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題名 中亞地區公民社會發展－政治經濟學的視角
The Development of Civil Society in Central Asia: A Political Economy Perspective
作者 張立宇
Chang, Li Yu
貢獻者 林永芳
張立宇
Chang, Li Yu
關鍵詞 公民社會
政治經濟學
中亞
哈薩克
烏茲別克
吉爾吉斯
日期 2013
上傳時間 1-Apr-2014 11:21:55 (UTC+8)
摘要 後共中亞地區公民社會發展在該地區歷史背景和威權主義統治影響之下具有其獨特的發展環境；若欲檢驗該地區公民社會發展之情形，利用傳統的公民社會定義和研究途徑易有疏漏之處。
      有鑒於此，本研究擬從「政治經濟學」的角度，分別從經濟表現、政府鎮壓能力以及社會政策等三方面，檢驗中亞五國中的哈薩克、吉爾吉斯和烏茲別克三國各別公民社會發展，試圖提供公民社會研究途徑的另一選擇，以期補充既有理論所不足之處並對中亞公民社會發展態勢提出合理的解釋。
參考文獻 一、 中文
     
     吳玉山，俄羅斯轉型1992-1999：一個政治經濟學的分析（台北：五南，2000年）。
     郭武平，中亞地區政經發展之研究（行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告：
     NSC 92-2414-H-004-028，2002年）。
     
     二、 英文
     
     （一） 專書
     
     Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University, 2006).
     Buxton, Charles, The Struggle for Civil Society in Central Asia (Sterling VA:Kumarian Pressm, 2011)
     Collins, Kathleen, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
     Dane, Francis C. 1990. Research Methods. Pacific Grove, (CA: Brooks/Cole, 1990)
     Giffen, Janice, et al., The Development of Civil Society in Central Asia, (Oxford: INTRAC, 2005).
     Gleason, Gregory, Markets and Politics in Central Asia, (New York: Routledge, 2003)
     Jones Luong, Pauline, The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).
     Linbach, Mark I., The Rebel`s Dilemma. (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1995)
     Mandelbaum, Michael eds., Post-Communism: Four Perspectives (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996).
     Marlies, Glasius, David Lewis and Hakan Seckinelgin, eds. “Exploring Civil Society: Political and Cultural Contexts” (Oxford: Routledge, 2004)
     McAdam, Doug et al, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
     McAdam, Doug, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999)
     Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002)
     Pomfret, Richard, The Central Asia Economies since Independence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
     Ruffin, M. Holt and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia, (London: University of Washington Press, 1999)
     Smelser, Neil J., Theory of Collective Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1965)
     
     （二） 期刊
     
     Abramson, David, “A Critical Look at NGOs and Civil Society as Means to an End in Uzbekistan,” Human Organization Vol. 58, No.3 (1999), pp. 240-250.
     Anderson, John, “Creating a Framework for Civil Society in Kyrgyzstan,” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 1 (2005), pp. 77-93.
     Babajanian, Banken, Sabine Freizer and Daniel Stevens, “Introduction: Civil Society in Central Asia and the Caucasus,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No, 3 (2005), pp.
     209-224.
     Bert, Klandermans and Sidney Tarrow., Mobilization into Social Movements: Synthesizing European and American Approaches. International Social Movement Research, Vol. I (1988), pp.1-38.
     Collins,Kathleen, “Kyrgyzstan’s Latest Revolution,” Journal of Democracy, Vol.22, No.3 (July 2011), pp. 150-162.
     Davenport, Christian, “State Repression and Political Order,” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2007), pp. 1-23.
     Earle, Lucy, “Community Development, ‘Tradition’ and the Civil Society Strengthening Agenda in Centra Asia,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No.3 (2005) pp. 245-260.
     Freizer, Sabine, “Neo-liberal and Communal Civil Society in Tajikistan: Merging or Dividing in the Post War Period?” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005), pp. 225-243.
     Ilkhamov, Alisher, “The Thorny Path of Civil Society in Uzbekistan,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005), pp. 297-317.
     Kabdiyeva, Aliya, “Developing Sustainable NGOs in Kazakhstan,” Asian Social Science, Vol.9, No.7 (2013), pp. 299-305.
     Kandiyoti, Deniz, “Post-Soviet Institutional Design and the Paradoxes of the ‘Uzbek Path’,” Central Asia Survey, 2007, Vol. 26., No.1 pp:31-48.
     Kudebayeva, Alma and Armando Barrientos, “A Decade of Poverty reduction in Kazakhstan 2000-2009: Growth and/or Redistribution,” BWPI Working Paper Vol. 187., (Octorber 2013), pp. 1-23.
     Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism, ” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002), pp. 51-65.
     Lijphart, Arend, “Comparative Politics and Comparative Method,”　The American Politic Science Review, Vol. 65, No. 3 (1971), pp. 682-693.
     Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan, “Toward Consolidated Democracies,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1996), p. 14-33.
     Lipset, Saymour Martin, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy,” American Political Science Review Vol. 53, No. 1 (1959), pp. 69-105.
     McCarthy, John, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movement: A Partial Theory,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol, 82, No. 68 (1977), pp. 1212-1241.
     Murtazashivili, Jennifer, “Coloured by Revolution: the Political Economy of Autocratic Stability in Uzbekistan,” Democratization, Vol. 19, No.2 (2012), pp. 78-97.
     Norton, Seth W., “Economic Growth and Poverty: In Search of Trickle-down,” Cato Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Fall 2002). pp. 263-273.
     Ovcharenko, Vsevolod, “The State-Civil Society Relationship in Kazakhstan: Mechanisms of Cooperation and Support,” The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, Vol.6 No.3
     (2004), pp. 1-6.
     Pétric, Boris-Mathieu, “Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan or the Birth of a Globalized Protectorate,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005), pp. 319-332.
     Pomfret, Richard and Kathryn, Anderson, “Economic Development Strategies in Central Asia since 1999,” Asian Studies Review. Vol. 25, No. 2 (2001), pp. 185-200.
     Pomfret, Richard, “Kazakhstan’s Economy since Independence: Does the Oil Boom Offer a Second Chance for Sustainable Development?” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 57, No. 6 (2005) pp. 859–876.
     Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi, “Modernization: Theories and Facts,” World Politics, Vol. 42, No.2 (1997), pp. 155-183.
     Ross, Michael, “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?” World Politics, Vol. 53, April (2001), pp. 325-61.
     Roy, Oliver, “The Predicament of ‘Civil Society’ in Central Asia and the ‘Greater Middle East’,” International Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 5 (2005), pp. 1001-1012.
     Rustemova, Assel, “Political Economy of Central Asia: Initial Reflections on the need for a new approach,” Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 2 (2011), pp. 30-39.
     Sievers, Eric W., “Uzbekistan’s Mahalla: From Soviet to Absolutist Residential Community Associations,” Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol.2 (2002), pp.91-158.
     Spechler, Martin C., “Authoritarian Politics and Economic Reform in Uzbekistan: Past, Present and Prospect,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 26, No. 2 (2007), pp. 185-202.
     Spechler, Rome Dina and Martin C. Spechler. “Uzbekistan among the Great Powers,” American Journal of Pokitical Science, 2009 Vol. 53., No. 2, pp.353-73.
     Svolik, Milan, “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regimes,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 53, No. 2 (2009), pp. 477-494.
     
     （三） 專書論文
     
     Blackmon, Pamela, “Following Through on Reforms: Comparing Market Liberalization in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan,” in Wooden and Stefes ed. The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus (London: Routledge, 2009) pp.
     141-162.
     Hoen, Herman and Farrukh Irnazarov, “Market Reform and Institutional Change in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: Paradoxes and Prospect,” in Joachim Ahrens and Herman W. Hoen ed.,
     Institutional Reform in Central Asia : political-economic challenges (New York: Routledge, 2013) pp. 21-40.
     Horton, Scott and Alla Kazakina. “The Legal Regulation of NGO’s: Central Asia at a Crossroads,” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Centrla Asia
     (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 34-56.
     Ikiramova, Ula and Kathryn McConnell, “Women’s NGOs in Central Asia’s Evolving Societies,” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia
     (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), p. 198-213.
     Ilkhamov, Aliser, “The Limits of Centralization: Regional Challenges in Uzbekistan,” in The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence, ed. Pauline Jones Luong, (New York: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 159-81.
     Inglehart, Ronald. “Values, Ideology and Cognitive Mobilization in New Social Movement,” in Russell Dalton and Manfred Kechler ed., Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies (Europe and the International Order)
     (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 371-396.
     Jalling, Lars, “Environmental Issues in Central Asia: A Source of Hope or Despair?” in
     Tom Everett-Heath ed., Central Asia: Aspects of Transition (London: Routledge,
     2003), pp.167-80.
     Watters, Kate, “Environmental NGOs and the Development of Civil Society in Central Asia,”
     in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 85-108.
     Kissane, Carolyn, “Education in Central Asia: Transitional Challenges and Impact,” in Amanda
     E. Wooden and Christoph H. Stefes ed., The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus (New York: Routledge, 2009 pp. 226-248.
     Mandelbaum, Michael, “Introduction,” in Michael Mandelbaum eds., Post-Communism: Four Perspectives (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), pp. 1-21.
     McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer. N. Zald, “Social Movement,” in N. J. Smelser eds., Handbook of Sociology (Bevery Hills: SAGE, 1988), pp.695-738.
     McGlinchey, Eric, “Central Asian Protest Movements: Social Forces of State Resources?” in Amanda E. Wooden and Christoph H. Stefes ed., The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 124-138.
     Melucci, Alberto, “The New Social Movements Revisited: Reflections on a Sociological Misunderstanding,” in Louis. Maheu eds., Social Movements and Social Classes: The
     Future of Collective Action (London: SAGE, 1995), pp. 85-106.
     Polat, Abdumannob, “Can Uzbekistan Build Democracy and Civil Society?” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia, (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 135-157.
     Snow, David A., “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest,” in Aldon D. Morris & Carol McClurg Mueller ed., Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven, CT: Yale University
     Press, 1992), pp. 133-155.
     Starr, S. Frederick, “Civil Society in Central Asia,” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia, (London: University of Washington
     Press, 1999), pp. 27-33.
     Weinthal, Erica, “Beyond the State: Transnational Actors, NGOs, and Environmental Protection n Central Asia,” in Pauline Jones Luong ed., The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), pp. 246-70.
     
     三、 國際組織出版品、網路資料出處
     
     Asian Development Bank. http://www.adb.org/
     BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/
     Eurasianet. http://www.eurasianet.org/
     European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
     http://www.ebrd.com/pages/homepage.shtml
     Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/
     Hiroshima Peace Media Center. http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/
     Index Mundi. http://www.indexmundi.com/
     Moldova.org. http://politicom.moldova.org/
     Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. http://www.rferl.org/
     The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/
     The Wall Street Journal. http://asia.wsj.com/home-page
     United States Agency for International Development. http://www.usaid.gov/
     World Population Review. http://worldpopulationreview.com/
     Youth Human Rights Movement. http://yhrm.org/
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
99263002
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0992630024
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張立宇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Li Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張立宇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Li Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2014 11:21:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Apr-2014 11:21:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2014 11:21:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0992630024en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/65108-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99263002zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 後共中亞地區公民社會發展在該地區歷史背景和威權主義統治影響之下具有其獨特的發展環境；若欲檢驗該地區公民社會發展之情形，利用傳統的公民社會定義和研究途徑易有疏漏之處。
      有鑒於此，本研究擬從「政治經濟學」的角度，分別從經濟表現、政府鎮壓能力以及社會政策等三方面，檢驗中亞五國中的哈薩克、吉爾吉斯和烏茲別克三國各別公民社會發展，試圖提供公民社會研究途徑的另一選擇，以期補充既有理論所不足之處並對中亞公民社會發展態勢提出合理的解釋。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1
     第一節 研究動機與目的 1
     第二節 文獻回顧 3
     第三節 研究方法 7
     第四節 研究範圍與限制 8
     第五節 章節安排 9
     第貳章 中亞公民社會的政治經濟學視角 11
     第一節 公民社會定義與研究途徑 11
     第二節 中亞公民社會的政治經濟學視角 18
     第參章 哈薩克公民社會發展 25
     第一節 哈薩克公民社會 27
     第二節 經濟表現 32
     第三節 政府鎮壓能力 42
     第四節 社會政策 44
     第五節 個案討論：冷戰遺緒的考驗－NEVADA SEMIPALATINSK運動及中亞環境保護運動 46
     第六節 小結 51
     第肆章 吉爾吉斯公民社會發展 53
     第一節 吉爾吉斯公民社會 53
     第二節 經濟表現 59
     第三節 政府鎮壓能力 62
     第四節 社會政策 65
     第五節 個案討論－政權更迭的兩次革命：2005革命和2010年革命 66
     第六節 小結 70
     第伍章 烏茲別克公民社會發展 72
     第一節 烏茲別克公民社會 72
     第二節 經濟表現 76
     第三節 政府鎮壓能力 79
     第四節 社會政策 81
     第五節 個案討論－烏茲別克政府與MAHALLA的關係 83
     第六節 小結 84
     第陸章 結論 85
     第一節 公民社會的政治經濟學途徑應用驗證 85
     第二節 後續研究建議與展望 88
     參考文獻 91		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0992630024en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公民社會zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治經濟學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 哈薩克zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 烏茲別克zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 吉爾吉斯zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 中亞地區公民社會發展－政治經濟學的視角zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Development of Civil Society in Central Asia: A Political Economy Perspectiveen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文
     
     吳玉山，俄羅斯轉型1992-1999：一個政治經濟學的分析（台北：五南，2000年）。
     郭武平，中亞地區政經發展之研究（行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告：
     NSC 92-2414-H-004-028，2002年）。
     
     二、 英文
     
     （一） 專書
     
     Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University, 2006).
     Buxton, Charles, The Struggle for Civil Society in Central Asia (Sterling VA:Kumarian Pressm, 2011)
     Collins, Kathleen, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
     Dane, Francis C. 1990. Research Methods. Pacific Grove, (CA: Brooks/Cole, 1990)
     Giffen, Janice, et al., The Development of Civil Society in Central Asia, (Oxford: INTRAC, 2005).
     Gleason, Gregory, Markets and Politics in Central Asia, (New York: Routledge, 2003)
     Jones Luong, Pauline, The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).
     Linbach, Mark I., The Rebel`s Dilemma. (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1995)
     Mandelbaum, Michael eds., Post-Communism: Four Perspectives (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996).
     Marlies, Glasius, David Lewis and Hakan Seckinelgin, eds. “Exploring Civil Society: Political and Cultural Contexts” (Oxford: Routledge, 2004)
     McAdam, Doug et al, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
     McAdam, Doug, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999)
     Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002)
     Pomfret, Richard, The Central Asia Economies since Independence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)
     Ruffin, M. Holt and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia, (London: University of Washington Press, 1999)
     Smelser, Neil J., Theory of Collective Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1965)
     
     （二） 期刊
     
     Abramson, David, “A Critical Look at NGOs and Civil Society as Means to an End in Uzbekistan,” Human Organization Vol. 58, No.3 (1999), pp. 240-250.
     Anderson, John, “Creating a Framework for Civil Society in Kyrgyzstan,” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 1 (2005), pp. 77-93.
     Babajanian, Banken, Sabine Freizer and Daniel Stevens, “Introduction: Civil Society in Central Asia and the Caucasus,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No, 3 (2005), pp.
     209-224.
     Bert, Klandermans and Sidney Tarrow., Mobilization into Social Movements: Synthesizing European and American Approaches. International Social Movement Research, Vol. I (1988), pp.1-38.
     Collins,Kathleen, “Kyrgyzstan’s Latest Revolution,” Journal of Democracy, Vol.22, No.3 (July 2011), pp. 150-162.
     Davenport, Christian, “State Repression and Political Order,” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2007), pp. 1-23.
     Earle, Lucy, “Community Development, ‘Tradition’ and the Civil Society Strengthening Agenda in Centra Asia,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No.3 (2005) pp. 245-260.
     Freizer, Sabine, “Neo-liberal and Communal Civil Society in Tajikistan: Merging or Dividing in the Post War Period?” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005), pp. 225-243.
     Ilkhamov, Alisher, “The Thorny Path of Civil Society in Uzbekistan,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005), pp. 297-317.
     Kabdiyeva, Aliya, “Developing Sustainable NGOs in Kazakhstan,” Asian Social Science, Vol.9, No.7 (2013), pp. 299-305.
     Kandiyoti, Deniz, “Post-Soviet Institutional Design and the Paradoxes of the ‘Uzbek Path’,” Central Asia Survey, 2007, Vol. 26., No.1 pp:31-48.
     Kudebayeva, Alma and Armando Barrientos, “A Decade of Poverty reduction in Kazakhstan 2000-2009: Growth and/or Redistribution,” BWPI Working Paper Vol. 187., (Octorber 2013), pp. 1-23.
     Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism, ” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002), pp. 51-65.
     Lijphart, Arend, “Comparative Politics and Comparative Method,”　The American Politic Science Review, Vol. 65, No. 3 (1971), pp. 682-693.
     Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan, “Toward Consolidated Democracies,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1996), p. 14-33.
     Lipset, Saymour Martin, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy,” American Political Science Review Vol. 53, No. 1 (1959), pp. 69-105.
     McCarthy, John, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movement: A Partial Theory,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol, 82, No. 68 (1977), pp. 1212-1241.
     Murtazashivili, Jennifer, “Coloured by Revolution: the Political Economy of Autocratic Stability in Uzbekistan,” Democratization, Vol. 19, No.2 (2012), pp. 78-97.
     Norton, Seth W., “Economic Growth and Poverty: In Search of Trickle-down,” Cato Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Fall 2002). pp. 263-273.
     Ovcharenko, Vsevolod, “The State-Civil Society Relationship in Kazakhstan: Mechanisms of Cooperation and Support,” The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, Vol.6 No.3
     (2004), pp. 1-6.
     Pétric, Boris-Mathieu, “Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan or the Birth of a Globalized Protectorate,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005), pp. 319-332.
     Pomfret, Richard and Kathryn, Anderson, “Economic Development Strategies in Central Asia since 1999,” Asian Studies Review. Vol. 25, No. 2 (2001), pp. 185-200.
     Pomfret, Richard, “Kazakhstan’s Economy since Independence: Does the Oil Boom Offer a Second Chance for Sustainable Development?” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 57, No. 6 (2005) pp. 859–876.
     Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi, “Modernization: Theories and Facts,” World Politics, Vol. 42, No.2 (1997), pp. 155-183.
     Ross, Michael, “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?” World Politics, Vol. 53, April (2001), pp. 325-61.
     Roy, Oliver, “The Predicament of ‘Civil Society’ in Central Asia and the ‘Greater Middle East’,” International Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 5 (2005), pp. 1001-1012.
     Rustemova, Assel, “Political Economy of Central Asia: Initial Reflections on the need for a new approach,” Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 2 (2011), pp. 30-39.
     Sievers, Eric W., “Uzbekistan’s Mahalla: From Soviet to Absolutist Residential Community Associations,” Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol.2 (2002), pp.91-158.
     Spechler, Martin C., “Authoritarian Politics and Economic Reform in Uzbekistan: Past, Present and Prospect,” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 26, No. 2 (2007), pp. 185-202.
     Spechler, Rome Dina and Martin C. Spechler. “Uzbekistan among the Great Powers,” American Journal of Pokitical Science, 2009 Vol. 53., No. 2, pp.353-73.
     Svolik, Milan, “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regimes,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 53, No. 2 (2009), pp. 477-494.
     
     （三） 專書論文
     
     Blackmon, Pamela, “Following Through on Reforms: Comparing Market Liberalization in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan,” in Wooden and Stefes ed. The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus (London: Routledge, 2009) pp.
     141-162.
     Hoen, Herman and Farrukh Irnazarov, “Market Reform and Institutional Change in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: Paradoxes and Prospect,” in Joachim Ahrens and Herman W. Hoen ed.,
     Institutional Reform in Central Asia : political-economic challenges (New York: Routledge, 2013) pp. 21-40.
     Horton, Scott and Alla Kazakina. “The Legal Regulation of NGO’s: Central Asia at a Crossroads,” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Centrla Asia
     (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 34-56.
     Ikiramova, Ula and Kathryn McConnell, “Women’s NGOs in Central Asia’s Evolving Societies,” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia
     (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), p. 198-213.
     Ilkhamov, Aliser, “The Limits of Centralization: Regional Challenges in Uzbekistan,” in The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence, ed. Pauline Jones Luong, (New York: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 159-81.
     Inglehart, Ronald. “Values, Ideology and Cognitive Mobilization in New Social Movement,” in Russell Dalton and Manfred Kechler ed., Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies (Europe and the International Order)
     (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 371-396.
     Jalling, Lars, “Environmental Issues in Central Asia: A Source of Hope or Despair?” in
     Tom Everett-Heath ed., Central Asia: Aspects of Transition (London: Routledge,
     2003), pp.167-80.
     Watters, Kate, “Environmental NGOs and the Development of Civil Society in Central Asia,”
     in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 85-108.
     Kissane, Carolyn, “Education in Central Asia: Transitional Challenges and Impact,” in Amanda
     E. Wooden and Christoph H. Stefes ed., The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus (New York: Routledge, 2009 pp. 226-248.
     Mandelbaum, Michael, “Introduction,” in Michael Mandelbaum eds., Post-Communism: Four Perspectives (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), pp. 1-21.
     McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer. N. Zald, “Social Movement,” in N. J. Smelser eds., Handbook of Sociology (Bevery Hills: SAGE, 1988), pp.695-738.
     McGlinchey, Eric, “Central Asian Protest Movements: Social Forces of State Resources?” in Amanda E. Wooden and Christoph H. Stefes ed., The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 124-138.
     Melucci, Alberto, “The New Social Movements Revisited: Reflections on a Sociological Misunderstanding,” in Louis. Maheu eds., Social Movements and Social Classes: The
     Future of Collective Action (London: SAGE, 1995), pp. 85-106.
     Polat, Abdumannob, “Can Uzbekistan Build Democracy and Civil Society?” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia, (London: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 135-157.
     Snow, David A., “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest,” in Aldon D. Morris & Carol McClurg Mueller ed., Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven, CT: Yale University
     Press, 1992), pp. 133-155.
     Starr, S. Frederick, “Civil Society in Central Asia,” in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel C. Waugh ed., Civil Society in Central Asia, (London: University of Washington
     Press, 1999), pp. 27-33.
     Weinthal, Erica, “Beyond the State: Transnational Actors, NGOs, and Environmental Protection n Central Asia,” in Pauline Jones Luong ed., The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), pp. 246-70.
     
     三、 國際組織出版品、網路資料出處
     
     Asian Development Bank. http://www.adb.org/
     BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/
     Eurasianet. http://www.eurasianet.org/
     European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
     http://www.ebrd.com/pages/homepage.shtml
     Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/
     Hiroshima Peace Media Center. http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/
     Index Mundi. http://www.indexmundi.com/
     Moldova.org. http://politicom.moldova.org/
     Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. http://www.rferl.org/
     The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/
     The Wall Street Journal. http://asia.wsj.com/home-page
     United States Agency for International Development. http://www.usaid.gov/
     World Population Review. http://worldpopulationreview.com/
     Youth Human Rights Movement. http://yhrm.org/		zh_TW