel
News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1127966/1/.html
Channel newsasia-about us. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/about/
Chen, M. (2011). Divergent paths the future of one-party rule in singapore. Harvard
International Review, pp.28-29.
Cheam, J. (2011, March 20). Housing problems remain for singapore gov`t. The China Post.
Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/special-to-the-china-
Choo, Z. (2010, Febuary 10). The anger of displacement. Retrieved from http://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2010/02/the-anger-of-displacement/

Chua, L. H. (2011, April 20). Polling day on may 7; time is ripe for me to ask voters for fresh
mandate, says pm. The Straits Times
Clouse, T. (2011, October Date). Reform in the ppotlight in singapore elections. Global
Finance, p.10.
Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing criss communcation, planning, managing and responding .
London: Sage publications.
Coombs, W. T. (2007a, October 30). Crisis management and communications. Retrieved from
http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics/crisis-management-and-communications/
Coombs, W.T. (2007b). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and
application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163-176.
Coombs, T. (2009). Conceptualizing crisis communication. In R. L. Heath & H. D. O`Hair (Eds.),
Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication New York: Routledge.
Cunha, D. D. (1997). The price of victory: The 1997 singapore general election and beyond.
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Damore, D. F. (2002). Candidate strategy and the decision to go negative. Political Research
Quarterly, 55(3), 669-686.
Damore, D. F. (2005). Issue convergence in presidential campaigns. Political Behavior, 27(1),
71-97.
Democracy - definition and more from the free merriam-webster dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy

Department of Household Registration, MOI, (2011).Household statistics data analysis 2011.12.
Retrieved from website: http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/web/ris3-english/home/-/asset_publisher/Ebr8/document/id/796546?redirect=http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/web/ris3-english/home?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_Ebr8&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=3
Department of Statistics Singapore, (2011). Key indicators of resident households
Department of Statistics Singapore, (2012). Population
Department of Statistics Singapore, Urban Redevelopment Authority (2012). Prices
Dependent`s pass - before you apply. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from
http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/Pages/default.aspxisas/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/dependant-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx
Berms, E. (2001). Human rights: Universality and diversity. (p. 42). The Netherlands: Kluwer
Law International.
EconomyWatch Content. (2010, March 18). Singapore exports, imports and trade. Retrieved
from http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/singapore/export-import.html
Elections Department Singapore, (2011). Handbook for parliamentary election
Fox, C. (2011, April 28). Ge: Rising cost of living a global issue, says health minister khaw. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081573/1/GE-Rising-cost-of-living-a-global-issue-says-Health-Minister-Khaw
Freedom of the press. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-
press/2011/Singapore
Freelon, D. (2010). Recal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International
Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.
Freelon, D. (2011). Recal: reliability calculation for the masses. Retrieved from
http://dfreelon.org/utils/recalfront/

Ge 1968 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368947
Ge 1972 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368946
Ge 1976 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368945
Ge 1980 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366194
Ge 1984 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366182
Ge 1988 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366135
Ge 1991 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1365992
Ge 1997 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1365961
Ge 2001 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1344459
Ge 2006 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1363164
General election 2011 -ge guide. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/guide/
General election 2011 -ge history. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/history/
Gomez, J., & Han, L. C. (2010). New media and general elections:online citizen journalism in
malaysia and singapore. Paper presented at the Malaysia and Singapore Workshop Media, law, social commentary, politics, Melbourne. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/242554/New_Media_and_General_Elections_Online_Citizen_Journalism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore
Gross, L. (2003). Image ethics in the digital age. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis press.
Hearit, K. M. (1997). On the use of transcendence as an apologia strategy: The case of Johnson
Controls and its fetal protection policy. Public Relations Review, 23(3), 217-231.
Huang, E. (2013, March 18). Growing number of migrant workers stirs debate in singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aseannews.net/growing-number-of-migrant-workers-stirs-debate-in-singapore/
Huang, Y. H. (2006). Crisis situations, communication strategies, and media coverage: A
multicase study revisiting the communicative response model. Communication Research, 33 (3), 180- 205.
Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2007). Iras: gst rate change. Retrieved from http://www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04.aspx?id=3296
Jin, Y. (2010). Making sense sensibly in crisis communication: How publics` crisis appraisals
influence their negative emotions, coping strategy preferences, and crisis response acceptance. Communication Research, 37 522 - 552.
Journalist increasingly frustrated with government supervision. (2011, September 11). Retrieved
from http://en.rsf.org/singapore-journalists-increasingly-05-09-2011,40920.html
King, G. (2002). Crisis management and team effectiveness: A closer examination. Journal of
Business Ethics, 41 (3), 235-249.

Koesten, J. & Rowland, R. C., (2004). The rhetoric of atonement. Communication Studies, 55 (1),
68-87.
Koh, P. (2012, May 23). Singapore`s inflation rises to 5.4% in april. Channel News Asia.
Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1203058/1/.html
Kor, K. B. (2011, March 2). Sda relieves chiam of chairman duties; alliance needs proactive
leader, says pkms head. The Straits Times
Lattimore, D., Basking, O., Heiman, S. T., Toth, E. L. & Van leuven, J. K. (2004). Public
Relations: The Profession and the Practice (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Chapter 9.
Lee, E. (2008). Singapore: The unexpected nation. (p. 151). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Leong, W. K. (2011, May 4). Ge: We`ve made mistakes, says pm lee. TODAY. Retrieved from
http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081748/1/GE-Weve-made-mistakes-says-PM-Lee
Lim, L. (2011, April 27). Pap faces biggest polls battle since `72; walkover is expected only in
tanjong pagar grc. The Straits Times
Lim, L. (2011, May 4). Pm says sorry; govt could have moved faster to address housing,
transport woes. The Straits Times
Lin, C. C. (2006). The evolution of party images and party system in taiwan, 1992-2004. East
Asia, 23(1), 27-46.
Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2004, October 23). Practical resources for
assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects. Retrieved from http://www.temple.edu/sct/mmc/reliability/
Long term visit pass - before you apply. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from
http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/long-term-visit/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx
Low, K. S. (2011, May 5). Walk the talk and fight fairly [ST Online forum comment].
Luecke, R. (2004). Crisis Management: Master the Skills to Prevent Disasters. Boston: Harvard
Business Press.
Mao, F. (2011, May 6). Apology underscores pm`s sincerity in serving singapore [ST Online forum comment].
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276-
82.
Mukherjee, K. (2010). Is there a distinct style of asian democracy?. Journal of Asian and African
Studies, 45(6), 684–694.
Mydans, S., & Arnold, W. (2007, August 29). Lee kuan yew, founder of singapore, changing
with times. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/world/asia/29iht-ee.1.7301669.html?pagewanted=all
National Immigration Agency, (2012). Foreign residents . Retrieved from website:
http://www.immigration.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=29986&CtUnit=16677&BaseDSD=7&mp=2
Ng , S. S. (2011, May 5). Other issues that deserve attention [ST Online forum comment].
Oakley, M., & Brown, J. S. (2009). Lonely planet:singapore. (p. 26). Hong Kong: Lonely Planet Publication Pte Ltd.
Ngerng, R. (2013, January 19). Elections in singapore: Pap’s strategy uncovere. Retrieved from http://thehearttruths.com/2013/01/19/elections-in-singapore-paps-strategy-uncovere/
Pap returning to basics of offering affordable flats for sgs. (2013, March 10). Retrieved from http://www.tremeritus.com/2013/03/10/pap-returning-to-basics-of-offering-affordable-flats-for-sgs/


Peh, D., & Melkote, S. R. (1991). Bias in newspaper reporting: a content analysis of the coverage
of korean airlines and iran airbus shootings in the u.s. elite press . International Communication Gazette, 47, 59-78.
Press freedom: The singapore grip. (2010, November 17).The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/nov/17/press-freedom-singapore-grip
Raghuvanshi, G. (2012, April 23). Singapore inflation jumps.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405270230359
Rajaram, C. (2011, May 02). Ge: Income gap, housing, foreign talent par for course at opposition rallies. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081710/1/GE-Income-gap-housing-foreign-talent-par-for-course-at-opposition-rallies
Ramesh, S. (2011, April 29). Mm lee cautions aljunied voters of consequences of voting in opposition. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081615/1/MM-Lee-cautions-Aljunied-voters-of-consequences-of-voting-in-opposition
Ramesh, S., & Saad, I. (2011, April 25). Ge: Mm lee says singapore is not disney world. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081504/1/GE-MM-Lee-says-Singapore-is-not-Disney-World
Reuters. (2011, April 27). Factbox: Main issues in Singapore`s 2011 general election. Reuters.
Retrieved from http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/04/27/11/factbox-main-issues-singapores-2011-general-election
Rich, C. (2010). Writing and reporting news: a coaching method. Boston: Wadsworth.
S pass - before you apply. (2012, November 26). Retrieved from http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-
visas/s-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx
Saad, I., & Mukherjee, T. (2010, May 03). Ge: Be careful when tinkering with system that has worked, says pm lee. Channelnewsasia.. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081725/1/GE-Be-careful-when-tinkering-with-system-that-has-worked-says-PM-Lee
Sauerhaft, S. & Atkins, C. (1989). Image Wars: Protecting Your Company When There`s No
Place To Hide. United States of America: John Wiley & Songs.
Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. (2003). Comminication and organizational crisis. Westport, Conneticut:
Praeger Publishers.
Singapore parlimertary election 1991. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1991-ge/
Singapore parlimertary election 1997. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1997-ge/
Singapore parlimertary election 2001. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-2001-ge/
Singapore parlimertary election 2006. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-2006-ge/

Siow, M. (2011, April 18). Ge: Ground "not so sweet" for elections, says sm goh. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081407/1/GE-Ground-not-so-sweet-for-elections-says-SM-Goh
Sheldon, C. (1999). Image repair on the politcal front:an experiment testing effects of communication strategy and
performance history in a political faux pas. (Master`s thesis)Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:g3DiR2vizsUJ:athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/8921/sheldon_catherine_a_200605_ma.pdf?sequence=1 &hl=en&gl=tw&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgzu-25_mqko8cfF_xF1EaSEM4ADAmjusmu4QVzOyI9vsfUqo2mj0V-xetPCAWDho8p5Xy2OCBLB-u00ksQWPdjlZxB15RBRU9JQ2b5OazIoql5oGmhkhqj36yGe6XqtlhjqfAC&sig=AHIEtbTU7kIYF5EkMBzBwbIYra3ZGlYZGw
Shepard, R. (2009). Toward a theory of simulated atonement: A case study of president george
w. bush’s response to the abu ghraib torture scandal. Communication Studies, 60 (5), 460–475.
Singapore press holdings| our products - newspapers - the straits times. (2011). Retrieved from
http://www.sph.com.sg/ourproducts_newspaper_st.shtml
Singh, K., & Wheatly, P. (1989). Management of success: The moulding of modern Singapore.
(p. 634). Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.
Stephenson, D. (1998). How to succeed in newspaper journalism. London: Kogan Page limited.
Stewart, H. C., & Clarke, H. D. (1992). The (un)importance of party leaders: Leaders image and
party choice in the 1987 british election. The journal or politics, 54(2), 447-470.
Tan, J. (2011, May 5). Listening to citizens` concerns sincerely [ST Online forum comment].
Tan , J. (2012, August 22). Behind singapore inc. (part i): The growing class of `working poor`.
Yahoo!News. Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/behind-singapore-inc---part-i---the-growing-class-of--working-poor-.html
Tan, K. (2009). State and institution building. In L. Thio & K. Tan (Eds.), Evolution of a
Revolution: Forty years of the Singapore Constitution (p. 72). OXon: Routledge.
Tan, L. (2012, July 5). [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://www.tremeritus.com/2012/07/05/pap-ignores-sg-income-inequality-at-its-own-peril/
Toh, E., & Lim, J. (2011, May 4). `please take good care of singapore. it`s a precious jewel`; pm
lee to young voters. The Straits Times
Tremewan. (1996). The political economy of social control in singapore. (pp. 155-156). New
York: St Martin`s Press Inc.
Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (2000). Political campaign communication, prinicples and
practices. (4th ed.). Westport, Conneticut: Praegers Publishers.

Ulmer, R. R. (2001). Effective crisis management through established stakeholder relationships:
Malden mills as a case study. Management Communication Quarterly, 14 (4), 590-615.
Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L. & Seeger, M. W. (2007). Effective crisis communication - Moving
from crisis to opportunity. London: Sage Publications.


US Census Bureau, (2010). Table 40. native and foreign-born populations by selected
characteristics: 2010. Retrieved from website: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0040.pdf
Wilcox, D. L. & Cameron, G. T. (2009). Public relations: Strategies and tactics, study edition,
9/E. Washington: Pearson.
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick , J. R. (2006). Mass media research: an introduction. (8 ed., pp. 150-73). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
Wong, G. (2011, May 5). What voters expect after pm`s apology [ST Online forum comment].
Wong, M. (2010, April 24). Ge: Mah bow tan hits out at wp`s housing policies again. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081493/1/GE-Mah-Bow-Tan-hits-out-at-WPs-housing-policies-again
Wong, M. (2011, May 06). Ge: Pap`s campaign wrap. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081821/1/GE-PAPs-campaign-wrap
Yong, C. Ministry of Education, (2012). Singapore ranked fifth in global education survey. Retrieved from The Straits Times website: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/news/2012/11/singapore-ranked-fifth-in-glob.php
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞研究所
100451026
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1004510261
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳憶寧zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Katherine Chenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳清慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Faith Tan Qing Huien_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳清慧zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Faith Tan Qing Huien_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-Feb-2014 14:46:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-Feb-2014 14:46:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Feb-2014 14:46:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1004510261en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/63635-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100451026zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以內容分析法，引用Benoit的形象修復理論，探討人民行動黨在2011年新加坡大選中，面對移民政策、生活成本與住房等三大議題的形象修復策略。
研究結果顯示，因危機事件性質偏向「可預防事件群」，因此人民行動黨使用了大量較順應型的形象修復策略，例如尋求支撐與修正行動。另外，本研究也發現，因新加坡政治環境的獨特性，導致「後悔道歉」和「無力控制」這兩種策略的同時使用，此一現象與Benoit之主張有截然不同的結果。
本研究的結論是， 新加坡獨特的政治環境以及文化，導致Benoit所建議應該少用的一些策略，在這次的大選中反而有了正面的效果。所以，雖然人民行動黨在這次的大選中得到最低一次的得票率，但他們還是順利地在2011年的大選中修復了自己的受損形象。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study attempts to look at the image restoration efforts of the People’s Action Party (PAP) during the period leading up to the 2011 Singapore General Election (GE).
The PAP has constantly emerged victorious in every Singapore’s GE, however 2011’s fierce fight from the opposition and the numerous unhappy voices from the sea of Singaporeans has made it clear that their once well loved image was surely damaged. According to literature, when an image is damaged, there is a need to them repair this image. The dynamic framework of Benoit’s Image Restoration Theory will thus be used to examine the actions of the PAP in dealing with the attacks and criticism before the election date.
This study content analyzed a five-month period newspaper coverage of the 2011 GE from two major Singapore newspapers, The Straits Times and Channelnewsasia. Results showed the PAP, due to the nature of their err, chose a more accommodative strategy when dealing with the public. On the other hand, due to Singapore’s unique political culture, the results on the use of “mortification” and “defeasibility” has also provided additional input into the current political literature, i.e. these strategies depend on the political culture.
The study concluded that the use image restoration strategies by the PAP though more accommodative in nature did change towards the campaign timeline. Also the political landscape and culture of Singapore made defensive strategies more affective than Benoit would have suggested. Thus the PAP though still securing the lowest vote count in its election history, still manage to save its image and secure a win in the 2011 GE.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents List of Tables and Figures 6
Chapter 1: Introduction 8
1.1 Research Objectives and Research problem 8
1.2 Background General Elections 11
Nomination Day 11
Campaigning 12
1.3 PAP election history from 1968 to 2006 13
1.4 2011 Singapore General Elections 18
PAP’s crisis – unhappiness of Singaporeans towards the PAP 18
Chapter 2: Literature and Research Question 24
2.1 Crisis management 24
Defining Crisis Type 26
2.2 Communication during a political campaign 28
Stages in an election campaign 28
Political party image 30
2.3 William L. Benoit Image Restoration Theory 31
Denial 35
Evading Responsibility 36
Reducing offensiveness 37
Corrective Action 41
Mortification 42
2.4 Field of research in Benoit’s Image Restoration Theory 43
2.5 Crisis type and image restoration strategy 46
2.6 Research Question formulation 51
Chapter 3: Methodology 52
3.1 Sampling 52
3.2 Data Collection 54
3.3 Operationalization 54
3.4 Coders reliability and validity 57
Chapter 4: Results 60
4.1 Descriptive Statistics 60
4.2 Answering the research Question 65
RQ: 1 What response strategy were used by the PAP during the period leading up to the GE? 65
RQ: 2 What was the most commonly used strategy? 66
RQ: 3.1 Did the PAP choose a more accommodative strategy in dealing with the issues? 66
RQ: 3.2 What strategy/ies was/were used in regards to the immigration policy? 67
RQ: 3.3 What strategy/ies was/were used in regards to the high cost of living? 71
RQ: 3.4 What strategy/ies was/were used in regards to the issue of housing 75
RQ: 4 Did the campaign timeline affect the choice of strategy used? 78
Chapter 5: Discussion 85
5.1 Discussion 85
Looking at Benoit’s Image Restoration Theory as a whole. 96
Future Implications for the PAP 96
Contribution to the current political field of Public Relations 98
5.2 Conclusion 101
5.3 Future studies 101
5.4 Limit of studies 101
References 103
Appendixes 110
Appendix A: Codebook 111
Appendix B: Code sheet 127
Appendix C: Intercoder reliability test scores 120		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1694288 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1004510261en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Benoitzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形象修復策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 案例分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 危機管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新加坡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新加坡大選zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Benoiten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Image Restoration Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Case Studyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Crisis managementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Singaporeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Singapore General Electionen_US
dc.title (題名) 人民行動黨在2011年新加坡大選的形象修復個案研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) PAP’s Image Restoration for the 2011 Singapore General Elections: A Case Studyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adam , S. (2010, June 29). Singapore can`t become energy-independent on lack of resources, lee says. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/singapore-can-t-become-energy-independent-on-lack-of-resources-lee-says.html
Balma, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate image in election campaigns: Attribute agenda
setting, affective priming, and voting intentions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2), 204-229.
Banyan. (2012, November 29). Foreign labour in singapore one strike and you`re out. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/11/foreign-labour-singapore
Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies - A theory of image restoration
strategies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Benoit, W. L. (1997). Hugh grant`s image restoration discourse: An actor apologizes.
Communication Quarterly, 45 (3), 251 - 267.
Benoit, W. L. (2006). President bush’s image repair effort on meet the press: The complexities
of defeasibility. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34 (3), 285-206.
Benoit, W. L. & Brison, S. L. (1999). Queen elizabeth`s image repair discourse: Insensitive
royal or compassionate queen?. Public Relations Review, 25 (2), 145- 156.
Benoit, W. L. & Mchale, J. P. (1999). Kenneth Starr`s Image Repair Discourse Viewed in 20/10.
Communication Quarterly, 47 (3), 265-280.
Benoit, W. L., McHale, J. P., Hansen, G. J., Pier, P. M., & McGuire, J. P. (2003). Campaign
2000: A functional analysis of presidential campaign discourse. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Brady, H. E., Johnson, R., & Side, J. (2006). Capturing campaign effects. United States of
America: The University of Michigan Press.
Brinson, S. L. & Benoit, L. W. (1996). Dow corning`s image repair strategies in the breast
implant crisis. Communication Quaterly, 44 (1), 29-41.
Brinson, S. L. & Benoit, W. L., (1999). The tarnished star: Restoring texaco`s damaged public
image . Management Communication Quarterly, 12 (4), 483-510.
Chapnick, H. (1994). Truth needs no ally: inside photojournalism. Columbia: University of
Missouri press.
Chan, R., & Chan, F. (2011, April 24). Ge serious choice of the people, says mm; he says s. The
Straits Times
Chan, W. (2011, May 10). Cna most visited site in lead-up to ge: Experian hitwise . Channel
News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1127966/1/.html
Channel newsasia-about us. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/about/
Chen, M. (2011). Divergent paths the future of one-party rule in singapore. Harvard
International Review, pp.28-29.
Cheam, J. (2011, March 20). Housing problems remain for singapore gov`t. The China Post.
Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/special-to-the-china-
Choo, Z. (2010, Febuary 10). The anger of displacement. Retrieved from http://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2010/02/the-anger-of-displacement/

Chua, L. H. (2011, April 20). Polling day on may 7; time is ripe for me to ask voters for fresh
mandate, says pm. The Straits Times
Clouse, T. (2011, October Date). Reform in the ppotlight in singapore elections. Global
Finance, p.10.
Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing criss communcation, planning, managing and responding .
London: Sage publications.
Coombs, W. T. (2007a, October 30). Crisis management and communications. Retrieved from
http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics/crisis-management-and-communications/
Coombs, W.T. (2007b). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and
application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163-176.
Coombs, T. (2009). Conceptualizing crisis communication. In R. L. Heath & H. D. O`Hair (Eds.),
Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication New York: Routledge.
Cunha, D. D. (1997). The price of victory: The 1997 singapore general election and beyond.
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Damore, D. F. (2002). Candidate strategy and the decision to go negative. Political Research
Quarterly, 55(3), 669-686.
Damore, D. F. (2005). Issue convergence in presidential campaigns. Political Behavior, 27(1),
71-97.
Democracy - definition and more from the free merriam-webster dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy

Department of Household Registration, MOI, (2011).Household statistics data analysis 2011.12.
Retrieved from website: http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/web/ris3-english/home/-/asset_publisher/Ebr8/document/id/796546?redirect=http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/web/ris3-english/home?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_Ebr8&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=3
Department of Statistics Singapore, (2011). Key indicators of resident households
Department of Statistics Singapore, (2012). Population
Department of Statistics Singapore, Urban Redevelopment Authority (2012). Prices
Dependent`s pass - before you apply. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from
http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/Pages/default.aspxisas/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/dependant-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx
Berms, E. (2001). Human rights: Universality and diversity. (p. 42). The Netherlands: Kluwer
Law International.
EconomyWatch Content. (2010, March 18). Singapore exports, imports and trade. Retrieved
from http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/singapore/export-import.html
Elections Department Singapore, (2011). Handbook for parliamentary election
Fox, C. (2011, April 28). Ge: Rising cost of living a global issue, says health minister khaw. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081573/1/GE-Rising-cost-of-living-a-global-issue-says-Health-Minister-Khaw
Freedom of the press. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-
press/2011/Singapore
Freelon, D. (2010). Recal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International
Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.
Freelon, D. (2011). Recal: reliability calculation for the masses. Retrieved from
http://dfreelon.org/utils/recalfront/

Ge 1968 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368947
Ge 1972 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368946
Ge 1976 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368945
Ge 1980 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366194
Ge 1984 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366182
Ge 1988 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366135
Ge 1991 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1365992
Ge 1997 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1365961
Ge 2001 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1344459
Ge 2006 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012).
Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1363164
General election 2011 -ge guide. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/guide/
General election 2011 -ge history. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/history/
Gomez, J., & Han, L. C. (2010). New media and general elections:online citizen journalism in
malaysia and singapore. Paper presented at the Malaysia and Singapore Workshop Media, law, social commentary, politics, Melbourne. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/242554/New_Media_and_General_Elections_Online_Citizen_Journalism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore
Gross, L. (2003). Image ethics in the digital age. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis press.
Hearit, K. M. (1997). On the use of transcendence as an apologia strategy: The case of Johnson
Controls and its fetal protection policy. Public Relations Review, 23(3), 217-231.
Huang, E. (2013, March 18). Growing number of migrant workers stirs debate in singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aseannews.net/growing-number-of-migrant-workers-stirs-debate-in-singapore/
Huang, Y. H. (2006). Crisis situations, communication strategies, and media coverage: A
multicase study revisiting the communicative response model. Communication Research, 33 (3), 180- 205.
Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2007). Iras: gst rate change. Retrieved from http://www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04.aspx?id=3296
Jin, Y. (2010). Making sense sensibly in crisis communication: How publics` crisis appraisals
influence their negative emotions, coping strategy preferences, and crisis response acceptance. Communication Research, 37 522 - 552.
Journalist increasingly frustrated with government supervision. (2011, September 11). Retrieved
from http://en.rsf.org/singapore-journalists-increasingly-05-09-2011,40920.html
King, G. (2002). Crisis management and team effectiveness: A closer examination. Journal of
Business Ethics, 41 (3), 235-249.

Koesten, J. & Rowland, R. C., (2004). The rhetoric of atonement. Communication Studies, 55 (1),
68-87.
Koh, P. (2012, May 23). Singapore`s inflation rises to 5.4% in april. Channel News Asia.
Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1203058/1/.html
Kor, K. B. (2011, March 2). Sda relieves chiam of chairman duties; alliance needs proactive
leader, says pkms head. The Straits Times
Lattimore, D., Basking, O., Heiman, S. T., Toth, E. L. & Van leuven, J. K. (2004). Public
Relations: The Profession and the Practice (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Chapter 9.
Lee, E. (2008). Singapore: The unexpected nation. (p. 151). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Leong, W. K. (2011, May 4). Ge: We`ve made mistakes, says pm lee. TODAY. Retrieved from
http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081748/1/GE-Weve-made-mistakes-says-PM-Lee
Lim, L. (2011, April 27). Pap faces biggest polls battle since `72; walkover is expected only in
tanjong pagar grc. The Straits Times
Lim, L. (2011, May 4). Pm says sorry; govt could have moved faster to address housing,
transport woes. The Straits Times
Lin, C. C. (2006). The evolution of party images and party system in taiwan, 1992-2004. East
Asia, 23(1), 27-46.
Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2004, October 23). Practical resources for
assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects. Retrieved from http://www.temple.edu/sct/mmc/reliability/
Long term visit pass - before you apply. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from
http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/long-term-visit/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx
Low, K. S. (2011, May 5). Walk the talk and fight fairly [ST Online forum comment].
Luecke, R. (2004). Crisis Management: Master the Skills to Prevent Disasters. Boston: Harvard
Business Press.
Mao, F. (2011, May 6). Apology underscores pm`s sincerity in serving singapore [ST Online forum comment].
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276-
82.
Mukherjee, K. (2010). Is there a distinct style of asian democracy?. Journal of Asian and African
Studies, 45(6), 684–694.
Mydans, S., & Arnold, W. (2007, August 29). Lee kuan yew, founder of singapore, changing
with times. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/world/asia/29iht-ee.1.7301669.html?pagewanted=all
National Immigration Agency, (2012). Foreign residents . Retrieved from website:
http://www.immigration.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=29986&CtUnit=16677&BaseDSD=7&mp=2
Ng , S. S. (2011, May 5). Other issues that deserve attention [ST Online forum comment].
Oakley, M., & Brown, J. S. (2009). Lonely planet:singapore. (p. 26). Hong Kong: Lonely Planet Publication Pte Ltd.
Ngerng, R. (2013, January 19). Elections in singapore: Pap’s strategy uncovere. Retrieved from http://thehearttruths.com/2013/01/19/elections-in-singapore-paps-strategy-uncovere/
Pap returning to basics of offering affordable flats for sgs. (2013, March 10). Retrieved from http://www.tremeritus.com/2013/03/10/pap-returning-to-basics-of-offering-affordable-flats-for-sgs/


Peh, D., & Melkote, S. R. (1991). Bias in newspaper reporting: a content analysis of the coverage
of korean airlines and iran airbus shootings in the u.s. elite press . International Communication Gazette, 47, 59-78.
Press freedom: The singapore grip. (2010, November 17).The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/nov/17/press-freedom-singapore-grip
Raghuvanshi, G. (2012, April 23). Singapore inflation jumps.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405270230359
Rajaram, C. (2011, May 02). Ge: Income gap, housing, foreign talent par for course at opposition rallies. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081710/1/GE-Income-gap-housing-foreign-talent-par-for-course-at-opposition-rallies
Ramesh, S. (2011, April 29). Mm lee cautions aljunied voters of consequences of voting in opposition. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081615/1/MM-Lee-cautions-Aljunied-voters-of-consequences-of-voting-in-opposition
Ramesh, S., & Saad, I. (2011, April 25). Ge: Mm lee says singapore is not disney world. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081504/1/GE-MM-Lee-says-Singapore-is-not-Disney-World
Reuters. (2011, April 27). Factbox: Main issues in Singapore`s 2011 general election. Reuters.
Retrieved from http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/04/27/11/factbox-main-issues-singapores-2011-general-election
Rich, C. (2010). Writing and reporting news: a coaching method. Boston: Wadsworth.
S pass - before you apply. (2012, November 26). Retrieved from http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-
visas/s-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx
Saad, I., & Mukherjee, T. (2010, May 03). Ge: Be careful when tinkering with system that has worked, says pm lee. Channelnewsasia.. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081725/1/GE-Be-careful-when-tinkering-with-system-that-has-worked-says-PM-Lee
Sauerhaft, S. & Atkins, C. (1989). Image Wars: Protecting Your Company When There`s No
Place To Hide. United States of America: John Wiley & Songs.
Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. (2003). Comminication and organizational crisis. Westport, Conneticut:
Praeger Publishers.
Singapore parlimertary election 1991. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1991-ge/
Singapore parlimertary election 1997. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1997-ge/
Singapore parlimertary election 2001. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-2001-ge/
Singapore parlimertary election 2006. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-2006-ge/

Siow, M. (2011, April 18). Ge: Ground "not so sweet" for elections, says sm goh. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081407/1/GE-Ground-not-so-sweet-for-elections-says-SM-Goh
Sheldon, C. (1999). Image repair on the politcal front:an experiment testing effects of communication strategy and
performance history in a political faux pas. (Master`s thesis)Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:g3DiR2vizsUJ:athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/8921/sheldon_catherine_a_200605_ma.pdf?sequence=1 &hl=en&gl=tw&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgzu-25_mqko8cfF_xF1EaSEM4ADAmjusmu4QVzOyI9vsfUqo2mj0V-xetPCAWDho8p5Xy2OCBLB-u00ksQWPdjlZxB15RBRU9JQ2b5OazIoql5oGmhkhqj36yGe6XqtlhjqfAC&sig=AHIEtbTU7kIYF5EkMBzBwbIYra3ZGlYZGw
Shepard, R. (2009). Toward a theory of simulated atonement: A case study of president george
w. bush’s response to the abu ghraib torture scandal. Communication Studies, 60 (5), 460–475.
Singapore press holdings| our products - newspapers - the straits times. (2011). Retrieved from
http://www.sph.com.sg/ourproducts_newspaper_st.shtml
Singh, K., & Wheatly, P. (1989). Management of success: The moulding of modern Singapore.
(p. 634). Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies.
Stephenson, D. (1998). How to succeed in newspaper journalism. London: Kogan Page limited.
Stewart, H. C., & Clarke, H. D. (1992). The (un)importance of party leaders: Leaders image and
party choice in the 1987 british election. The journal or politics, 54(2), 447-470.
Tan, J. (2011, May 5). Listening to citizens` concerns sincerely [ST Online forum comment].
Tan , J. (2012, August 22). Behind singapore inc. (part i): The growing class of `working poor`.
Yahoo!News. Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/behind-singapore-inc---part-i---the-growing-class-of--working-poor-.html
Tan, K. (2009). State and institution building. In L. Thio & K. Tan (Eds.), Evolution of a
Revolution: Forty years of the Singapore Constitution (p. 72). OXon: Routledge.
Tan, L. (2012, July 5). [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://www.tremeritus.com/2012/07/05/pap-ignores-sg-income-inequality-at-its-own-peril/
Toh, E., & Lim, J. (2011, May 4). `please take good care of singapore. it`s a precious jewel`; pm
lee to young voters. The Straits Times
Tremewan. (1996). The political economy of social control in singapore. (pp. 155-156). New
York: St Martin`s Press Inc.
Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (2000). Political campaign communication, prinicples and
practices. (4th ed.). Westport, Conneticut: Praegers Publishers.

Ulmer, R. R. (2001). Effective crisis management through established stakeholder relationships:
Malden mills as a case study. Management Communication Quarterly, 14 (4), 590-615.
Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L. & Seeger, M. W. (2007). Effective crisis communication - Moving
from crisis to opportunity. London: Sage Publications.


US Census Bureau, (2010). Table 40. native and foreign-born populations by selected
characteristics: 2010. Retrieved from website: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0040.pdf
Wilcox, D. L. & Cameron, G. T. (2009). Public relations: Strategies and tactics, study edition,
9/E. Washington: Pearson.
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick , J. R. (2006). Mass media research: an introduction. (8 ed., pp. 150-73). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
Wong, G. (2011, May 5). What voters expect after pm`s apology [ST Online forum comment].
Wong, M. (2010, April 24). Ge: Mah bow tan hits out at wp`s housing policies again. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081493/1/GE-Mah-Bow-Tan-hits-out-at-WPs-housing-policies-again
Wong, M. (2011, May 06). Ge: Pap`s campaign wrap. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081821/1/GE-PAPs-campaign-wrap
Yong, C. Ministry of Education, (2012). Singapore ranked fifth in global education survey. Retrieved from The Straits Times website: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/news/2012/11/singapore-ranked-fifth-in-glob.php		zh_TW