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題名 在生態旅遊中維護主體性的力量: 台灣司馬庫斯部落的個案研究
The Powers to Maintain Subjectivity in Ecotourism: A Case Study of Smangus, Taiwan作者 莎莎
Saskia Haustein貢獻者 官大偉
Kuan, Da Wei
莎莎
Saskia Haustein關鍵詞 司馬庫斯
利害關係人理論
主體性
替代發展
Smangus
stakeholder theory
alternative development
subjectivity日期 2013 上傳時間 1-Jul-2014 12:24:03 (UTC+8) 摘要 摘要 司馬庫斯村，一個位於新竹縣山區的偏僻村莊，在過去幾年來為自己建立了一 個口盃，不僅成為著名的觀光景點，也是台灣在地生態旅遊的榜樣。而在漫長 的觀光發展過程中，仍然能夠保有其主體性則是其獨有的特色。本研究旨在論 證司馬庫斯族人，如何在眾多利害關係方的糾葛下，依舊能維持其對生態旅遊 的堅持。本文將針對三個不同的，分別由總體層面(非政府組織 (NGOs)、政府 機關、觀光客、私人投資者，以及學者）與個體層面 (村落長老、家庭以及教 會)，闡述司馬庫斯與各個外部利害關係人間的互動及其影響。本文主要立基於 二手文獻，但也包含了部份原始資料，例如訪談記錄及報章文獻。本文透過個 體及總體層面闡明各個利害關係方間的衝擊、變化及發展。在研究過程中有數 個重大的發現，首先，社群的凝聚–包括在地教會的支持，以及一位深具個人魅 力的村落長老–對文化及傳統的關注、對自決的重視、許多不同面向上的賦權 (empowerment)及對觀光發展過程的掌控，是司馬庫斯村民們能夠維持其對生態 旅遊的堅持的主要原因。其次，本案體現了透過對挑戰的克服，及對信仰與傳 統的信心，成功實現了替代發展。
Abstract Smangus Village, a remote community in the mountains of Hsinchu County, has made a name for itself in the last few years. It has become a famous tourist destination and role model for successful indigenous ecotourism business in Taiwan. The power to maintain subjectivity during a long process of tourism development is its trademark. This study will demonstrate how the people of Smangus could maintain their way of tourism business even though they had to tangle with various stakeholders. To illustrate the influence and interaction of various external stakeholders with the village, this thesis will investigate from the macro level (Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), government agencies, private investors, tourists, and scholars) and the micro level (the village leader, families and the church) across three different time periods. The research is mainly based on secondary literature however it also includes primary sources such as interviews and articles from Taiwanese newspapers. The thesis illuminates impact, change, and development in terms of each stakeholder at both micro and macro levels. This examination made important discoveries about the successful implementation of indigenous ecotourism. The research concludes, firstly, that (a.) coherence in the community which includes a supportive church and a charismatic village chief, (b.) the focus on culture and traditions, (c.) emphasis on self-determination, (d.) the empowerment in various dimensions, and (e.) the ability to exercise power over the tourism development process are the main reasons why the people of Smangus can maintain their way of tourism business. Secondly, it exemplifies a case which was able to achieve alternative development through overcoming challenges and faith in their beliefs and traditions.參考文獻 A Year in the Clouds. 2011. Synopsis., Taiwan: Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, accessed November 14, 2013, http://www.pts.org.tw/smangus/eng/Synopsisen.html. ATAYAL. Building Bridges for Cultural Exchange. Florida: Non-profit Organization Serving Indigenous Communities, accessed November 8, 2013, http://www.atayal.org/organization.php. Berg, Kevan James. 2013. Ecological and Ethno Ecological Classification of a Forested Landscape in the Tayal Mrqwang Territories, Taiwan (ROC). A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology, Canada. Binns, Tony and Etienne Nel. 2002. Tourism as a Local Development Strategy in South Africa. In The Geographical Journal, Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 235–247. Blackshaw, Tony and Garry Crawford. 2009. The SAGE Dictionary of Leisure Studies. Los Angeles: SAGE. Blundell, David, ed. 2009. Chapter 2- Taiwan"s Indigenous Peoples. In Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, and Prehistory. Pp.9-60. Berkeley: University of California. Brown, Melissa J. 2004. Where Did the Aborigines Go? Reinstating Plains Aborigines in Taiwans’s History. In Is Taiwan Chinese?: The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities. Pp. 35-65. Berkeley, Calif.: University Of California Press. Cardinal Tien Cultural Foundation. n.y. English Introduction., accessed November 19, 2013, http://www.tiencf.org.tw/page1.aspx?no=77885. Chang, Hsiao-Ming, C.F. Chang and C. L.Wu. 2013. Aboriginal Tribal Tourism Development Critical Success Factors- Case by Smangus in Taiwan. In World Acadademy of Science, Engineering and Technology 77. Chao, Chih-Liang and Pei-Hsin Hsu. 2011. Learning about the Development of Eco- Tourism in the Context of the Smangus Tribe"s Traditional Ecological Knowledge. In Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, Year IV, No.1, Vol. 7, pp. 7-21. 79 Chen, Chin-Hung, C.Y. Chang and Y.Y. Liu. 2006. An Analysis of Spatial Differentiation on the Environmental Perception Impact of the Development of Home-stay Industry in Indigenous Villages - Smangus and Hsinkuang as Examples. In HWA KANG Geographical Journal, No .19, pp. 85- 110. Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan. 2009. The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law, accessed May 6th, 2013, http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docDetail.html?CID=74DD1F415708044A&DI D=3E651750B4006467D4B40DD3AC1D7378. Freeman, R.Edward. n.y. Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation., accessed April 1, 2014, http://academic.udayton.edu/lawrenceulrich/Stakeholder%20Theory.pdf. Friedmann, John.1992. Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Hipwell, William T. 2007. Taiwan Aboriginal Ecotourism- Tanayiku Natural Ecology Park. In Annals of Tourism Research 34, No. 4, pp. 876-897. Hsiao, Huei-Chung. 2011. Becoming Indigenous: The Making of the Politics of Nature and Indigeneity in Two Atayal Villages of Taiwan. A Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Lancaster University. Hsiao, Huei-Chung. 2008. ‘Ecology’ and Indigenous Political and cultural struggles in Taiwan: a case study of two Atayal villages. Prague: The Fifth EATS Conference, accessed April 9, 2014, https://www.soas.ac.uk/taiwanstudies/eats/eats2008/file43176.pdf. Ivanovic, Milena. 2008. Cultural Tourism. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta. Jackson, Ronald L. 2010. Encyclopedia of Identity. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Jamal, B.Tazim and G.Donald. 1995. Collaboration Theory and Tourism Planning. In Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 186-204. 80 Kuan, Da-Wei. 2010. Transitional Justice and Indigenous Land Rights: The Experience of Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle in Taiwan. In Bilateral Conference (Taiwan and Austria) for Justice and Injustice Problems in Transitional Societies. Lahuy. 2011. Tnunan Smangus: The Mutual Enjoyment, Preservation and Appreciation of Smangus. 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國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
100926034
102資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1009260341 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 官大偉 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Kuan, Da Wei en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 莎莎 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Saskia Haustein en_US dc.creator (作者) 莎莎 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Saskia Haustein en_US dc.date (日期) 2013 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2014 12:24:03 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Jul-2014 12:24:03 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2014 12:24:03 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1009260341 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67197 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100926034 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摘要 司馬庫斯村，一個位於新竹縣山區的偏僻村莊，在過去幾年來為自己建立了一 個口盃，不僅成為著名的觀光景點，也是台灣在地生態旅遊的榜樣。而在漫長 的觀光發展過程中，仍然能夠保有其主體性則是其獨有的特色。本研究旨在論 證司馬庫斯族人，如何在眾多利害關係方的糾葛下，依舊能維持其對生態旅遊 的堅持。本文將針對三個不同的，分別由總體層面(非政府組織 (NGOs)、政府 機關、觀光客、私人投資者，以及學者）與個體層面 (村落長老、家庭以及教 會)，闡述司馬庫斯與各個外部利害關係人間的互動及其影響。本文主要立基於 二手文獻，但也包含了部份原始資料，例如訪談記錄及報章文獻。本文透過個 體及總體層面闡明各個利害關係方間的衝擊、變化及發展。在研究過程中有數 個重大的發現，首先，社群的凝聚–包括在地教會的支持，以及一位深具個人魅 力的村落長老–對文化及傳統的關注、對自決的重視、許多不同面向上的賦權 (empowerment)及對觀光發展過程的掌控，是司馬庫斯村民們能夠維持其對生態 旅遊的堅持的主要原因。其次，本案體現了透過對挑戰的克服，及對信仰與傳 統的信心，成功實現了替代發展。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract Smangus Village, a remote community in the mountains of Hsinchu County, has made a name for itself in the last few years. It has become a famous tourist destination and role model for successful indigenous ecotourism business in Taiwan. The power to maintain subjectivity during a long process of tourism development is its trademark. This study will demonstrate how the people of Smangus could maintain their way of tourism business even though they had to tangle with various stakeholders. To illustrate the influence and interaction of various external stakeholders with the village, this thesis will investigate from the macro level (Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), government agencies, private investors, tourists, and scholars) and the micro level (the village leader, families and the church) across three different time periods. The research is mainly based on secondary literature however it also includes primary sources such as interviews and articles from Taiwanese newspapers. The thesis illuminates impact, change, and development in terms of each stakeholder at both micro and macro levels. This examination made important discoveries about the successful implementation of indigenous ecotourism. The research concludes, firstly, that (a.) coherence in the community which includes a supportive church and a charismatic village chief, (b.) the focus on culture and traditions, (c.) emphasis on self-determination, (d.) the empowerment in various dimensions, and (e.) the ability to exercise power over the tourism development process are the main reasons why the people of Smangus can maintain their way of tourism business. Secondly, it exemplifies a case which was able to achieve alternative development through overcoming challenges and faith in their beliefs and traditions. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ............................................................................................................ vi Chapter One - Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Purpose ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 15 1.6 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 15 1.7 Research Limitations...................................................................................................... 16 Chapter Two - Background to the Field Site ........................................................... 18 2.1 Historical Overview of Indigenous People in Taiwan ................................................... 18 2.2 The Government and its Policies towards Indigenous People ....................................... 18 2.3 Atayal Traditional Culture ............................................................................................. 19 2.4 The Church and Atayal People ...................................................................................... 20 2.5 Atayal Kinship System................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Smangus - Location ....................................................................................................... 21 2.7 Smangus - Historical Overview ..................................................................................... 22 2.8 Smangus - Contemporary Tourism Business ................................................................. 24 Chapter Three - Research Findings ......................................................................... 26 3.1 First Period - Before 1995 .............................................................................................. 26 3.1.1 Macro Level ............................................................................................................ 26 3.1.2 Micro Level ............................................................................................................. 29 3.2 Second Period – After the Building of the Paved Road in 1995 .................................... 34 3.2.1 Macro Level ............................................................................................................ 35 v 3.2.2 Micro Level ............................................................................................................. 40 3.3 Third Period - After the Introduction of Tnunan System in 2004 .................................. 43 3.3.1 Macro Level ............................................................................................................ 43 3.3.2 Micro Level ............................................................................................................. 53 Chapter Four - Analysis/ Discussion ........................................................................ 58 4.1 The Transition of the Macro Level ................................................................................ 58 4.1.1 The Increasing Influence of the Tourists ................................................................ 58 4.1.2 Non-governmental Organizations - The Stakeholder Acting in the Background ... 60 4.1.3 The Government - A Difficult Partner .................................................................... 60 4.1.4 Private investors- A Stakeholder with Little Influence ........................................... 62 4.1.5 Scholars - The New Stakeholder ............................................................................. 63 4.2 The Transition of the Micro Level ................................................................................. 63 4.2.1 The Village Leader - A Continuously Important Stakeholder for the Micro Level 63 4.2.2 The Church - The Supporter ................................................................................... 64 4.2.3 Family Networks - Growing Together .................................................................... 65 4.3 Analysis of Changing Relationship of Micro and Macro Level during the Three Time Periods.................................................................................................................................. 66 4.4 Analysis of Power Relations in Certain Events ............................................................. 69 4.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 73 Chapter Five - Conclusion ......................................................................................... 75 References ................................................................................................................... 78 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1009260341 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 司馬庫斯 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 利害關係人理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主體性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 替代發展 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Smangus en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) stakeholder theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) alternative development en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) subjectivity en_US dc.title (題名) 在生態旅遊中維護主體性的力量: 台灣司馬庫斯部落的個案研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Powers to Maintain Subjectivity in Ecotourism: A Case Study of Smangus, Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A Year in the Clouds. 2011. Synopsis., Taiwan: Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, accessed November 14, 2013, http://www.pts.org.tw/smangus/eng/Synopsisen.html. ATAYAL. Building Bridges for Cultural Exchange. Florida: Non-profit Organization Serving Indigenous Communities, accessed November 8, 2013, http://www.atayal.org/organization.php. Berg, Kevan James. 2013. Ecological and Ethno Ecological Classification of a Forested Landscape in the Tayal Mrqwang Territories, Taiwan (ROC). A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology, Canada. Binns, Tony and Etienne Nel. 2002. Tourism as a Local Development Strategy in South Africa. In The Geographical Journal, Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 235–247. Blackshaw, Tony and Garry Crawford. 2009. The SAGE Dictionary of Leisure Studies. Los Angeles: SAGE. Blundell, David, ed. 2009. Chapter 2- Taiwan"s Indigenous Peoples. In Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, and Prehistory. Pp.9-60. Berkeley: University of California. Brown, Melissa J. 2004. Where Did the Aborigines Go? Reinstating Plains Aborigines in Taiwans’s History. In Is Taiwan Chinese?: The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities. Pp. 35-65. Berkeley, Calif.: University Of California Press. Cardinal Tien Cultural Foundation. n.y. English Introduction., accessed November 19, 2013, http://www.tiencf.org.tw/page1.aspx?no=77885. Chang, Hsiao-Ming, C.F. Chang and C. L.Wu. 2013. Aboriginal Tribal Tourism Development Critical Success Factors- Case by Smangus in Taiwan. In World Acadademy of Science, Engineering and Technology 77. Chao, Chih-Liang and Pei-Hsin Hsu. 2011. Learning about the Development of Eco- Tourism in the Context of the Smangus Tribe"s Traditional Ecological Knowledge. In Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, Year IV, No.1, Vol. 7, pp. 7-21. 79 Chen, Chin-Hung, C.Y. Chang and Y.Y. Liu. 2006. 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